|
The Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly, but its counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks provided key support to Allied forces beginning in 1944 and through the liberation of the country. Image File history File links 101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance. ...
Image File history File links 101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance. ...
The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) —nicknamed the Screaming Eagles— is an air assault division of the United States Army mainly trained for air assault operations. ...
Combatants XXX Corps First Allied Airborne Army II SS Panzer Corps Army Group B First Parachute Army Commanders Montgomery von Rundstedt Strength 35,000 airborne, XXX Corps 20,000 (start of the battle) Casualties 18,000 casualties 13,000 casualties Operation Market Garden (September 17-September 25, 1944) was an...
Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...
Conditions
The Netherlands fell to military pressure within five days of the initial German invasion on May 10, 1940. Queen Wilhelmina, the royal family, and a core group of about 5,000 government officials and military evacuated to Great Britain. Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Orange-Nassau (August 31, 1880 - November 28, 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948 and Queen Mother (with the title of Princess) from 1948 to 1962. ...
The Nazis considered the Dutch as fellow Aryans and were less repressive in the Netherlands than in other occupied nations, at least at first. The country's terrain, lack of wilderness and dense population made it difficult to conceal any illicit activities, and it was completely surrounded by German-controlled territory, offering no escape route. Involvement in the resistance meant an immediate death sentence. Aryan is an English language word derived from the Indian Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, Ärya-, and/or the extended form aryÄna-. The Sanskrit and Old Persian languages both pronounced the word as arya- and aryan. ...
Most Dutch accepted the occupation for the short term. As in Germany, most of the initial resistance came from Social Democrats, Catholics and Communists. Some Dutch were avid collaborators.
The Nazis immediately set up a puppet government, deported Jewish populations to concentration camps, rationed food, and withheld ration cards as punishment. The Nazis also imposed work rules which required every adult male between 18 and 45 to work in German factories or public-works projects. In the next five years, as conditions became increasingly harsh and difficult, resistance grew more organized and forceful.
Activities Early on, on February 25, 1941, the Communist Party of the Netherlands called for a general strike, the February strike, in response to Nazi deportation of Amsterdam's Jewish population to concentration camps. The strike was unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe, although it was quickly suppressed. The Communist party of the Netherlands (CPN, in Dutch Communistische Partij Nederland) was a communist party of the Netherlands. ...
The 1941 February strike, also known as The Strike of February 1941, was a general strike organized during World War II in The Netherlands against the anti-Jewish measures made by the Nazis. ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...
It was also atypical for the Dutch resistance, which was more covert. Resistance in the Netherlands took the form of small-scale, decentralized cells engaged in independent activities. Some small groups had absolutely no links to others. These groups produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published underground newspapers, sabotaged phone lines and railroads, prepared maps, and distributed food and goods.
One of the riskiest activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, Jewish families like the family of Anne Frank, underground operatives, draft-age Dutch, and others. Collectively these people were known as onderduikers ("under-divers"). Later in the war this system of people-hiding was used to protect downed Allied airmen. Reportedly resistance doctors in Heerlen concealed an entire hospital floor from German troops[citation needed]. Anne Frank Her handwriting, translated: This is a photo as I would wish myself to look all the time. ...
Heerlen is a municipality and a town in the southeastern Netherlands and the second biggest city in the province of Limburg. ...
In February 1943, two operatives of a Dutch resistance cell called "CS-6" (for their address, 6 Corelli Street, in Amsterdam) rang the doorbell of 70-year-old retired Lieutentant-General Hendrik A. Seyffardt in the Hague. After he answered and identified himself, they shot him twice in the abdomen. He died a day later. This assassination of a lower-level official triggered a cruel repraisal from SS General Hanns Albin Rauter, the killing of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. In return, the Dutch resistance ulimately ambushed Rauter's car on March 6, 1945, which in turn led to the killings at De Woeste Hoeve, where 116 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 Gestapo prisoners executed elsewhere. A similar war crime happened on October 1 and 2, 1944, in the village of Putten, in retaliation for resistance activity. Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ...
The Deaths Head emblem similar to Skull and crossbones, often used as the insignia of the Gestapo The (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei; secret state police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ...
Putten ( (help· info)) is a municipality and a town in the middle Netherlands. ...
Organization Only a few months after the invasion, a number of Communist Party of the Netherlands members including Henk Sneevliet formed the Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg Front, a major force behind the February strike. Its entire leadership was caught and executed in April 1942. The Communist party of the Netherlands (CPN, in Dutch Communistische Partij Nederland) was a communist party of the Netherlands. ...
Henk Sneevliet (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942) was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. ...
The Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg-Front was a resistance movement founded by Henk Sneevliet, Willem Dolleman and Ab Menist, some months after the German invasion of The Netherlands on 10 May 1940. ...
According to CIA historian Stewart Bentley, by the middle of 1944 there were four major resistance organizations in Holland, completely independent of each other: The CIAs seal features an eagle atop a sixteen-point compass. ...
- the LO ("Landelijke Organisatie voor hulp aan onderduikers", or National Organization for Help to Onderduikers)
- the KP ("Knokploeg", or Assault Group), with 550 members conducting sabotage operations and occasional assassinations
- the RVV ("Raad van Verzet" or Council of Resistance), engaged in both sabotage and protection of onderduikers
- and the OD (Order of Service), a group preparing for the return of the exiled Dutch government, and its subgroup the GDN (Dutch Secret Service), the intelligence arm of the OD
In addition to these groups, the National Steun Fonds (NSF) financial organization accepted money from the exiled government to fund operations of the LO and KP. The principle figure of the NSF was the banker Walraven van Hall, whose activties were discovered by the Nazis, and who was shot to death at age 39.
After Normandy With the Normandy invasion in June 1944, the Dutch civilian population was put under increasing pressure by Allied infiltration and the need for intelligence, the German military defensive buildup, the instability of the German position, and active fighting. The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German forces occupying Western Europe and the invading Allies. ...
Portions of Holland were liberated as part of the Allied Drive to the Siegfried Line; the port of Antwerp was liberated on September 4, 1944. The Allied paratrooper disaster of Operation Market Garden, an attempt to secure eight bridges and transport lines around Arnhem in mid-September, failed partly because British forces refused to accept intelligence offered by the Dutch resistance regarding German strength of forces. They believed those sources had been compromised. The drive to the Siegfried Line was one of the final Allied phases in World War II of the Western European Campaign. ...
The Cathedral of our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal, Antwerp) in the Handschoenmarkt, in the old quarter of Antwerp is the largest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to a number of triptychs by Belgian Baroque painter Rubens. ...
Combatants XXX Corps First Allied Airborne Army II SS Panzer Corps Army Group B First Parachute Army Commanders Montgomery von Rundstedt Strength 35,000 airborne, XXX Corps 20,000 (start of the battle) Casualties 18,000 casualties 13,000 casualties Operation Market Garden (September 17-September 25, 1944) was an...
Arnhem is a municipality and a city in the east of the Netherlands, located on the Lower Rhine, and the capital of the Gelderland province. ...
While the south was liberated, Amsterdam and the rest of the north remained under Nazi control until their official surrender on May 5, 1945. For these eight months Allied forces held off, fearing huge civilian losses, and hoping for a rapid collapse of the German government. When the Dutch government-in-exile asked for a national railway strike as a resistance measure, the Nazis stopped food transports to the western Netherlands, and this set the stage for the "Hunger winter", the Dutch famine of 1944. After the landing of the Allied Forces on D-Day, conditions grew worse in Nazi occupied Netherlands. ...
Some 374 Dutch resistance fighters are buried in the Field of Honor in the Dunes around Bloemendaal. Bloemendaal (population: 16,922 in 2004) is a town in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. ...
Figures in the Dutch resistance Willem Arondeus (Naarden,22 August 1894–Haarlem,1 July 1943) was a homosexual Dutch artist and author, who joined the anti-Nazi resistance movement during World War II. Willem Arondeus was born in Naarden, as the son of an Amsterdam tradesman in fuels. ...
Jannetje Johanna (Jo) Schaft (16 September 1920 - 17 April 1944), was a Dutch resistance fighter during World War II. Her nickname was the girl with the red hair (Het meisje met het rode haar, in Dutch). ...
Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ...
The Valkenburg Resistance was the resistance movement in Valkenburg (Limburg, Netherlands) during the Second World War. ...
Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema (April 3rd, 1917, Surabaya, Netherlands East Indies - present), is the writer of the book Soldaat van Oranje (Dutch for Soldier of Orange) in which he describes his experiences in World War II. Eric Hazelhoff Roelfzema managed to escape from Nazi-occupied Holland to the United Kingdom. ...
See also The Dutch underground press was part of the resistance to Nazi occupation of Holland in the 1940s. ...
The Netherlands became involved in World War II on May 10, 1940, when German forces invaded the country. ...
// Prelude to the War See also: Battle of the Netherlands In World War I the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral, although the sympathies were clearly more on the German side than on the British. ...
The Valkenburg Resistance was the resistance movement in Valkenburg (Limburg, Netherlands) during the Second World War. ...
Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideology, organization, or government, on all levels. ...
Yugoslav partisans entering Belgrade, October, 1944. ...
External links |
Feeds |
Contact