Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum.

A dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. In contrast, a pigment generally has no affinity for the substrate, and is insoluble. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2500x1797, 1348 KB) Summary Yarn drying after being dyed in early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum in Fishers, Indiana. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2500x1797, 1348 KB) Summary Yarn drying after being dyed in early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum in Fishers, Indiana. ... 1886 baseball demonstration at Liberty Corner. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Look up affinity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The word affinity (Lat. ... The word substrate can mean the following: In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... Look up Mordant on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A mordant is a substance used to set dyes. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ...

Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and the Middle East, dyeing has been carried out for over 5000 years. The dyes were obtained from either animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with no or very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale. Importance and applicability Most of human history is not described by any written records. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anenomes) Placozoa (trichoplax) Subregnum Bilateria (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ... Vegetables in a market Vegetable is a culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary grain, fruit, nut, herb, or spice. ... This article is about minerals in the geologic sense; for nutrient minerals see dietary mineral; for the band see Mineral (band). ... Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant In vascular plants, the root is that organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil (compare with stem). ... Several types of berries from the market, but none of these are true berries. ... BARK (Binär Automatisk ReläKalkylator) was completed in February 1950 at a cost of 400. ... In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood derives from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ...

Look up Dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary logo Wiktionary is a sister project to Wikipedia intended to be a free wiki dictionary (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ...

Organic dyes

The first man-made organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856. Many thousands of dyes have since been prepared and, because of vastly improved properties imparted upon the dyed materials, quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes. Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process. An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with the exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases containing carbon. ... Mauveine, also known as aniline purple, was the first synthetic organic dye. ... Sir William Henry Perkin (March 12, 1838 – July 14, 1907) was an English chemist best known for his discovery, at the age of 18, of the first aniline dye, mauveine. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dyebaths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers. Acid dye is a member of a class of dye that is applied from an acidic solution. ... Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... In chemistry, an anionic species is one that contains a full negative charge. ... Fiber (American English) or fibre (Commonwealth English) is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. ... Silk weaver Silk is a natural protein fibre that can be woven into textiles. ... Wool in a shearing shed Long and short hair wool at the South Central Family Farm Research Center in Boonesville, AR Wool sheep, Royal Melbourne Show Wool is the fibre derived from the hair of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep and goats, but the hair of other mammals... Nylon represents a family of synthetic polymers, a thermoplastic material, invented in 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ... In chemistry, a cationic species is one that contains a full positive charge. ...

Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper. Acrylic fibers are a strong and mouldable plastic that is a thermoplastic. ... Flash point 43 Â°C R-phrases , S-phrases , , , US Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 10 ppm Supplementary data page Structure & properties n, εr, etc. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains. Dye molecules are attracted by physical forces at the molecular level to the textile. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... It has been suggested that Saturation temperature be merged into this article or section. ... Flash point Non-flammable R/S statement R: none S: none RTECS number VZ4725000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Picking cotton in Georgia Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides, pelts and skins of animals, primarily cows. ... Nylon represents a family of synthetic polymers, a thermoplastic material, invented in 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ... A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound that is added in small amounts to a solution so that the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of the solution can be determined easily. ... Staining is a biochemical technique of adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. ...

Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final colour significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. Look up Mordant on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A mordant is a substance used to set dyes. ... Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. ... Sweating (also called perspiration or sometimes transpiration) is the loss of a watery fluid, consisting mainly of sodium chloride and urea in solution, that is secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ... Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 is used in oxidation reactions. ...

Look up leuco form in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary logo Wiktionary is a sister project to Wikipedia intended to be a free wiki dictionary (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ... Vat dyes are an ancient class of dye, based on the original natural dye, Indigo, which is now produced synthetically. ... Lye is a caustic solution, rich in potassium carbonate (potash), used for glass and soap making. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...

Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore containing a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make it among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dye is by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio. In a reactive dye a chromophore contains a substituent that is activated and allowed to directly react to the surface of the substrate. ... Chromophore is a term that describes the moiety of a molecule responsible for its color. ... In organic chemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms subsituted in place of a hydrogen atom on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon. ... A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of Chemical substances . ... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms, in order to produce a mutual attraction, which holds the resultant molecule together. ... Picking cotton in Georgia Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ... Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a long-chain polymer polysaccharide carbohydrate, of beta-glucose. ...

Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are substantially water insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. They can also be used to dye nylon, triacetate, polyester and acrylic fibres. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C is required, and a pressurised dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fibre. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding. Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865, is the acetate ester of cellulose. ... Triacetate also known as cellulose triacetate, is manufactured from cellulose and acetate. ... For the film, see the article Polyester (film) Close-up of a polyester shirt SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester is a category of polymers, or, more specifically condensation polymers, which contain the ester functional group in... Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ... The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ...

Azo dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble azoic dye is produced directly onto or within the fibre. This is achieved by treating a fibre with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final colour is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. In chemistry, azo compounds generally have a molecular formula of the form R-N=N-R, in which R and R can be either aromatic or aliphatic. ...

Natural dyes

Animal origin

These include tyrian purple (vat dye), kermes and cochineal (mordant dyes) and techelet. Tyrian purple is a purple dye made in the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre from a secretion of Spiny Dye-Murex (Murex brandaris), a marine snail. ... Kermes (or chermes) is the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. ... Binomial name Dactylopius coccus Costa, 1835 Synonyms Cochineal is an expensive crimson or carmine dye derived from the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus), a scale insect in the suborder Homoptera, native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. ... Tzitzit (Ashkenazi pronunciation: tzitzis) are fringes or tassles (Hebrew: ציצת (Biblical), ציצית (Mishnaic)) found on a tallit worn by observant Jews as part of practicing Judaism. ...

Vegetable origin

Substantive dyes include walnut hulls, safflower and turmeric, while indigo and woad are vat dyes. Mordant dyes include alizarin (madder), dyer's broom, brazilwood, quercitron bark, weld and old fustic. Cudbear is unclassified. Binomial name Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual, usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves. ... Binomial name Curcuma longa Linnaeus Turmeric (Curcuma longa, also known as tumeric) is a spice commonly used in curries and other south Asian cooking. ... There is no single indigo plant. A variety of plants have been used to produce indigo dye. ... Binomial name Isatis tinctoria L. Woad (or glastum) is the common name of the flowering plant Isatis tinctoria in the family Brassicaceae. ... Molecular structure of alizarin Alizarin, or 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone or mordant red, is the red dye originally derived from the root of the madder plant. ... Genera Argyrocytisus:1 species Cytisus: about 30-35 species Genista: about 90 species Petteria: 1 species Podocytisus: 1 species Retama: 4 species Spartium: 1 species Ref: ILDIS Version 6. ... Brazilwood is a common name for several trees of the family Leguminosae (Pulse family) whose wood yields a red dye called brazilein. ... Quercitron is a yellow dye obtained from the bark of the Black oak (Quercus velutina), a fine forest tree indigenous in North America. ... Cudbear is a dye extracted from lichens that produces colours in the purple range. ...

Inorganic dyes

These include eosin and iron buff. Eosin is an orange-pink dye derived from coal tar. ...

Food dyes

One other class which describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use, is the food dye. Because food dyes are classed as food additives, they are manufactured to a higher standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by legislation. Many are azoic dyes, although anthraquinone and triphenylmethane compounds are used for colours such as green and blue. Some naturally-occurring dyes are also used. A food colouring is any substance that is added to food to change its colour. ... A food colouring is any substance that is added to food to change its colour. ... Food additives are substances added to food to preserve it or improve its flavor and appearance. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Law Law topics overview List of areas of law List of legal topics List of legal terms List of jurists List of legal abbreviations List of case law lists List of law firms Further reading Cheyenne Way: Conflict & Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence, Karl... Anthraquinone is a derivative of anthracene. ... french: triphényl méthane english: triphenyl methane other: methane triphenyl Boiling point: 78,2 C (from CRC Handbook) Categories: Chemistry stubs ... Look up green in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation) Blue is one of the three primary additive colors; blue light has the shortest wavelength range (about 420–490 nanometers) of the three additive primary colors. ...

Other

A number of other classes have also been established, including:

• Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur
• Sulfur dyes, for textile fibres
• Leather dyes, for leather
• Fluorescent brighteners, for textile fibres and paper
• Solvent dyes, for wood staining and producing coloured lacquers, solvent inks, colouring oils, waxes.
• Carbene dyes, a recently developed method for colouring multiple substrates

These are one of theoldest ofsynthetic dyes. ... Sulfur dyes are the biggest volume dyes manufactured for cotton. ... Fluorescent brightening agents or optical brightening agents or fluorescent whitening agents are dyes that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region. ... A carbene dye is a reactive dye based on carbene chemistry. ...

Chemical classification

By the nature of their chromophore, dyes are divided to: [1] Chromophore is a term that describes the moiety of a molecule responsible for its color. ...

• Category:Acridine dyes, derivates of acridine
• Category:Anthraquinone dyes, derivates of anthraquinone
• Arylmethane dyes
  • Category:Diaryl methane dyes, based on diphenyl methane
  • Category:Triarylmethane dyes, derivates of triphenyl methane
• Category:Azo dyes, based on -N=N- azo structure
• Category:Cyanine dyes, derivates of phthalocyanine
• Category:Diazonium dyes, based on diazonium salts
• Category:Nitro dyes, based on a -NO₂ nitro functional group
• Category:Nitroso dyes, based on a -N=O nitroso functional group
• Category:Phthalocyanine dyes, derivates of phthalocyanine
• Category:Quinone-imine dyes, derivates of quinone
  • Category:Azin dyes
    • Category:Eurhodin dyes
    • Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of safranin
  • Indamins
  • Indophenols
  • Category:Oxazin dyes, derivates of oxazin
  • Category:Oxazone dyes, derivates of oxazone
  • Category:Thiazin dyes, derivates of thiazin
• Category:Thiazole dyes, derivates of thiazole
• Xanthene dyes, derived from xanthene
  • Fluorene dyes, derivates of fluorene
    • Category:Pyronin dyes
    • Category:Rhodamine dyes, derivates of rhodamine
  • Category:Fluorone dyes, based on fluorone

Also This article needs cleanup. ... Anthraquinone is a derivative of anthracene. ... Triphenylmethane Triphenylmethane, or triphenyl methane, is a hydrocarbon. ... In chemistry, azo compounds generally have a molecular formula of the form R-N=N-R, in which R and R can be either aromatic or aliphatic. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Phenyldiazonium cation Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the characteristic structure of R-N2+ X- where R can be any organic residue such alkyl or aryl and X is an inorganic or organic anion such as a halogen. ... Nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (NO2). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A quinone or benzoquinone is generally defined as an aromatic benzene molecule containing a double ketone functional group. ... Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology. ... organic chemical compound with the empirical formula C3H3SN. Its structure is a 5-membered ring, in which two of the corners of the ring are nitrogen and sulfur, and the other three are carbons. ... Xanthene (9H-xanthene, 10H-9-oxaanthracene) is a yellow organic heterocyclic compound. ... Fluorene Fluorene, or 9H-fluorene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. ... Rhodamine is a family of related chemical compounds. ... Fluorone Fluorone is the basic skeleton for various chemicals, most notably fluorone dyes (see dyes). ...

• Natural dyes
• Metal complex dyes
• Inorganic pigments

External links

• About Dyes