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Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, sometimes known as Pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata syn. Guilandina echinata (Lam.) Spreng.) is a Brazilian timber tree. This plant has a dense, orange-red wood (which takes a high shine), and it is the premier wood used for making bows for string instruments from the violin family. The wood also yields a red dye called brazilin, which oxidizes to brazilein. The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ...
Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ...
The critically endangered Siberian Tiger, a rare subspecies of tiger. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants...
It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ...
Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ...
Families Fabaceae (legumes) Quillajaceae Polygalaceae (milkwort family) Surianaceae The Fabales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. ...
Genera Caesalpinioideae is a subfamily of the large flowering plant family Fabaceae. ...
Tribes Cassieae Caesalpinieae Cercideae Detarieae Caesalpinioideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. ...
Species See text Caesalpinia is the name of a genus of controversial size (different publications including between 70-165 species), consisting of tropical woody plants. ...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ...
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1, 1744 – December 28, 1829) was a French naturalist and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ...
In scientific nomenclature, synonymy refers to the existence of more than one name for one taxon. ...
A cello bow In music, a bow is a device pulled across the strings of a string instrument in order to make them vibrate and emit sound. ...
The Violin family of instruments was developed in Italy in the 17th Century. ...
Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum. ...
Terminology
When Portuguese explorers found many of these red-hued trees on the coast of South America, they used the name pau-brasil to describe them: pau is Portuguese for "wood", and brasil is said to have come from brasa, Portuguese for "ember". This name was used earlier to describe a different species of tree which was found in Asia and other places and which also produced red dye; but the south american trees soon became the better source of red dye. Brazilwood trees were such a large part of the exports and economy of the land that the country which sprang up in that part of the world took its name from them and is now called Brazil. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
Botanically, several tree species are involved in the family Leguminosae, the (pulse family). The term "Brasilwood" is most often used to refer to the species Caesalpinia echinata, although it is also applied to other species. This Caesalpinia echinata is also known as Pau-de-Pernambuco (Pernambuco is also the name of a small state in Northeast Brazil). Leguminosae is one of two scientific names allowed for a plant family of close to twenty thousands species. ...
Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume Pea pods The term legume has two closely related meanings in botany, a situation encountered with many botanical common names of useful plants, whereby an applied name can refer to either the plant itself, or to the edible fruit (or useful part). ...
Species See text Caesalpinia is the name of a genus of controversial size (different publications including between 70-165 species), consisting of tropical woody plants. ...
Flag of Pernambuco See other Brazilian States Capital Recife Largest City Recife Area 98,281 km² Population - Total - Density 7,918,344 80. ...
In the bow making business, the best quality Brazilwood bows are referred to as "Pernambuco", while those bows of lesser quality wood from this species are often called "Brazilwood".
Historical importance In the 15th and 16th centuries, brazilwood was highly valued in Europe and quite difficult to get. Coming from Asia, it was traded in powder form and used as a red dye in the manufacture of luxury textiles, such as velvet, in high demand during the Renaissance. When Portuguese navigators discovered present-day Brazil, on April 22, 1500, they immediately saw that brazilwood was extremely abundant along the coast and in its hinterland, along the rivers. In a few years, a hectic and very profitable operation for felling and transporting by shipping all the brazilwood logs they could get was established, as a crown-granted Portuguese monopoly. The rich commerce which soon followed stimulated other nations to try to harvest and smuggle brazilwood contraband out of Brazil, or even corsairs attacking loaded Portuguese ships in order to steal their cargo. For example, the unsuccessful attempt of a French expedition led by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, vice-admiral of Brittany and corsair under the King, in 1555, to establish a colony in present-day Rio de Janeiro (France Antarctique) was motivated in part by the bounty generated by economic exploitation of brazilwood. In addition, this plant is also cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...
World map showing the location of Asia. ...
This article is about the type of fabric. ...
Velvet is a type of tufted fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it its distinct feel. ...
Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ...
April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ...
1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Loggers on break, c. ...
In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ...
Commerce is the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money between two or more entities. ...
Contraband consists of items of which possession may be illegal, depending on the variety and the country or the age or sex of the possessor. ...
A privateer was a private ship (or its captain) authorized by a countrys government to attack and seize cargo from another countrys ships. ...
Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, born 1510 in Villegaignon, Seine et Marne, France was a naval officer (vice-admiral of Brittany) who attempted to help the Huguenots in France escape persecution. ...
Brittany has an expansive coastline Flag of Brittany (Gwenn-ha-du) Historical province of Brittany région of Bretagne, see Bretagne. ...
Location of Rio de Janeiro Coordinates: Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro - Mayor Cesar Maia (PFL) Area - City 1,260 km² (486. ...
France Antarctique was the name of the failed French colony south of the Equator, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which existed between 1555 and 1567. ...
Flora Brasiliensis is a book published between 1840 and 1906 by the editors Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler, Ignatz Urban and many others. ...
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (April 17, 1794–December 13, German botanist and explorer. ...
Exploitation Excessive exploitation (it has been estimated that in the last two centuries, more than 50 million trees were destroyed) finally led to a steep decrease in the number of brazilwood trees in the 18th century, causing the collapse of this economic activity. Presently, the species is practically extinct in most parts of the country: it is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN, and it is also cited in Official list of endangered flora of Brazil. The trade of brazilwood is therefore likely to be banned in the immediate future, creating a major problem in the bow-making industry which highly values this wood. The International Pernambuco Conservation Initiative, whose members are the bowmakers who rely on pernambuco for their livelihoods, is working hard to replant it. It is advocating the use of other woods for violin bows as it raises money to plant pernambuco seedlings. This shortage of pernambuco has also helped the carbon fiber bow industry to thrive. The Dodo, shown here in illustration, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ...
The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ...
This is the official list of endangered flora of Brazil. ...
The International Pernambuco Conservation Initiative, or IPCI, is a group of bowmakers seeking solutions to the increasing rarity of Brazilwood, or Pernambuco. ...
Carbon fiber composite is a strong, light and very expensive material. ...
Tree of Music, a feature-length documentary on the plight of this species is currently in production. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality. ...
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