Dzungaria (also Jungaria, Sungaria, Zungaria; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar, Chinese: 準噶爾, Russian: Джунгария Džungarija) is a geographical region covering approximately 777,000 km², within the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. Xinjiang (Uyghur: (Shinjang); Chinese: æ–°ç–†; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal Pinyin: Sinkiang), full name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى (Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni); Simplified Chinese: 新疆维吾尔自治区; Traditional Chinese: 新疆維吾爾自治區; Hanyu Pinyin: ), is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

History

Dzungaria is named after a Mongolian kingdom which existed in Central Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It derived its name from the Dzungars, who were so called because they formed the left wing (züün, left; gar, hand) of the Mongolian army. It was raised to its highest pitch by Kaldan or Bushtu Khan in the latter half of the 17th century, but completely destroyed by the Qing government about 1757-1759. It has played an important part in the history of Mongolia and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Dzungars (also Jungars or Zungars; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) were a tribe of the Oirat Mongols. ... Kaldan, was a Dzungarian Oirat Mongolian khan of the 18th century. ... Kaldan, was a Dzungarian Oirat Mongolian khan of the 18th century. ... 1757 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1911, its territory belonged partly to the Qing empire (Xinjiang also known as East Turkestan, and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (provinces of Semiryechye and Semipalatinsk). Xinjiang (Uyghur: (Shinjang); Chinese: æ–°ç–†; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal Pinyin: Sinkiang), full name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى (Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni); Simplified Chinese: 新疆维吾尔自治区; Traditional Chinese: 新疆維吾爾自治區; Hanyu Pinyin: ), is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Flag of East Turkistan East Turkistan (Sherqiy Türkistan in Uyghur, Doğu Türkistan in Turkish) was the name of two shortlived states in Central Asia; the first one existed from 1932 to 1934, while the second one existed from 1944 to 1949. ... Russian Turkestan (Russian: Ру́сский Туркеста́н), also known as Turkestansky Krai (Туркеста́нский край), was a subdivision (Krai or Governor-Generalship) of Imperial Russia, comprising the oasis region to the South of the Kazakh steppes, but not the Protectorates of Bukhara and Khiva. ... Semiryechye (Семиречье, also written Semirechie, Semireche, Semirechiye, Semirechye) is a historical name of a part of Russian Turkestan, which corresponds to the South-Eastern part of modern Kazakhstan, known as Zhetysu (Jetysu, Jity-su, Жетысу, Джетысу). It owes its name (Jity-su, Semiryechye, i. ... Semey (Семей, sometimes transliterated as Semij or Semei) is a city in north eastern Kazakhstan, near the border with Siberia. ...

Its widest limit included Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, the whole region of the Tian Shan, and in short the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 35 to 50 N. and from 72 to 97 E. Location of Kashgar Kashgar (Uyghur: قەشقەر/K̢ǝxk̢ǝr; Chinese: 喀什; Hanyu Pinyin: , 39°28′N 76°03′E), is an oasis city in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Yarkand (modern Chinese name 叶城, pinyin: Yèchéng, also Chokkuka, anciently Suoju 莎車, also written Shache and Suoche; 37°52′ N 77°24′ E alt. ... Mosque in Khotan. ... The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; Pinyin: Tiān Shān; celestial mountains) mountain range is located in Central Asia, in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of western China. ...

Current usage

As a political or geographical term Dzungaria has practically disappeared from the map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the southern frontier of the Land of the Seven Streams, as the district to the south-east of the Balkhash Lake is called, preserves the name of Dzungarian Alatau. It also gave name to Dzungarian Hamsters. This article needs to be updated. ... Categories: Lakes of Kazakhstan | Rift lakes | Stub ... The Dzungarian Alatau is a mountain range that lies on the boundary of Xinjiang region of China and Kazakhstan. ... Binomial name Phodopus campbelli The Dwarf Campbells Russian Hamster is commonly called the Russian, Siberian, or Djungarian (Dzungarian) hamster, also often known simply as the Pouched Tuvan, since the species was originally encountered in that country. ...

In February 2006, a team of scientists from George Washington University conducting a study in the Junggar Basin unearthed the oldest fossil of a Tyrannosaur ever found. The species, named Guanlong, lived 160 million years ago, more than 90 million years before the famed Tyrannosaurus Rex. The George Washington University (GWU) is a private university in Washington, D.C., founded in 1821 as The Columbian College. ... Dzungaria (also Junggar, Jungaria, Sungaria, Zungaria) is a physical region, covering approximately 777,000 km², within the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in northwestern China. ... Genera Dilong Eotyrannus Alectrosaurus Albertosaurus Daspletosaurus Gorgosaurus Tarbosaurus Tyrannosaurus The tyrannosaurids were a family of dinosaurs whose name is derived from the Greek words trannos, meaning tyrant; and sauros, meaning lizard. ... Binomial name Guanlong wucaii Xu 2006 Guanlong wucaii (Simplified Chinese: 冠龙五彩; Hanyu Pinyin: guānlóng wÅ­cái), which means five-colored crown dragon, was a species of tyrannosauroid, one of the earliest known examples of the line. ... Binomial name Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905 Tyrannosaurus rex (ty-RAN-o-sawr-us) meaning king tyrant lizard because of its size and large teeth and claws (Greek tyrannos = tyrant + sauros = lizard; Latin rex = king), also known colloquially as T. rex and The King of the Dinosaurs, was a giant carnivorous...

Geography

Dzungaria is a largely steppe and semidesert basin surrounded by high mountains: the Tian Shan in the south and the Altai in the north. A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian степь or step and pronounced in English as step) is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by...

Urumqi, Yining and Karamai are the main cities; other smaller oasis towns dot the piedmont areas. Ürümqi (Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى; Uyghur Latin script: Ürümqi; Chinese: 烏魯木齊; Pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí; population about 1. ... Town square in Yining/Ghulja, July 2005 Yining (Simplified Chinese: 伊宁; Traditional Chinese: 伊寧; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Uighur كۇلژا Kulja; also Kuldja, Gulja, Ghulja, Ining) is a city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern China, and the capital of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. ... Karamay or Karamai (克拉瑪依, pinyin: Kèlāmǎyī) is a city in the north of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in northwestern China. ... Oasis in the Libyan part of the Sahara In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. ...

Economy

Wheat, barley, oats, and sugar beets are grown, and cattle, sheep, and horses are raised. The fields are irrigated with melted snow from the permanently white-capped mountains. Species T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ... Binomial name Hordeum vulgare L. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a major food and animal feed crop, a member of the grass family Poaceae. ... Binomial name Avena sativa Carolus Linnaeus (1753) The Oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, and the seeds of this plant. ... Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (called cows in vernacular usage, kine [archaic], or ky as the Scots plural of coo) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 nugget For other uses, see Horse (disambiguation). ...

Dzungaria has deposits of coal, iron, and gold, as well as large oil fields. Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Drilling rig in a small oil field Near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 An oil field is an area with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. ...

Demographics

The population consists of Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Mongols, and Han Chinese. Since 1953 there has been a massive influx of Han Chinese to work on water conservation and industrial projects. The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Turkish: Uygur; Simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; Traditional Chinese: 維吾爾; Hanyu Pinyin: ) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group living in northwestern China, mainly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where they are the largest ethnic group, together with Han Chinese, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Turks, and Russians. ... The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazak or Qazaq), (in Kazakh: Қазақ []; in Russian: Казах; English term is the transliteration from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Russia and China). ... Kirghiz (also Kyrgyz) are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. ... Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Hanyu pinyin: ) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ...

See also

• Kalmykia
• Battle of Ikh Bayan

The Republic of Kalmykia (Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч; Russian: ) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Combatants Northern Xiongnu Han Dynasty Commanders Northern Chanyu Dou Xian Southern Chanyu Deng Hong Strength Unknown 46,000 cavalry (30,000 Southern Xiongnu and 8,000 Qiang) Casualties 13,000 dead 200,000 in captive 1,000,000 livestocks acquire Minimal The Battle of Ikh Bayan, was a major expedition...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.