Picture of E.D. Morel

frontpage of Red Rubber 1906

Picture of Roger Casement

Emile Vandervelde

Edmund Dene Morel, originally Georges Eduard Pierre Achille Morel de Ville (July 10, 1873 – November 12, 1924) was a British journalist, author and socialist politician. He led a campaign against slavery in the Congo Free State through newspapers such as his West African Mail, in collaboration with Roger Casement, the Congo Reform Association and others. He played a large role in the British pacifist movement during the First World War, participating in the foundation and becoming secretary of the Union of Democratic Control. On this occasion he broke with the Liberal Party of which he was previously a member, and after the war he joined the Independent Labour Party. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 49 days remaining. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Journalism is a discipline of writing. ... An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article or the like. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Flag Capital Boma Government Monarchy Ruler and owner Leopold II of Belgium Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1885  - Annexation by Belgium 15 November, 1908 The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately owned by King Leopold II of Belgium (not in his role as monarch) that included the entire... Sir Roger David Casement CMG (Irish: Ruairí Mac Easmainn[1]) (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish patriot, poet, revolutionary and nationalist by inclination. ... The Congo Reform Association exposed gross and rampant abuses of labor in King Leopold II of Belgiums Congo Free State, leading to the annexation of Congo by Belgium in 1908. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The Union of Democratic Control was a British pressure group formed in 1914 to press for a more responsive foreign policy. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a former political party in the United Kingdom. ...

Background

Morel's father Edmond Morel de Ville was a French civil servant, and his mother Emmeline de Horne was from an English Quaker family. Morel was born in the Avenue d'Eylau, Paris. When he was four his father died, and he was brought up by his mother. Emmeline eventually fell out with her late husband's family, and in retaliation changed her name to Deville. Wanting to remove her son from their influence, she worked as a teacher in order to afford sending Edmund to board at Madras House school in Eastbourne and later at Bedford Modern School. A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Shown within East Sussex Geography Status: Borough Region: South East England Historic County: Sussex Admin. ... Bedford Modern School is a public school in Bedford, England. ...

Naturalisation

When Emmeline Deville fell ill in 1888, the money for school fees was not available and Edmund was forced to return to Paris to work as a bank clerk. However in 1891, he obtained a clerkship with Elder Dempster, a Liverpool shipping firm, and was able to move his mother back to Britain. Five years later he successfully applied for naturalisation as a British subject and anglicised his name. He married Mary Richardson that same year; they had five children. Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

Congo activities

To increase his income to support his family, from 1893 Morel began writing articles against French protectionism, which was damaging his company's business. He came to be critical of the Foreign Office for not supporting Africa and African decolonisation movements. His vision of Africa was influenced by the books of Mary Kingsley, an English traveller and writer, which showed sympathy for African peoples and a respect for different cultures very rare at the time. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Whitehall, seen from St. ... Bold textMary jone brown Kingsley (October 13, 1862 - June 3, 1900) was an English writer and explorer who greatly influenced European ideas about Africa and African people. ...

Elder Dempster had a shipping contract with the Congo Free State for the connection between Antwerp and Boma. Groups such the Aborigines Protection Society had already begun a campaign against alleged atrocities in Congo. Due to his knowledge of French, Morel was often sent to Belgium, where he was able to view the internal accounts of the Congo Free State. The knowledge that the ships leaving Belgium for the Congo carried only guns, chains, ordnance and explosives, but no commercial goods, while ships arriving from the colony came back full of valuable products such as raw rubber and ivory, led him to the opinion that Belgium's policy was inhumane. According to the Belgian Prof. Daniël Vangroenweghe, King Leopold II gained 125 million present day euro's from the exploitation of the Congolese people, mainly from rubber. Other Belgian sources calculated that the profits from the Congolese exploitation prior to 1905 were some 500 million present day euro's. Flag Capital Boma Government Monarchy Ruler and owner Leopold II of Belgium Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1885  - Annexation by Belgium 15 November, 1908 The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately owned by King Leopold II of Belgium (not in his role as monarch) that included the entire... For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ... The port town of Boma (1984 pop. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... King Leopold II Leopold II, King of the Belgians (Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (April 9, 1835–December 17, 1909), succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death. ...

The gains from the exploitation of rubber through the state and other companies like the Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR) were huge. The original value of the ABIR shares was 500 francs (1892 gold francs). In 1903 the shares had risen to 15,000 gold francs. The company felt obliged to let the Bourgeoisie share profits with the upper class. The dividend in 1892 was 1 franc. In 1903 the dividend was 1,200 francs, more than the double of the original price of a share. These enormous gains came from horrible exploitation, and the equator region became a green hell. The scope of the destruction, together with disease and famine from forced labor, killed half of the population of the colony.

In 1900, Morel began his campaign with a series of articles in the weekly magazine Speaker. He realized that King Léopold II of Belgium, the absolute monarch of the Congo Free State, had created a forced labour system of huge dimensions, in effect slave labour. Despite having risen to be Elder Dempster's Head of trade with Congo, Morel resigned in 1902 to further his campaign. Morel became a full-time journalist, first finding a job in the editing of a recently founded periodical, East Africa, then founding in 1903 his own magazine, the West African Mail, with the collaboration of John Holt, a businessman and a friend of Mary Kingsley who feared the application of the Congo Free State system upon the rest of the West Africa. In this period Morel published several pamphlets and his first book, Affairs of West Africa. Year 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... King Léopold II His Majesty King Léopold II of the Belgians (Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (April 9, 1835–December 17, 1909), succeeded his father, Léopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Bold textMary jone brown Kingsley (October 13, 1862 - June 3, 1900) was an English writer and explorer who greatly influenced European ideas about Africa and African people. ...

In 1903 the British House of Commons passed a resolution on the Congo. Subsequently the British consul in Congo, Roger Casement, was sent for an inspection. His 1904 report, which confirmed Morel's accusations, had a considerable impact on public opinion. Morel met Casement just before the publication of the report and realized that he had found the ally he had sought. Casement convinced Morel to establish an organisation for dealing specifically with the Congo question, the Congo Reform Association. Branches of the Congo Reform Association were established as far away as the United States. The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... Sir Roger David Casement CMG (Irish: Ruairí Mac Easmainn[1]) (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish patriot, poet, revolutionary and nationalist by inclination. ... The Congo Reform Association exposed gross and rampant abuses of labor in King Leopold II of Belgiums Congo Free State, leading to the annexation of Congo by Belgium in 1908. ...

The Congo Reform Association achieved the support of famous writers such as Joseph Conrad (whose Heart of Darkness was inspired by a voyage to the Belgian Congo), Anatole France, Arthur Conan Doyle and Mark Twain. Conan Doyle wrote The Crime of the Congo in 1908, while Mark Twain gave the most famous contribution with King Leopold's Soliloquy. Morel's best allies were perhaps missionaries, who furnished him with eyewitness accounts and photographs of the atrocities, such as the Americans George Washington Williams and William Henry Sheppard and the British John Harris and Alice Harris. The chocolate millionaire William Cadbury, a Quaker, was one of his main financial backers. The American civil-rights activist Booker T. Washington participated in the campaign. The French journalist Pierre Mille wrote a book with Morel, while the Belgian socialist leader Emile Vandervelde sent him copies of Belgian parliamentary debates. Morel had secret connections with some agents of the Congo Free State. Even the Church of England and American religious groups backed him. Joseph Conrad. ... Heart of Darkness is a novella by Joseph Conrad. ... Anatole France (April 16, 1844 – October 12, 1924) was the pen name of French author Jacques Anatole François Thibault. ... Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and the adventures of Professor Challenger. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, writer, and lecturer. ... King Leopolds Soliloquy is a 1905 pamphlet by Mark Twain. ... A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ... Reverend William Henry Sheppard (1865 - 1927) was one of the earliest African-Americans to become a missionary for the Presbyterian Church. ... John Harris may refer to: John Harris (critic) - is a music journalist. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Booker T. Washington he was dimb Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856, – November 14, 1915) was an American political leader, educator and author. ... Emile Vandervelde born in Brussels in 1866 died in 1938. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...

In 1905 the movement won a victory when a Commission of Enquiry, instituted (under external pressure) by King Léopold himself, substantially confirmed the accusations made about the colonial administration. In 1908 the Congo was annexed to Belgium and put under the sovereignty of the Belgian Parliament. Despite this, Morel refused to declare an end to the campaign until 1912 because he wanted to see actual changes in the situation of the country. The Congo Reform Association eventually ended operations after 1911. Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev was the first to research the polymerisation of butadiene (1910-1913). In 1910, Lebedev was the first to get synthetic rubber based on poly-butadiene. His book Research in polymerisation of by-ethylene hydrocarbons (1913) became the bible for studies of synthetic rubber. 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev ( July 25, 1874 - May 1, 1934) - Russian Chemist, Inventor of synthetic rubber. ... Polymerization is the formation of long, repeating organic polymer chains. ... Butadiene can refer to either one of two hydrocarbon chemical compounds which are alkenes that are isomers of each other. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ...

Foreign policy

During the Agadir Crisis of 1911, Morel was entirely in sympathy with Germany and opposed to what he regarded as bellicosity by the United Kingdom and France, as well as secret diplomacy between the states involved. He wrote Morocco in Diplomacy (1912) to express his views on the issue. At this time he was also selected by the Liberal Party as a prospective House of Commons candidate for Birkenhead. The Agadir Crisis, also called the Second Moroccan Crisis, was the international tension sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat Panther, to the Moroccan port of Agadir on July 1, 1911. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... Birkenhead is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...

Union of Democratic Control

As the tension grew in the run-up to World War I, Morel was again sympathetic to Germany, disinclined to stand by Belgium under German pressure, and opposed to the United Kingdom and France getting involved in war. He campaigned for neutrality but on the outbreak of war accepted that the fight was lost, and with Charles Trevelyan, Norman Angell and Ramsay MacDonald, formed the Union of Democratic Control to press for a more responsive foreign policy (he also resigned his candidature at this time). He was Secretary of the UDC until his death. The main demands of the UDC were: (1) that in future to prevent secret diplomacy there should be parliamentary control over foreign policy; (2) there should be negotiations after the war with other democratic European countries in an attempt to form an organisation to help prevent future conflicts; (3) that at the end of the war the terms of peace should neither humiliate the defeated nation nor artificially rearrange frontiers, as this might provide a cause for future wars. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna... Sir Charles Philips Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet (28 October 1870 – 24 January 1958) was Liberal Member of Parliament for Elland, Yorkshire from a by-election in 1899 until 1918, when he lost the seat running as a Labour Independent. ... Sir Ralph Norman Angell Lane (December 26, 1872 – October 7, 1967) was a British lecturer, writer, and Member of Parliament for the Labour Party. ... James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... The Union of Democratic Control was a British pressure group formed in 1914 to press for a more responsive foreign policy. ...

The Union of Democratic Control became the most important of all the anti-war organizations in Britain, with membership reaching 650,000 by 1917. His political courage was praised by people as Bertrand Russell and the writer Romain Rolland, but his leading role in the pacifist movement exposed him to violent attacks led by the pro-war press. He was pictured as an agent of Germany in the Daily Express, a newspaper that also listed details of future UDC meetings and encouraged its readers to attend and break them up. The accusation gained some credibility when Roger Casement, who was known as a friend and supporter of Morel, was hanged for treason (he had contacted the Germans seeking support for Irish nationalism). Morel was the occasional victim of physical assaults. Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician and advocate for social reform. ... Romain Rolland (January 29, 1866 - December 30, 1944) was a French writer. ... The Daily Express is a conservative, middle-market British tabloid newspaper. ... Traitor redirects here. ...

Labour Party

On August 22, 1917, Morel's house was searched and evidence was discovered that he had sent a UDC pamphlet to Romain Rolland in Switzerland, a neutral country. This was a technical violation of the Defence of the Realm Act. Morel was sentenced to six months' imprisonment, which he served in Pentonville Prison. Although, along with other pacifists he was placed in the 'second division' with some privileges over the majority of prisoners, conditions were still very hard and Morel's health was seriously damaged. Bertrand Russell described his condition at his release: August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in the United Kingdom in August 1914, during the early weeks of World War I. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war period, such as censorship and the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war... Pentonville Prison in 1842 HM Prison Pentonville is a prison built in 1842 in North London. ...

His hair is completely white (there was hardly a tinge of white before) when he first came out, he collapsed completely, physically and mentally, largely as the result of insufficient food. He says one only gets three quarters of an hour reading in the whole day - the rest of the time is spent on prison work, etc.

Morel was severely critical of the Treaty of Versailles, warning that it would lead to another war. He did not give up his career as a journalist, becoming director of the magazine Foreign Affairs which became the most authoritative voice of English left about foreign politics. The Palace of Versailles, where the treaty was signed. ...

In April 1918, he joined the Independent Labour Party, and began to feed his views into the Labour Party to which it was affiliated and which adopted his critical view of the Treaty of Versailles. Morel explained his decision to join the Independent Labour Party to a friend: Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a former political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in the United Kingdom. ... The Palace of Versailles, where the treaty was signed. ...

I have long been gravitating towards the Socialist position — of course there is Socialism and Socialism, and mine is of the reasonable and moderate kind. When I look over my public efforts through the years, it seems to me that I have been a Socialist all my life. So far as any Party can express what appears to me to be the country's needs, the ILP approximates nearer to my outlook that any other, although I still look forward to and hope for the day when all really progressive forces can unite under the title of the Democratic Party. But Liberalism as represented by both wings — the Lloyd George wing, and the Asquith wing, is right outside my outlook now.

Parliament

Following the retirement of incumbent Labour M.P., Alexander Wilkie, Morel fought the two-member Dundee constituency as the Labour candidate in the 1922 general election. Although he polled fewer votes than Edwin Scrymgeour of the Scottish Prohibition Party, he was still elected, defeating the other sitting MP – Winston Churchill – in the process. Morel regarded Churchill as a warmonger and took pride in having defeated him. Dundee was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1950, when it was split into Dundee East and Dundee West. ... The UK general election of 1922 was held on 15th November 1922. ... Edwin Scrymgeour (28 July 1866-1947), born in Dundee, also known as Neddy, was a Scottish MP for Dundee. ... The Scottish Prohibition Party was a minor Scottish political party, represented in the House of Commons by Edwin Scrymgeour from 1922-1931. ... Churchill redirects here. ...

With his foreign affairs specialty, he was expected to be appointed as Foreign Office minister during the government of Ramsay MacDonald in 1924, but MacDonald decided to serve as his own Foreign Secretary. MacDonald led an attempt to buy Morel off by gathering together a large number of senior Labour politicians to nominate him for the Nobel Prize for Peace, but it did not prevent Morel from remaining a forceful critic of MacDonald's foreign policy. In August 1924 he is believed to have persuaded MacDonald to recognize the communist government in the Soviet Union and nominations on the Anglo-Soviet trade treaty. James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) Translation: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922–1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944–1991) Capital Moscow Language(s) Russian (the de facto official language), 14 other official languages Government Socialist republic Leaders  - 1922–1924 Vladimir Lenin  - 1924–1953 Joseph Stalin...

Shortly after his re-election in the 1924 general election, Morel suffered a fatal heart attack at the farm near Bovey Tracey, Devon where he lived. The 1924 UK general election was held on 29th October 1924. ... Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ... Bovey Tracey is a small town in Devon on the edge of Dartmoor. ... “Devonshire” redirects here. ...

Trivia

Arthur Conan Doyle became acquainted with Morel through the work of the Congo Reform Association. In the 1912 novel The Lost World Conan Doyle used Morel as an inspiration for the character of Ed Malone. Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and the adventures of Professor Challenger. ... The Lost World is a 1912 novel by Arthur Conan Doyle concerning an expedition to a plateau (native name is Tepuyes) in South America (Venezuela) where prehistoric animals (dinosaurs and other extinct creatures) still survive. ...

Books published

• Affairs of West Africa (1902)
• The British Case in French Congo
• King Leopold's Rule in Africa
• Red Rubber – The story of the rubber slave trade that flourished in Congo in the year of grace 1906 (1906)
• Great Britain and the Congo
• Nigeria
• Morocco and Diplomacy (1912) (reissued as Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy in 1915)
• Truth and the War
• Africa and the Peace of Europe
• The Black Man's Burden (1920)
• Thoughts on the War
• The Peace, and Prison
• Pre-War Diplomacy
• Diplomacy Revealed

References

• Hochschild, Adam (2002). King Leopold's Ghost. Pan. ISBN 0-330-49233-0.
• Daniël Vangroenweghe (2004) Rood Rubber - Leopold II en zijn Congo ISBN 9056175564.

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

See also

• Congo Free State
• Congo Reform Association
• Union of Democratic Control

Flag Capital Boma Government Monarchy Ruler and owner Leopold II of Belgium Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1885  - Annexation by Belgium 15 November, 1908 The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately owned by King Leopold II of Belgium (not in his role as monarch) that included the entire... The Congo Reform Association exposed gross and rampant abuses of labor in King Leopold II of Belgiums Congo Free State, leading to the annexation of Congo by Belgium in 1908. ... The Union of Democratic Control was a British pressure group formed in 1914 to press for a more responsive foreign policy. ...

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

Edward Dene Morel

• An article on Morel from Liverpool's 'Nerve' magazine
• The Black Man's Burden, By E. D. Morel, Manchester: National Labour Press, 1920(full text)
• King Leopold's Soliloquy:A Defense of His Congo Rule, By Mark Twain, Boston: The P. R. Warren Co., 1905, full text
• Heart of Darkness, By Joseph Conrad, full text
• The Crime of the Congo, By Arthur Conan Doyle, London: Hutchinson & Co., 1909 full text
• E.D. Morel, the man and his work, with an introd. by Colonel Wedgwood ([1920), full text]
• Cartoonists vs. the King:Cartoons on the Congo, By Jim Zwick
• The Kodak vs. the King, By Jim Zwick (photographs published by the Congo Reform Association)
• Report of the British Consul, Roger Casement, on the Administration of the Congo Free State.
• De film van Peter Bate, White King, Red Rubber, Black Death, 2004.