NationMaster - Encyclopedia: E. P. Wigner

Eugene Paul Wigner (usually E. P. Wigner among physicists) (Hungarian Wigner Pál Jenő) (November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian physicist and mathematician. Image File history File links Wigner. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nassau Street, Princetons main street. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... ... The Georg-August University of GÃ¶ttingen (Georg-August-UniversitÃ¤t GÃ¶ttingen, often called the Georgia Augusta) was founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, and opened in 1737. ... The University of Wisconsinâ€“Madison is a public university located in Madison, Wisconsin. ... Princeton University is a coeducational private university located in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States of America. ... The Central Institute for Modern Languages at the Technical University The Technical University of Berlin (TUB, TU Berlin, German: Technische Universität Berlin) is located in Berlin in Germany. ... Michael Polanyi (March 11, 1891 - February 22, 1976) was a Hungarian/ British polymath whose thought and work extended across physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. ... John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 â€“ January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Weisskopf redirects here. ... Marcos Moshinsky (born April 20, 1921) is a Mexican physicist of Ukrainian origin whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation in 1988. ... In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves. ... Look up Parity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Parity is a concept of equality of status or functional equivalence. ... The Wigner-Eckart theorem is a theorem of representation theory and quantum mechanics allowing operators to be transformed from one basis to another. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Leonhard Euler is considered by many to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is the person whose primary area of study and research is the field of mathematics. ...

He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". Wigner was sometimes referred to as the Silent Genius as some of his contemporaries considered him the intellectual equal to Einstein, without the prominence. Wigner is famous for laying the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics as well as for his research into atomic nuclei, and for his several theorems. Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fig. ... A semi-accurate depiction of the helium atom. ...

Early life

Wigner was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary) to a Jewish middle-class family. At age 11, he was thought possibly to have contracted tuberculosis, and was sent for six weeks to a sanitorium in the Austrian mountains. During this period he began to develop an interest in mathematical problems. From 1915 till 1919, concurrently with John von Neumann, Wigner studied at the Lutheran Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium where they both greatly benefited from encouragement by the legendary mathematics teacher László Rátz. In 1919, to escape the Bela Kun communist regime, the family briefly moved to Austria, returning after the downfall of the Kun government. Partly as a reaction to the prominent presence of Jews in the Kun regime, the family converted to Lutheranism ^[1]. In 1921, Wigner studied chemical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (today the Technische Universität Berlin). He also attended the Wednesday afternoon colloquia of the German Physical Society. These colloquia featured such luminaries as Max Planck, Max von Laue, Rudolf Ladenburg, Werner Heisenberg, Walther Nernst, Wolfgang Pauli and — most of all — Albert Einstein. Wigner also met physicist Leó Szilárd, who at once became Wigner's closest friend. A third experience in Berlin was formative. Wigner worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, and there met Michael Polanyi, who would become, after László Rátz, Wigner's greatest teacher. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for Tubercle Bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by the mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, bones, joints, and even the... John von Neumann (Hungarian Margittai Neumann JÃ¡nos Lajos) (born December 28, 1903 in Budapest, Austria-Hungary; died February 8, 1957 in Washington D.C., United States) was a Hungarian-born mathematician and polymath who made contributions to quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, topology, economics, computer science, numerical analysis... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Fasori GimnÃ¡zium (lit. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ... la Kun B la Kun (February 20, 1886 - 1939?) was a Hungarian Communist who ruled Hungary for a brief time in 1919. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... The Central Institute for Modern Languages at the Technical University The Technical University of Berlin (TUB, TU Berlin, German: Technische UniversitÃ¤t Berlin) is located in Berlin in Germany. ... The Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG) is a worldwide operating physics organization. ... Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 â€“ October 4, 1947) was a German physicist. ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 â€“ February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, and acknowledged to be one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. ... Walther Nernst. ... This article is about Austrian-Swiss physicist Wolfgang Pauli. ... Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 â€“ April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... LeÃ³ SzilÃ¡rd (February 11, 1898 â€“ May 30, 1964 Originaly SzilÃ¡rd LeÃ³) was a Hungarian-American physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction and worked on the Manhattan Project. ... Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (in German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft) was the name of a number of scientific institutes in Germany before World War II. After 1945 they were re-organised and renamed as Max Planck Institutes. ... Michael Polanyi (March 11, 1891 - February 22, 1976) was a Hungarian/ British polymath whose thought and work extended across physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. ...

Middle years

In the late 1920s, Wigner deeply explored the field of quantum mechanics. A period at Göttingen as an assistant to the great mathematician David Hilbert proved a disappointment, as Hilbert was no longer active in his works. Wigner nonetheless studied independently. He laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics and in 1927 introduced what is now known as the Wigner D-matrix.^[2] It is safe to state that he and Hermann Weyl carry the sole responsibility for the introduction of group theory into quantum mechanics (they spread the "Gruppenpest"). See Wigner's 1931 monograph for a survey of his work on group theory. In the late 1930s, he extended his research into atomic nuclei. He developed an important general theory of nuclear reactions (see for instance the Wigner-Eckart theorem). By 1929, his papers were drawing notice in the physics world. In 1930, Princeton University recruited Wigner and Von Neumann, which was timely as the Nazi Regime in Germany emerged. In Princeton in 1934 Wigner introduced his sister Manci to the physicist Paul Dirac. They married, and the ties between Wigner and Dirac deepened. Fig. ... GÃ¶ttingen ( ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... David Hilbert (January 23, 1862, KÃ¶nigsberg, East Prussia â€“ February 14, 1943, GÃ¶ttingen, Germany) was a German mathematician, recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Hermann Weyl Hermann Weyl (November 9, 1885 â€“ December 8, 1955) was a German mathematician. ... Group theory is that branch of mathematics concerned with the study of groups. ... The 1930s (years from 1930-1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... The Wigner-Eckart theorem is a theorem of representation theory and quantum mechanics allowing operators to be transformed from one basis to another. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS (IPA: [dÉªrÃ¦k]) (August 8, 1902 â€“ October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ...

In 1936, Princeton did not rehire Wigner, so he moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison. There he met his first wife, a physics student named Amelia Frank. Yet she died in 1937, leaving Wigner distraught. On January 8, 1937, Wigner became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Princeton University shortly invited Wigner back, and he rejoined faculty in the fall of 1938. Though a professed political amateur, in 1939 and 1940 Dr. Wigner played a major role in agitating for the Manhattan Project, which would develop the first atomic bomb. However, he was by personal preference a pacifist. He would later contribute to civil defense in the US. In 1946, Wigner accepted a job as director of research and development at Clinton Laboratory (now Oak Ridge National Laboratory) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. When this did not work out especially well, Wigner returned to Princeton. 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The University of Wisconsinâ€“Madison (also known as UWâ€“Madison, Madison, University of Wisconsin, or UW) is a public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Naturalization is the process whereby a person becomes a national of a nation, or a citizen of a country, other than the one of his birth. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The Manhattan Project resulted in the development of the first nuclear weapons, and the first-ever nuclear detonation, at the Trinity test of July 16, 1945. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... A combination of federal, state and private funds is providing $300 million for the construction of 13 facilities on ORNLs new main campus. ... Oak Ridge is an incorporated city in Anderson and Roane Counties in East Tennessee, about 25 miles northwest of Knoxville. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area Ranked 36th - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 kmÂ²) - Width 120 miles (195 km) - Length 440 miles (710 km) - % water 2. ...

In appreciation of Professor Wigner, written 1987, Alvin M. Weinberg stated: "...this tract of Wigner’s [giving credit to his young collaborators] explains why so much, not only of reactor theory but of theoretical physics from 1930 to 1965 – though it may not bear Wigner’s name – actually has origin in a suggestion made or question asked by Professor Wigner." ...

Last years

In 1960, Wigner gave a thought-provoking insight into the power of mathematics in his best-known essay outside physics, now a classic paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences. He argued that biology and cognition could be the origin of physical concepts, as we humans perceive them, and that the happy coincidence that mathematics and physics were so well matched, seemed to be "unreasonable" and hard to explain. Even so, he found resistance to this theory, notably by distinguished mathematician Andrew M. Gleason. In 1963, Wigner received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He professed never to have even considered the possibility that this might occur, and added: "I never expected to get my name in the newspapers without doing something wicked." He would later go on to win the Enrico Fermi award, and the National Medal of Science. In 1992, at the age of 90, he published a memoir, The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner with Andrew Szanton. Wigner died three years later in Princeton. One of his significant students was Abner Shimony. 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... In 1960, the physicist Eugene Wigner published an article titled The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, arguing that the way in which the mathematical structure of a physical theory often points the way to further advances in that theory and even to empirical predictions, is not a... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 â€“ November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, particle physics and statistical mechanics. ... National Medal of Science The National Medal of Science, also called the Presidential Medal of Science, is an honor given by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social... Media:rofl. ... Andrew Szanton (born in Washington, D.C. in 1963) is an American collaborative memoirist. ... Abner Shimony (born 1928, Columbus, Ohio) is an American physicist and philosopher of science specializing in quantum theory. ...

Eugene Wigner was asked in the late 1970's 'Do you remember Rátz?', one of his teachers, to which he answered: 'There he is!' and pointed to a picture of Rátz on his office wall.

Near the end of his life his thought turned more philosophical. In his memoir, Wigner said: "The full meaning of life, the collective meaning of all human desires, is fundamentally a mystery beyond our grasp. As a young man, I chafed at this state of affairs. But by now I have made peace with it. I even feel a certain honor to be associated with such a mystery". He developed interest in the Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, particularly with its ideas of the universe as an all pervading consciousness. In his collection of essays (Symmetries and Reflections- Scientific Essays), he commented "It was not possible to formulate the laws (of quantum theory) in a fully consistent way without reference to consciousness". This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Hinduism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...

Also in the realm of theoretics is the thought experiment, Wigner's friend paradox. It is often seen as an extension of the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. The Wigner's friend experiment asks the question: at what stage does a "measurement" take place? Wigner designed the experiment to highlight how he believed consciousness is necessary to the quantum mechanical measurement process. Wigners friend is a thought experiment proposed by the physicist Eugene Wigner; it is an extension of the SchrÃ¶dingers cat experiment designed as a point of departure for discussing the mind-body problem as viewed by the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. ... SchrÃ¶dingers Cat: If the nucleus in the bottom left decays, the geiger counter on its right will sense it and trigger the release of the gas. ...

References

Notes

See also

The Wigner semicircle distribution, named after the physicist Eugene Wigner, is the probability distribution supported on the interval [âˆ’R, R] the graph of whose probability density function f is a semicircle of radius R centered at (0, 0) and then suitably normalized (so that it is really a semi-ellipse... The Wigner quasi-probability distribution was introduced by Eugene Wigner in 1932 to study quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics. ... There is a natural connection, first discovered by Eugene Wigner, between the properties of particles, the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, and the symmetries of the universe. ... The Wigner effect (named for its discoverer, Eugene Wigner), also known as the discomposition effect, is the displacement of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation. ...

External links

Nobel Prize in Physics: Laureates

v • d • e

1901: Röntgen 02: Lorentz, Zeeman 03: Becquerel, P.Curie, M.Curie 04: Rayleigh 05: Lenard 06: Thomson 07: Michelson 08: Lippmann 09: Marconi, Braun 10: van der Waals 11: Wien 12: Dalén 13: Kamerlingh Onnes 14: von Laue 15: W.L.Bragg, W.H.Bragg 17: Barkla 18: Planck 19: Stark 20: Guillaume 21: Einstein 22: N.Bohr 23: Millikan 24: Siegbahn 25: Franck, Hertz 26: Perrin 27: Compton, Wilson 28: Richardson 29: de Broglie 30: Raman 32: Heisenberg 33: Schrödinger, Dirac 35: Chadwick 36: Hess, Anderson 37: Davisson, Thomson 38: Fermi 39: Lawrence 43: Stern 44: Rabi 45: Pauli 46: Bridgman 47: Appleton 48: Blackett 49: Yukawa 50: Powell 51: Cockcroft, Walton 52: Bloch, Purcell 53: Zernike 54: Born, Bothe 55: Lamb, Kusch 56: Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain 57: Yang, T.D.Lee 58: Cherenkov, Frank, Tamm 59: Segrè, Chamberlain 60: Glaser 61: Hofstadter, Mössbauer 62: Landau 63: Wigner, Goeppert‑Mayer, Jensen 64: Townes, Basov, Prokhorov 65: Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman 66: Kastler 67: Bethe 68: Alvarez 69: Gell‑Mann 70: Alfvén, Néel 71: Gabor 72: Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer 73: Esaki, Giaever, Josephson 74: Ryle, Hewish 75: A.Bohr, Mottelson, Rainwater 76: Richter, Ting 77: Anderson, Mott, van Vleck 78: Kapitsa, Penzias, Wilson 79: Glashow, Salam, Weinberg 80: Cronin, Fitch 81: Bloembergen, Schawlow, Siegbahn 82: Wilson 83: Chandrasekhar, Fowler 84: Carlo Rubbia, van der Meer 85: von Klitzing 86: Ruska, Binnig, Rohrer 87: Bednorz, Müller 88: Lederman, Schwartz, Steinberger 89: Ramsey, Dehmelt, Paul 90: Friedman, Kendall, Taylor 91: de Gennes 92: Charpak 93: Hulse, Taylor 94: Brockhouse, Shull 95: Perl, Reines 96: D.Lee, Osheroff, Richardson 97: Chu, Cohen‑Tannoudji, Phillips 98: Laughlin, Störmer, Tsui 99: 't Hooft, Veltman 2000: Alferov, Kroemer, Kilby 01: Cornell, Ketterle, Wieman 02: Davis, Koshiba, Giacconi 03: Abrikosov, Ginzburg, Leggett 04: Gross, Politzer, Wilczek 05: Glauber, Hall, Hänsch 06: Mather, Smoot Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908â€“1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners. ... Wilhelm Conrad RÃ¶ntgen (in English: William Conrad Roentgen) (March 27, 1845 â€“ February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of WÃ¼rzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays or RÃ¶ntgen Rays, an achievement... Painting of Hendrik Lorentz by Arnhemensis Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (July 18, 1853, Arnhem â€“ February 4, 1928, Haarlem) was a Dutch physicist and the winner of the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on electromagnetic radiation. ... Pieter Zeeman (May 25, 1865 â€“ October 9, 1943) (pronounced zÄmÃ¤n) was a physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect. ... Antoine Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 â€“ August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. ... // Pierre Curie (Paris, France, May 15, 1859 â€“ April 19, 1906, Paris) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. ... Maria SkÅ‚odowska-Curie (born Maria SkÅ‚odowska; known in France where she lived for most of her life as Marie Curie, aka Madame Curie; Warsaw, November 7, 1867 â€“ July 4, 1934, Sancellemoz, France) was a Polish-French physicist and chemist. ... See also Rayleigh fading Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh number Rayleigh waves Rayleigh-Jeans law External links Nobel website bio of Rayleigh About John William Strutt MacTutor biography of Lord Rayleigh Categories: People stubs | 1842 births | 1919 deaths | Nobel Prize in Physics winners | Peers | British physicists | Discoverer of a chemical element ... Philipp Eduard Anton von LÃ©nÃ¡rd, (June 7, 1862 in PreÃŸburg, Austria-Hungary (today Bratislava, Slovakia)â€“May 20, 1947 in Messelhausen, Germany) was a Hungarian-German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of... Sir Joseph John Thomson, OM , FRS (December 18, 1756 â€“ August 30, 1940) often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist, the discoverer of the electron. ... Albert Abraham Michelson. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, GCVO (25 April 1874-20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a practical radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. ... Karl Ferdinand Braun (June 6, 1850 - April 20, 1918) was a German physicist, born in Fulda. ... van der Waals Johannes Diderik van der Waals (November 23, 1837 â€“ March 8, 1923) was a Dutch scientist famous for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids, for which he won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1910. ... Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (January 13, 1864 â€“ August 30, 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to compose Wiens displacement law, which relates the maximum emission of a blackbody to its temperature. ... Nils Gustaf DalÃ©n (November 30, 1869 â€“ December 9, 1937) was a Swedish inventor and industrialist, the founder of AGA, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1912 for his work on automatic gas regulator controlled buoys. ... Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 â€“ February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH, FRS, (31 March 1890 â€“ 1 July 1971) was an Australian physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 with his father Sir William Henry Bragg. ... Sir William Henry Bragg OM, Cantab, OKW (Westward, Cumbria, England July 2, 1862 â€“ March 10, 1942) was an English physicist and chemist, educated at King Williams College, Isle of Man, and Trinity College, Cambridge. ... Charles Glover Barkla (June 7, 1877 â€“ October 23, 1944) was a British physicist. ... Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 â€“ October 4, 1947) was a German physicist. ... Johannes Stark (April 15, 1874 â€“ June 21, 1957) was a prominent 20th century physicist, and a Physics Nobel Prize laureate. ... Charles Ã‰douard Guillaume (February 15, 1861, Fleurier â€“ June 13, 1938, SÃ¨vres), was a French-Swiss Physicist that received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys. ... Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 â€“ April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... Niels (Henrik David) Bohr (October 7, 1885 â€“ November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ... Robert Millikan. ... 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Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 - March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. ... Frederik Zernike (Amsterdam, July 16, 1888 â€“ March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the... Max Born (December 11, 1882 in Breslau â€“ January 5, 1970 in GÃ¶ttingen) was a mathematician and physicist. ... Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (January 8, 1891 â€“ February 8, 1957) was a German physicist, mathematician, chemist, and Nobel Prize winner. ... Willis Eugene Lamb, Junior (b. ... Polykarp Kusch (January 26, 1911 - March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist who, with Willis Eugene Lamb, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955 for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of and... William Bradford Shockley (February 13, 1910 â€“ August 12, 1989) was a British-born American physicist and inventor. ... John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 â€“ January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. ... Walter Houser Brattain (February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was a physicist who, along with John Bardeen, invented the transistor. ... Dr. Chen Ning Franklin YANG Chen Ning Franklin YANG (æ¥ŠæŒ¯å¯§ pinyin: YÃ¡ng ZhÃ¨nnÃng) (born September 22, 1922) is a Chinese American physicist, who worked on statistical mechanics and symmetry principles. ... U.S. government photo Tsung-Dao Lee (æŽæ”¿é“ Pinyin: LÇ ZhÃ¨ngdÃ o) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese American physicist who did work on high energy particle physics, symmetry principles, and statistical mechanics. ... Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian Павел Алексеевич Черенков) (July 28, 1904 - January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize winner. ... Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (Russian: Ð˜Ð»ÑŒÑÌ ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°ÌÐ¹Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¤Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ðº) (October 23, 1908 â€“ June 22, 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union. ... Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (Russian И́горь Евге́ньевич Та́мм, also transcribed sometimes as Igor Evgenevich Tamm) (July 8, 1895 – April 12, 1971) was a Russian physicist. ... Portrait of Dr. Emilio Segre Emilio Gino SegrÃ¨ (February 1, 1905 - April 22, 1989) was an Italian American physicist who, with Owen Chamberlain, won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the antiproton. ... Owen Chamberlain Owen Chamberlain (July 10, 1920 â€“ February 28, 2006) was a prominent American physicist. ... Donald Arthur Glaser (b. ... Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 - November 17, 1990) was the winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons. ... Rudolf Ludwig MÃ¶ssbauer (born January 31, 1929) is a German physicist who studied gamma rays from nuclear transitions. ... Lev Davidovich Landau Lev Davidovich Landau (Russian language: Ð›ÐµÌÐ² Ð”Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÌÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð›Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð°ÌÑƒ) (January 22, 1908 â€“ April 1, 1968) was a prominent Soviet physicist, who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. ... Eugene Wigner Eugene Paul Wigner (Hungarian Wigner PÃ¡l JenÅ‘) (November 17, 1902 â€“ January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian physicist and mathematician who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and... Prof. ... Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen (June 25, 1907 â€“ February 11, 1973) was a German physicist who shared half of the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physics with Maria Goeppert-Mayer for their proposal of the shell nuclear model. ... Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, American physicist and educator. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (Russian: Александр Михайлович Прохоров) (July 11, 1916 – January 8, 2002) was an Australian-Russian physicist. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 -- July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 â€“ February 15, 1988; surname pronounced ) was an American physicist known for expanding the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and particle theory. ... Alfred Kastler (May 3, 1902 - January 7, 1984) is a French physicist, born in Guebwiller, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1966. ... Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced bay-tuh; July 2, 1906 â€“ March 6, 2005), was a German-American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. ... Portrait of Luis Alvarez Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 â€“ September 1, 1988) of San Francisco, California, USA, was a famed physicist of Spanish descent, who worked at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929 in Manhattan, New York City, USA) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. ... Hannes AlfvÃ©n (1908-1995), winning the Nobel Prizing for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. Hannes Olof GÃ¶sta AlfvÃ©n (May 30, 1908; NorrkÃ¶ping, Sweden - April 2, 1995; Djursholm, Sweden) is known as a Swedish plasma physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1970 for his work developing... Louis NÃ©el (November 22, 1904 - November 14, 2000) is the Nobel Laureate in Physics of 1970. ... Dennis Gabor (GÃ¡bor DÃ©nes) (June 5, 1900, Budapest â€“ February 9, 1979, London) was a Hungarian physicist and inventor who is most notable for inventing holography. ... John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 â€“ January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. ... Leon Neil Cooper (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist and winner of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics, along with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, for his role in developing the BCS theory (named for their initials) of superconductivity. ... John Robert Schrieffer (born May 31, 1931) is an American physicist and winner, with John Bardeen and Leon Neil Cooper, of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics for developing the BCS theory (for their initials), the first successful microscopic theory of superconductivity. ... Leo Esaki (æ±Ÿå´Ž çŽ²æ–¼å¥ˆ; correct transcription Esaki Reona; also known as Esaki Leona) (born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his discovery of the phenomenon of electron tunneling. ... Ivar Giaever (originally spelled GiÃ¦ver) (born April 5, 1929 in Bergen, Norway) is a physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian David Josephson for work in solid-state physics. ... Brian David Josephson (born Cardiff, UK, January 4, 1940) is a British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect while a 22_year_old graduate student won him a share (with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever) of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics. ... Sir Martin Ryle (September 27, 1918 – October 14, 1984) was a British radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e. ... Antony Hewish (born Fowey, Cornwall, May 11, 1924) is a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and its role in the discovery of pulsars. ... Aage Niels Bohr (born in Copenhagen, Denmark on June 19, 1922) is the son of Margrethe and Niels Bohr. ... Benjamin Roy Mottelson (born July 9, American-Danish physicist. ... Leo James Rainwater (December 9, 1917 - May 31, 1986) was an American physicist who won a share of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei. ... Burton Richter (Born March 22, 1931) is a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist. ... Samuel Chao Chung Ting (丁肇中 pinyin: Dīng Zhàozhōng; Wade-Giles: Ting¹ Chao⁴-chung¹) (born January 27, 1936) is a Michigan-born Chinese American physicist who received the Nobel Prize in 1976 for the discovery of the subatomic J particle with Burton Richter. ... Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist. ... Sir Nevill Francis Mott (September 30, 1905 – August 8, 1996) was a British physicist. ... John Hasbrouck van Vleck (March 13, 1899 – October 27, 1980) was an American physicist. ... Semenov (on the right) and Kapitsa (on the left), portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Russian ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€ Ð›ÐµÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ†Ð°) (July 9, 1894 â€“ April 8, 1984) was a Russian physicist who discovered superfluidity with contribution from John F. Allen and Don Misener in 1937. ... Arno Allan Penzias (born April 26, American physicist. ... Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American physicist. ... Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow (born December 5, 1932) is an American physicist. ... Abdus Salam at Nobel Prize ceremony with the King of Sweden Dr. Abdus Salam (Urdu: Ù¾Ø±ÙˆÙÛŒØ³Ø± ÚˆØ§Ú©Ù¹Ø± Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…) (January 29, 1926 at Santokdas, Sahiwal in Punjab â€“ 21 November 1996 in Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his work in electroweak theory which... Steven Weinberg at Harvard University Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American physicist. ... James Watson Cronin (born September 29, 1931) is an American nuclear physicist. ... Val Logsdon Fitch (born March 10, 1923) is an American nuclear physicist. ... Nicolaas Bloembergen (born March 11, 1920) is an Dutch physicist. ... Arthur Leonard Schawlow (May 5, 1921–April 28, 1999) was an American physicist. ... Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (born April 20, 1918) is a Swedish physicist. ... Kenneth Geddes Wilson (born June 8, 1936) is an American physicist. ... Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (October 19, 1910 – August 21, 1995) was an Indian-American physicist, astrophysicist and mathematician. ... There is another William Fowler who was a Scottish poet and uncle of William Drummond of Hawthornden William Alfred Willy Fowler (August 9, 1911 – March 14, 1995) was an American astrophysicist. ... Carlo Rubbia (born March 31, 1934) is an Italian physicist. ... Simon van der Meer (born November 24, 1925) is a Dutch physicist. ... Klaus von Klitzing, (born June 28, 1943 in Schroda, Posen) is a Polish-German physicist. ... Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (December 25, 1906â€“May 25, 1988) was a German physicist. ... Gerd Binnig (born July 20, 1947) is a German-born physicist who shared with Heinrich Rohrer half of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for their invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). ... Heinrich Rohrer (born June 6, 1933) is a Swiss physicist who, with Gerd Binnig, received half of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). ... Johannes Georg Bednorz (born May 16, 1950) is a German physicist who, along with Karl Alex Muller, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint discovery of superconductivity in certain substances at temperatures higher than had previously been thought attainable. ... Karl Alexander MÃ¼ller (born April 20, 1927) is a Swiss physicist who, along with J. Georg Bednorz, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint discovery of superconductivity in certain substances at higher temperatures than had previously been thought attainable. ... Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922 in New York) is an American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988 for his work on neutrinos. ... Melvin Schwartz (born November 2, 1932) is an American physicist. ... Jack Steinberger (born May 25, 1921) is a physicist. ... Norman Foster Ramsey (born August 27, 1915) is an American physicist. ... Hans Georg Dehmelt (born September 9, 1922 in GÃ¶rlitz, Germany) is an American physicist, who co-developed the ion trap. ... Wolfgang Paul (August 10, 1913 - December 7, 1993) was a German physicist, who co-developed the ion trap. ... Jerome Isaac Friedman (born 1930) is a U.S. physicist. ... Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 â€“ February 15, 1999) was an American physicist. ... Richard E. Taylor Professor Richard E. Taylor, CC , FRS , FRSC , Ph. ... Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (born October 24, 1932) is a French physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Georges Charpak (born August 1, 1924) is a French physicist. ... Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. ... Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. ... Bertram Neville Brockhouse (July 15, 1918 – October 13, 2003) was a Nobel prize-winning Canadian physicist. ... Clifford Glenwood Shull (September 23, 1915 - March 31, 2001) was a Nobel prize-winning American physicist. ... Martin Lewis Perl (b. ... Frederick Reines Frederick Reines (March 16, 1918 - August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Douglas Dean Osheroff (born August 1, 1945) is a American physicist. ... Robert Coleman Richardson (born June 26, 1937 in Washington D.C.) is an American physicist. ... Image:Stevenchu. ... Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (born April 1, 1933) is a French physicist working at the Ã‰cole Normale SupÃ©rieure in Paris, France, where he has also studied physics. ... Categories: Stub | 1948 births | Nobel Prize in Physics winners ... Robert Betts Laughlin (born November 1, 1950) is an American theoretical physicist who, with Horst L. StÃ¶rmer and Daniel C. Tsui, was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for his explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect. ... Horst Ludwig StÃ¶rmer (born April 6, 1949) is a Bell Labs physicist who shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics with Daniel Tsui and Robert Laughlin. ... Daniel Chee Tsui 崔琦 (pinyin: Cuī Qí)(born February 28, 1939, Henan Province, China) is a Chinese American physicist whose areas of research included electrical properties of thin films and microstructures of semiconductors and solid-state physics. ... Gerard t Hooft at Harvard University Gerardus (Gerard) t Hooft [ut-hooft] (The prefix â€™t is pronounced as â€˜utâ€™ and stands for â€˜hetâ€™) (born July 5, 1946) is a professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, The Netherlands. ... Martinus J.G. Veltman (Tini for short) (born June 27, 1931) is a 1999 Nobel prize laureate for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics, work done at Utrecht University, The Netherlands. ... Scientist, born 1930 in Belarus. ... Herbert Kroemer (born August 25, 1928) is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of California, Santa Barbara, received a Ph. ... Jack St. ... Eric Allin Cornell (born December 19, 1961) is a physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman, was able to synthesize Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995. ... Wolfgang Ketterle (born October 21, 1957, in Heidelberg, Germany) is a German physicist and a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Carl Edwin Wieman (born March 26, American physicist of the University of Colorado at Boulder who (with Eric Allin Cornell), in 1995, produced a Bose-Einstein condensate. ... Raymond Davis Jr. ... Masatoshi Koshiba (å°æŸ´ æ˜Œä¿Š Koshiba Masatoshi, born on September 19, 1926 in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture -) is a Japanese physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. ... Riccardo Giacconi (born October 6, 1931) is an Italian-born American Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist. ... Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov (Алексей Алексеевич Абрикосов) (born June 25, 1928, in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR.) is a Russian theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field... Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (Виталий Лазаревич Гинзбург) (born October 4, 1916 in Moscow) is a Soviet/Russian theoretical physicist and astrophysicist, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the... Anthony James Leggett (born March 26, 1938), is Professor of Physics at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. ... David Gross and his wife in Santa Barbara David Jonathan Gross (born February 19, 1941 in Washington, D.C.) is an American physicist and string theorist. ... Prof. ... Frank Wilczek (born May 15, 1951) is a Nobel prize winning American physicist. ... Roy Jay Glauber (born 1 September 1925) is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. ... John L. Hall (born 1934) is a JILA (formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) fellow and Physics lecturer at the University of Colorado at Boulder Physics department. ... Theodor Wolfgang HÃ¤nsch (b. ... John C. Mather at NASA John Cromwell Mather (b. ... George Smoot celebrating his Nobel Prize on October 3, 2006 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ...

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