NationMaster - Encyclopedia: E101

Riboflavin (E101), also known as vitamin B₂ or vitamin G, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in animals. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolising of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B₂ is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin also helps in the prevention or treatment of many types of eye disorders, including some cases of cataracts. It may assist bloodshot, itching or burning eyes and abnormal sensitivity to light. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Corrected version is drawn in bkchem and GIMP. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... Density (symbol: Ï - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per volume. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... For the mathematical constant see: E (mathematical constant). ... Vitamin B is a complex of several vitamins. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cell metabolism and carbohydrates. ... Fats is the plural for fat, a generic term for a class of lipids in biochemistry. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... A cataract is an opacity that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope. ...

Milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, liver, yeast, almonds and mature soybeans are good sources of vitamin B₂, but exposure to light will destroy the riboflavin in these natural sources. Any excess is excreted in the urine, frequently imparting a bright yellow color. As the human body does not store riboflavin it is thought deficiency is common. A glass of cows milk Milk is the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals (including monotremes). ... Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ... Chinese cabbage Swiss chard Leaf vegetables, also called greens or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. ... The liver is an organ in living beings, including humans. ... It has been suggested that Yeast (baking) be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ... Binomial name Glycine max (L.) Merr. ...

In processed foods it is very likely to have been produced synthetically using genetically modified Bacillus subtilis, altered to both increase the bacteria's production of riboflavin and to introduce an antibiotic (ampicillin) resistance marker. Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ... Binomial name Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872 Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium commonly found in soil. ...

Riboflavin is yellow or orange-yellow in colour and in addition to being used as a food colouring it is also used to fortify some foods. It can be found in baby foods, breakfast cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk products as well as being widely used in vitamin supplements. Riboflavin is responsible for the harmless side effect of coloring a vitamin taker's urine bright yellow. The color of food is considered important in its enjoyment. ...

It is difficult to incorporate riboflavin into many liquid products because it has poor solubility in water. Hence the requirement for E101a riboflavin-5'-phosphate, a more expensive but more soluble form of riboflavin. Riboflavin-5-phosphate is a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase. ...

Nutrition

Riboflavin Deficiency

A deficiency of riboflavin can be primary - due to not getting enough of the vitamin from the diet - or secondary, which may be a result of conditions that affect absorption in the intestine, the body not being able to use the vitamin, or an increase in the excretion of the vitamin from the body.. Riboflavin deficiency is seen in association with: protein and energy malnutrition alcoholism The clinical features include: dry mucus membranes, affecting: mouth eyes genitalia normochromic, normocytic anaemia Treatment with riboflavin, 6 mg per day. ...

In humans, signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) include cracked and red lips, inflammation of the lining of mouth and tongue, mouth ulcers, cracks at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis), and a sore throat. A deficiency may also cause dry and scaling skin, fluid in the mucous membranes, and iron-deficiency anemia. The eyes may also become bloodshot, itchy, watery and sensitive to bright light. Riboflavin deficiency is seen in association with: protein and energy malnutrition alcoholism The clinical features include: dry mucus membranes, affecting: mouth eyes genitalia normochromic, normocytic anaemia Treatment with riboflavin, 6 mg per day. ... A condition where there are deep cracks and splits at the corners of the mouth. ...

In animals, riboflavin deficiency results in lack of growth, failure to thrive, and eventual death. Experimental riboflavin deficiency in dogs results in growth failure, weakness, ataxia, and inability to stand. The animals collapse, become comatose, and die. During the deficiency state, dermatitis develops together with hair-loss. Other signs include corneal opacity, lenticular cataracts, hemorrhagic adrenals, fatty degeneration of the kidney and liver, and inflammation of the mucus membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Post-mortem studies in rhesus monkeys fed a riboflavin-deficient diet revealed that about one-third the normal amount of riboflavin was present in the liver, which is the main storage organ for riboflavin in mammals. These overt clinical signs of riboflavin deficiency are rarely seen among inhabitants of the developed countries. However, about 28 million Americans exhibit a common ‘sub-clinical’ stage, characterized by a change in biochemical indices (e.g. reduced plasma erythrocyte glutathione reductase levels). Although the effects of long-term sub-clinical riboflavin deficiency are unknown, in children this deficiency results in reduced growth. Subclinical riboflavin deficiency has also been observed in women taking oral contraceptives, in the elderly, in people with eating disorders, and in disease states such as HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and chronic heart disease. The fact that riboflavin deficiency does not immediately lead to gross clinical manifestations indicates that the systemic levels of this essential vitamin are tightly regulated.

Diagnostic Testing of B2 Deficiency

A positive diagnostic test for measuring levels of riboflavin in serum is assertained by measuring erythrocyte levels of glutathione reductase. Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen to body tissues via the blood. ... Glutathione reductase reduces oxidized glutathione Categories: ‪Science stubs‬ | ‪Enzyme stubs‬ | ‪Biochemistry stubs‬ | ‪Biochemistry‬ ...

Clinical Uses

Riboflavin has been used in several clinical and therapeutic situations. For over 30 years, riboflavin supplements have been used as part of the phototherapy treatment of neonatal jaundice. The light used to irradiate the infants breaks down not only the toxin causing the jaundice, but the naturally occurring riboflavin within the infant's blood as well.

More recently there has been growing evidence that supplemental riboflavin may be a useful additive along with beta-blockers in the treatment of migraine headaches.

Development is underway to use riboflavin to improve the safety of transfused blood by reducing pathogens found in collected blood. Riboflavin attaches itself to the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in cells, and when light is applied, the nucleic acids are broken, effectively killing those cells. The technology has been shown to be effective for inactivating pathogens in all three major blood components: (platelets, red blood cells, and plasma). It has been shown to inactivate a broad spectrum of pathogens, including known and emerging viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Good sources

Riboflavin is found naturally in asparagus, okra, chard, cottage cheese, milk, yogurt, meat, eggs, and fish, each of which contain at least 0.1 mg of the vitamin per 3-10.5 oz (85-300 g) serving. Binomial name Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus is a type of vegetable obtained from one species within the genus Asparagus, specifically the young shoots of Asparagus officinalis. ... Binomial name Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Okra, or ladys finger, is a flowering plant in the mallow family Malvaceae, originating somewhere near present-day Ethiopia. ... Trinomial name Beta vulgaris var. ... A tub of cottage cheese Cottage cheese is a cheese curd product with a mild flavor. ... A glass of cows milk Milk is the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals (including monotremes). ... Yoghurt Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt or yogourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ... Flesh redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. ...

Contents

Nutrition

Riboflavin Deficiency

Diagnostic Testing of B2 Deficiency

Clinical Uses

Good sources

See also

References

Contents

Nutrition GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Riboflavin Deficiency

Diagnostic Testing of B2 Deficiency

Clinical Uses

Good sources

See also

References

Nutrition