The EDSA Revolution, also referred to as the People Power Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986, was a mostly nonviolent mass demonstration in the Philippines. Four days of peaceful action by millions of Filipinos in Metro Manila led to the downfall of the authoritarian regime of President Ferdinand Marcos and the installation of Corazon Aquino as president of the Republic. EDSA stands for Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, a main highway in Metro Manila and the main site of the demonstrations. Nonviolence (or non-violence) is a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that leads its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social or political goals. ... Metropolitan Manila (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila) or the National Capital Region (NCR) is among the twenty largest metropolitan areas in terms of population in the world. ... Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917–September 28, 1989) was the tenth President of the Philippines, serving from 1965 to 1986. ... María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (born January 25, 1933), widely known as Cory Aquino, was President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. ... Seal of the President of the Philippines The President of the Philippines is the head of state and of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (also known as EDSA) is the main road in Metro Manila, Philippines. ... Metropolitan Manila (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila) or the National Capital Region (NCR) is among the twenty largest metropolitan areas in terms of population in the world. ...

Historical background

During the height of the revolution, an estimated one to three million people filled EDSA from Ortigas Avenue all the way to Cubao. The photo above shows the area at the intersection of EDSA and Boni Serrano Avenue, just between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo.

The headline that shocked the nation.

On August 21, 1983, the popular oppositionist senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. (popularly known as "Ninoy") was assassinated at the then-Manila International Airport (now known as Ninoy Aquino International Airport or NAIA) after returning from a three-year long exile in the United States. His assassination shocked and outraged civilians, most of whom had by then lost confidence in Marcos' leadership. It also shook the Marcos government which was by then deteriorating, in part due to Marcos' worsening and eventually fatal illness. Following this, Ninoy's wife Corazon (popularly known as Cory) became a popular rallying figure against the Marcos regime. Photo of the people filling up EDSA during the EDSA Revolution. ... Photo of the people filling up EDSA during the EDSA Revolution. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (417x674, 81 KB)The headline that shocked the nation! File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (417x674, 81 KB)The headline that shocked the nation! File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Benigno Ninoy Simeon Aquino Jr. ... It has been suggested that Targeted killing be merged into this article or section. ... The Ninoy Aquino International Airport or NAIA (IATA Airport Code:MNL) is the international airport that serves Manila, in the Philippines, and its surrounding metropolitan area. ...

On November 23, 1985, Marcos, after alleged pressure from Washington, suddenly announced that there would be snap presidential elections early the following year, one year ahead of schedule. This was legalized with the passage of Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 on December 3, 1985. The growing opposition movement fielded Aquino as their presidential candidate, with Salvador Laurel running for vice-president. Marcos himself ran for re-election, with Arturo Tolentino as his running mate. November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Salvador Laurel (November 18, 1928–January 27, 2004) was vice-president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992 under Corazon Aquino. ... Arturo M. Tolentino (1910 – August 3, 2004) was a prominent political figure in the Philippines. ...

The elections were held on February 7, 1986. The electoral exercise was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared Marcos the victor. The final tally of COMELEC, the official Philippine poll body, had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. The final tally of the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), an accredited poll watcher, had Aquino winning with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos' 7,053,068 votes. February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Movement for Free Elections or NAMFREL is an officially accredited election watchdog in the Philippines. ...

But due to the reports of fraud, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) issued a statement condemning the elections, the United States Senate passed a resolution stating the same.

Events of the Revolution

The Defection

The events of the revolution started when two key leaders of the military withdrew their support for Marcos. On 6:45 p.m. on Saturday, February 22, 1986, the Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos announced at a press conference their withdrawal of support and accusing Marcos of cheating in the recent elections. They declared that Aquino was the rightful president. Subsequently, they barricaded themselves in two military camps: Ramos at Camp Crame and Enrile at the Ministry of National Defense in Camp Aguinaldo. Both camps faced each other across EDSA in Quezon City, Metro Manila. Supported by only a few hundred fellow soldiers, Enrile and Ramos prepared for the inevitable attack by Marcos-loyal troops led by Gen. Fabian Ver, the Armed Forces Chief of Staff. February 22 is the 53rd day of every year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Juan Ponce Enrile is the architect of martial law in the philippines ... PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Fidel V. Ramos Fidel Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928), military hero of the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, became the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines on June 30, 1992. ... Camp Crame is the national headquarters of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and is located in Quezon City. ... Camp Aguinaldo is the national headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and is located in Quezon City. ... Quezon City P is the former capital and the most populous city in the Philippines. ... Metropolitan Manila (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila) or the National Capital Region (NCR) is among the twenty largest metropolitan areas in terms of population in the world. ... Fabian Ver (January 20, 1920 - November 21, 1998) born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, was a former General and the former Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines under President Ferdinand Marcos. ...

A few hours later, Radio Veritas, the only non-government-controlled radio station, replayed the press conference nationwide. Marcos himself later conducted his own news conference calling on Enrile and Ramos to surrender, urging them to "stop this stupidity."

On that crucial day of February 22, 1986, Wency L. Reyes, together with his close friends, Gerry B. Javellana and Tony L. Mapa, and their respective spouses, Tina, Bobbie and Marilyn, went to Camp Aguinaldo upon learning of the breakaway of Gen. Ramos and Minister Enrile from Marcos. They were able to get in to Camp Aguinaldo at around 7:00 pm before the gates were closed. There, Wency Reyes, a Filipino citizen, went on air thru Radio Veritas and made his call for support of a million people.

At about 9pm, in a message aired over Radio Veritas, the highly influential Catholic Archbishop of Manila Jaime Cardinal Sin exhorted the Filipinos to come to the aid of the rebel leaders by going to EDSA between Camp Crame and Aguinaldo and giving emotional support, food and other supplies. For many, this seemed an unwise decision since civilians would not stand a chance against a dispersal by government troops. Nevertheless, many people, especially priests and nuns, trooped to EDSA. Jaime Cardinal Sin, Archbishop of Manila, Philippines (1974-2003) Jaime Cardinal Sin, also Jaime Lachica Sin (August 31, 1928–June 21, 2005) (Chinese name: 辛海梅; 辛海棉), was an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. ...

Rising Mass Support

At dawn, Sunday, government troops arrived to knock down the main transmitter of Radio Veritas, cutting off broadcast to people in the provinces. The station switched to a standby transmitter with a limited range of broadcast. The station was target because it had proven to be a valuable communications tool for the people supporting the rebels, by informing them of movements of government troops and relaying many requests for food, medicine, and supplies.

Still, people came to EDSA until it swelled to hundreds of thousands of people. These people were armed only with prayers, rosaries, and statues of Mary, the mother of Jesus. The mood in the street was actually very festive, with many bringing whole families. Performers entertained the crowds, nuns and priests led prayer vigils, and people set up barricades and makeshift sandbags, trees, and vehicles in several places along EDSA and intersecting streets such as Santolan and Ortigas Avenue. Everywhere, people listened to Radio Veritas on their radios. Several groups sang Bayan Ko (My Land), which, since 1980, had become a patriotic anthem of the opposition. People frequently flashed the LABAN (fight) sign, which is an "L" formed with their thumb and index finger.

Shortly after lunch on February 23, Enrile and Ramos decided to consolidate their positions. Enrile crossed EDSA from Camp Aguinaldo to Camp Crame amidst cheers from the crowd. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Camp Aguinaldo is the national headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and is located in Quezon City. ... Camp Crame is the national headquarters of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and is located in Quezon City. ...

In the mid-afternoon, Radio Veritas relayed reports of Marines massing near the camps in the east and tanks approaching from the north and south. A contingent of Marines with tanks and armored vans, led by Brigadier General Artemio Tadiar, was stopped along Ortigas Avenue, about two kilometers from the camps, by tens of thousands of people. Nuns holding rosaries knelt in front of the tanks and men and women linked arms together to block the troops. Tadiar threatened the crowds but they did not budge. In the end, the troops were forced to retreat, surprisingly with no shot fired. France Marines is the name of a commune in the département of Val dOise, France. ...

By evening, the standby transmitter of Radio Veritas failed. Shortly after midnight, the staff were able to go to another station to begin broadcasting from a secret location under the moniker "Radyo Bandido" (Bandit Radio). June Keithley was the radio broadcaster who continued Radio Veritas' program throughout the night and in the remaining days. DZRJ-AM (810 kHz Metro Manila) Radyo Bandido is an AM station of Rajah Broadcasting Network, Inc. ...

More Defections

At dawn on February 24, Monday, the first serious encounter with government troops occurred. Marines marching from Libis, in the east, lobbed tear gas at the demonstrators, who quickly dispersed. Some 3,000 Marines then entered and held the east side of Camp Aguinaldo. February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Later, helicopters manned by the 15th Air Force Strike Wing, led by M/Gen. Antonio Sotelo, were ordered to head to Camp Crame to neutralize it. Secretly, the squadron had already defected and instead of attacking Camp Crame, landed in it, with the crowds cheering and hugging the soldiers who came out. The presence of the helicopters boosted the morale of Enrile and Ramos who had been continually encouraging their fellow soldiers to join the opposition.

The Capture of Channel 4

A loyalist sniper hangs dead during the Channel 4 takeover.

At around that time, June Keithley received reports that Marcos had left Malacañang Palace and broadcast this to the people at EDSA. The crowd celebrated and even Ramos and Enrile came out from Crame to appear to the crowds. The jubilation was however short-lived as Marcos later appeared on television on the government-controlled Channel 4, declaring that he would not step down. It was thereafter speculated that the false report was a psychological warfare ploy against Marcos to encourage more defections. Image File history File links A loyalist sniper hangs dead during the Channel 4 takeover. ... Image File history File links A loyalist sniper hangs dead during the Channel 4 takeover. ... National Broadcasting Network is the official government TV station in the Philippines. ...

During this broadcast, Channel 4 suddenly went off air. A contingent of reformist soldiers (rebels), under Colonel Mariano Santiago, had captured the station. Channel 4 was put back online, shortly after noon, with a voice declaring, "This is Channel 4. Serving the people again." By this time, the crowds at EDSA had swelled to over a million. (Some estimates placed them at two million.)

In the late afternoon, rebel helicopters attacked Villamor Air Base, destroying presidential vehicles. Another helicopter went to Malacañang, fired a rocket and caused minor damage. Later, most of the officers who had graduated from the Philippine Military Academy(PMA) defected; the majority of the Armed Forces had already changed sides. Villamor Airbase is home of the Philippine Air Force. ... Depiction of the Malacañang Palace at the back of the 20-peso bill. ... Seal of the Cadet Corps Armed Forces of the Philippines. ...

Marcos' Finest Hour

President Marcos addressing the situation.

On February 24, protesters were amassed at EDSA. On television, Marcos and Armed Forces Chief Gen. Fabian Ver had a conversation that was regarded as Marcos's greatest act of statesmanship, though many commentators viewed the exchange as media grandstanding to improve Marcos's fast-deteriorating public image. Image File history File links President Marcos addressing the situation. ... Image File history File links President Marcos addressing the situation. ...

Ver warned Marcos of imminent danger. Tanks were already making their way to EDSA, and Ver advised Marcos to give him orders to open fire on the crowds. A sick and exhausted Marcos stubbornly told Ver not to do so, and dismissed him with a salute. At this moment, no matter what orders he might have given in the past in the name of expediency, he refused to fire on the crowds, though he did authorize (off-camera) the use of anti-aircraft weaponry against helicopters seized by the rebels.

The actual dialogue on TV went as follows:

Fabian Ver: We have to immobilize the helicopters they've got. We have two fighter planes flying now to strike at any time, sir.

Ferdinand Marcos: My order is not to attack.

Ver: They are massing civilians near our troops and we cannot keep on withdrawing. You asked me to withdraw yesterday.

Marcos (interrupting): My order is to disperse [them] without shooting them.

Ver: We cannot withdraw all the time...

Marcos: No, no, no! Hold on. You disperse the crowds without shooting them. You may use any other weapon...

The Inaugurations

On the morning of February 25, Tuesday, at around 7 a.m., a minor clash occurred between loyal government troops and the reformists. Snipers stationed atop the government-owned Channel 9 tower, near Channel 4, began shooting at the reformists. Many rebel soldiers surged to the station.

Later in the morning, Cory Aquino was inaugurated as the President of the Philippines in a simple ceremony at Club Filipino in Greenhills, about a kilometer from Camp Crame. She was sworn in as President by Senior Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee, and Laurel as Vice-President by Justice Vicente Abad Santos. The bible on which Aquino swore her oath was held by Aurora Aquino, the mother of Ninoy Aquino. Attending the ceremonies were Ramos, who was then promoted to General, Enrile, and many politicians. Outside Club Filipino, all the way to EDSA, about two million people cheered and celebrated. Bayan Ko (My Country, a popular folk song and the unofficial national anthem) was sung after Aquino's oath-taking. Many people wore yellow, the color of Aquino's campaign for presidency. María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (born January 25, 1933), widely known as Cory Aquino, was President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. ... Claudio Teehankee, born on April 18, 1918, the most senior associate justice and chairman of the First Division of the Supreme Court, is known as the courts activist justice becuase of his dissenting opinions in many vital cases affecting the marcos administration. ... Benigno Ninoy Simeon Aquino Jr. ...

Ferdinand & Imelda in their last public appearance in the balcony of Malacanang Palace.

An hour later, Marcos conducted his own inauguration at Malacañang. Hundreds of loyalist civilians attended the ceremony, shouting "Marcos, Marcos, Marcos pa rin! (Marcos, Marcos, Marcos through and through!)". On the Palace balcony, Marcos took his oath as President of the Philippines, broadcast by the remaining government television channels. None of the invited foreign dignitaries attended the ceremony (although Moscow sent a congratulatory message). It was almost a Shakespearean moment to many, a king shorn of his power as he took his oath. Imelda Marcos sang one more rendition of "Dahil Sa Iyo" (Because of You), the couple's theme song, rather tearfully. To the many Marcos loyalists, they would always be the First Couple. After the inauguration, the Marcos family and their close associates hurriedly rushed to leave the Palace. The broadcast of the event was also cut off as rebel troops successfully captured the other stations. Image File history File links Ferdinand & Imelda in their last public appearance. ... Image File history File links Ferdinand & Imelda in their last public appearance. ...

By this time, tens of thousands of people had amassed at the barricades along Mendiola, only a hundred meters away from Malacañang. They were prevented from storming the Palace by loyal government troops securing the area. The angry demonstrators were pacified by priests who warned them not to be violent. Mendiola Street is a short thoroughfare in the district of San Miguel in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. ...

Marcos' Departure

The Philippine Daily Inquirer's headline, February 26.

Marcos later talked to U.S. Senator Paul Laxalt, asking for advice from the White House. Laxalt advised him to "cut and cut cleanly", to which Marcos expressed his disappointment after a short pause. In the afternoon, Marcos talked to Enrile, asking for safe passage for him and his family. Finally, at 9:00 p.m., the Marcoses were transported by four American helicopters to Clark Air Base in Pampanga, before heading on to Guam, and finally to Hawaii. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (416x647, 476 KB) Summary After 20 years of Marcos dictatorship, its finally over! From the collection of Jon Voltaire B. Aquino http://i20. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (416x647, 476 KB) Summary After 20 years of Marcos dictatorship, its finally over! From the collection of Jon Voltaire B. Aquino http://i20. ... The Philippine Daily Inquirer logo. ... The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. ... Clark Air Base is a former U.S. Air Force base on Luzon Island in the Philippines, now known as the Clark Special Economic Zone. ... Pampanga is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. ... Official language(s) Hawaiian and English Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 43rd 28,337 km² n/a km 2,450 km 41. ...

When the news of Marcos' departure reached the people, many rejoiced and danced. Over at Mendiola, the demonstrators were finally able to enter Malacañang, long denied to the Filipinos in the past decade. Some looting by overly angry protesters occurred, but mostly people wandered inside, looking at the place where all the decisions that changed the course of Philippine history had been made.

All over the world, people rejoiced and congratulated Filipinos they knew. Almost overnight, the Philippines became a source of inspiration and admiration. Bob Simon, an anchorman at Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) declared: CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ...

We Americans like to think we taught the Filipinos democracy; well, tonight they are teaching the world.

Aftermath

Was it a "revolution"?

Some people have a problem with labelling this event a revolution; for many, a revolution is the violent overthrow of a reigning government. However, see scientific revolution, and singing revolution for other examples of nonviolent revolutions. In the years since there have been several similar, largely nonviolent revolutions removing similarly unpopular regimes (in, for example, the former East Germany, the former Czechoslovakia, and Ukraine), so the EDSA Revolution may seem more "authentically" revolutionary now than it did at the time, and could even perhaps be cited as the event that led, at least in part, to subsequent peaceful revolts. It has been suggested that Revolutionary be merged into this article or section. ... In the history of science, the scientific revolution was the period that roughly began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century, and ended with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton. ... Singing revolution is the common title for events in 1988 - 1990 that led to the renewal of independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 km² Negligible Creation -Unified 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German mark Time zone  â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet...

According to some observers, the EDSA Revolution was little more than a coup d'état by disgruntled military officials, who attempted to overthrow Marcos and install a military junta with Corazon Aquino as a figurehead president. Instead, the coup gained the support of a civilian populace dissillusioned with Marcos, ultimately leading to his ouster. A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government against the volonté générale formed by the majority of the citizen, usually done by a smaller supposedly weaker body that just replaces the top power figures. ... In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ...

Why was the Revolution successful?

Many people have debated long on how millions of people were able to topple a two-decade long authoritarian rule with no blood being shed. The popular attribution is to the power of prayer to God. Some others attribute it to the Filipino character, while others claim that their unwavering presence in the rallies, especially at Mendiola, was the driving force behind the revolution. Some Americans claim that it was because of negotiations between Marcos and the U.S. Government. Still others claim that it was the Catholic Church's involvement that ultimately led to the revolution's success.

The event was actually quite an unprecedented event in history. It was probably the first time millions of civilians came to the aid of the military, which had long been an instrument of repression and terror.

Post-EDSA Philippines

While the EDSA Revolution is almost universally acknowledged as a great example of democracy at work, many political scientists and sociologists have commented that the Philippines has largely failed to actualize the possible gains from a fresh change in government, including the new constitution. Among the conditions cited are the overall slow growth of the Philippine economy, especially compared to that of other nearby Southeast Asian countries, the essentially unchanged political atmosphere in the country, and the general feeling of worsening living conditions, especially among the poor sectors of society. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Many people, particularly vocal activist groups and non-governmental organizations, have decried the return to power of many of the individuals associated with the Marcos regime. Many would also argue that the run of politics in the country did not change, only the politicians. Nepotism is still widespread, with many places in the Philippines being bailiwicks of local political dynasties. The concept of the trapo (rag) or the "traditional politician", which is a term used to describe an old, corrupt politician who clings to power, have solidified in the administrations after Marcos. Nepotism means favoring relatives or personal friends because of their relationship rather than because of their abilities. ...

Some political scientists have even said that the Philippines today is one of the worst examples of a democratic state; that the Philippines is still not ready for true democracy. Some Filipinos have labelled Philippine democracy as the tyranny of the masses and mob rule. Traditional politicians cling to old posts, while Filipinos have frequently voted into office movie and TV actors and actresses, and other celebrities, whether they were capable or not. One critic called this phenomenon a "showbiztocracy". Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A critic (from Greek κριτικός, kritikós - one who discerns, from Ancient Greek κριτής, krités, a judge) is a person who offers judgement or analysis, value judgement, interpretation, or observation. ...

While the EDSA Revolution drove out a strongman, the situation that emerged is, according to critics, of no improvement. Evidence of this may be seen in today's Philippine society. The constitutionality of the Revolution was also disputed because the historic events, from the snap election to the Revolution, up to the exile of Marcos, were done through extra-constitutional means. This has become a moot point since a new constitution was adopted in 1987.

EDSA as a precedent

The EDSA II Revolution of 2001 is depicted on the 200-peso bill.

Fifteen years after the EDSA Revolution, in January 2001, EDSA II (EDSA dos) occurred. A million citizens converged at the EDSA Shrine to protest against President Joseph Estrada, following his aborted impeachment trial at the Senate of the Philippines. Estrada was a former movie actor who was popular with the masses, but was reviled for his alleged corruption. EDSA II resulted in the downfall of Estrada's administration, the extreme polarization of Philippine society, and the dilution of the concept of "People Power". Months after EDSA II, a desperate attempt to overthrow the government prompted an EDSA III (EDSA tres) that was staged by hundreds of thousands of Estrada's supporters. This was not successful, because it can be argued that Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo learned from past mistakes and made decisions to prevent her ouster- by nightfall, she had declared all of the National Capital Region as being under a State of Rebellion. Back side of the 200-Philippine peso bill. ... Back side of the 200-Philippine peso bill. ... The EDSA II revolution is depicted on the 200-peso bill. ... The EDSA Shrine (official name: Our Lady of Peace Quasi-Parish) is a small church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila located at the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) in Quezon City. ... Jose Marcelo Ejercito a. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ... The Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress of the Philippines. ... The EDSA II revolution is depicted on the 200-peso bill. ... EDSA III, a last-ditch attempt by supporters of Joseph Ejercito Estrada (called Erap by the masses), is not regarded as a revolution by a majority of the Filipino people. ... Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947) is the 14th and current president of the Philippines. ... In the Philippines, a state of rebellion is a government declaration that suspends a number of civil rights for a short period of time. ...

These civil demonstrations have led to the negative connotation of "People Power" as mob rule. Various groups and organizations in the Philippines, in the months and years after EDSA II and III, have threatened to stage more "EDSA Revolutions" as a sign of massive protest against the incumbent administration.

Many people have since been disillusioned by the concept of "People Power" after the downfall of Marcos and then again by Estrada mainly because these uprisings have greatly contributed to the Philippines' seemingly unending political instability and polarization of society as well as a steadily declining economy, instead of being a source of genuine hope for the restructuring of the body politic. Various groups have struggled since to gain support and sympathy for another "people power" revolt, this time against President Arroyo, due to these reasons.

Bibliography

• Mercado, paul sagmayao, and Tatad, Francisco S. People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An eyewitness history. Manila, Philippines. The James B. Reuter, S.J., Foundation. 1986.

• Baron, Cynthia S. and Suazo, Melba M. Nine Letters: The Story of the 1986 Filipino Revolution. Quezon City, Philippines. Gerardo P. Baron Books. 1986