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The ELIZA effect, in computer science, is the tendency to unconsciously assume computer behaviors are analogous to human behaviors, despite conscious knowledge to the contrary. It is the result of a subtle cognitive dissonance between the user's awareness of programming limitations and their behavior towards the output of the program. The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in artificial intelligence, demonstrating the principle of using social engineering rather than explicit programming to pass a Turing test. Eliza is a common girls name in English. ...
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...
Cognitive dissonance is the perception of incompatibility between two cognitions, which can be defined as any element of knowledge, including attitude, emotion, belief, or behavior. ...
// Information processing In information processing, output is the process of transmitting information by an object (verb usage). ...
The terms computer program, software program, applications program, system software, or just program are used to refer to either an executable program by both lay people and computer programmers or the collection of source code from which an executable program is created (eg, compiled). ...
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Social engineering has several meanings: Social engineering (political science) Social engineering (computer security) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Turing test is a proposal for a test of a machines capability to perform human-like conversation. ...
Origin
The effect is named for the 1973 chatterbot ELIZA, which simulated a Rogerian psychotherapist. ELIZA was programmed to ask questions about whatever topics the user mentioned: A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. ...
Eliza is a common girls name in English. ...
Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 - February 4, 1987) was a psychologist who was instrumental in the development of non-directive psychotherapy (Rogerian psychotherapy, also known as Person centred psychotherapy). ...
Psychotherapy is a set of techniques believed to cure or to help solve behavioral and other psychological problems in humans. ...
HUMAN: "I don't have anything against my father. He was okay ..." ELIZA: "Tell me more about your family." ELIZA was found to be surprisingly successful in causing emotional responses from users. However, none of ELIZA's code was designed to do so. Upon observation, researchers discovered users subconsciouly assuming ELIZA's questions implied interest in the topics discussed, even when they consciously knew that ELIZA did not simulate emotion.
Logical fallacy The ELIZA effect is a special case of the logical fallacy of affirming the consequent: It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with fallacy. ...
Affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy in the form of a hypothetical proposition. ...
If something is motivated by X, it behaves in manner Y. This program behaves in manner Y. Therefore, this program is motivated by X. Even if the program is motivated by X, it does not follow that the observed behavior Y resulted from motivation X. Furthermore, it cannot even be demonstrated that the program is ever motivated by X. Indeed, in many cases, motivation by X is impossible (example: "The program thinks I am attractive".)
The ELIZA effect is a lesser logical fallacy than anthropomorphization, as the computer user knows that the computer is not a human or a complete artificial intelligence. The user nonetheless implictly assumes the behavior has the same causes as the same behavior would have in a human. The assumption is a fallacy because the computer cannot experience human motives. While the programmer may have had the motivations the user assumes, this cannot be deduced solely from the programmer's response: the program's behavior may be an unintended side effect. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with fallacy. ...
Anthropomorphism, also referred to as personification or prosopopeia, is the attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, forces of nature, and others. ...
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The ELIZA effect ends if the user consciously recognizes that the computer cannot be motivated in the assumed manner.
Positive and negative consequences AI and human–computer interaction programmers may intentionally use the ELIZA effect as part of computational semiotics or as a strategy to pass the Turing test. While this strategy permits efficient coding (a few lines of code have large effects on human perception of output), it is also a risky proposition. If the user observes that the ELIZA effect has occurred, the rejection of unconscious assumptions often leads to the deduction of the programming method used. This constitutes failure of the Turing test. AI programmers try to avoid the ELIZA effect during testing, as it can blind them to other deficiencies in program output. Human–computer interaction (HCI) or, alternatively, computer–human interaction (symbolized as Χ χ Chi, the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet) is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. ...
Computational semiotics is an interdisciplinary field that applies, conducts, and draws on research in logic, mathematics, the theory and practice of computation, formal and natural language studies, the cognitive sciences generally, and semiotics proper. ...
The Turing test is a proposal for a test of a machines capability to perform human-like conversation. ...
The ELIZA effect is also used in the construction of programming languages. The symbol +, for example, is assumed by users to mean 'addition' regardless of context. The symbol + is sometimes also used to represent an algorithm for string concatenation. Program authors can use the + without knowing that it is an overloaded operator that implements two different algorithms. The ELIZA effect can cause users to assume that the program (or programmer) has the same assumptions about the meaning of + that they do. Other listings of programming languages are: Categorical list of programming languages Generational list of programming languages Chronological list of programming languages Note: Esoteric programming languages have been moved to the separate List of esoteric programming languages. ...
The plus and minus signs (+ and −) are used universally to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations of addition and subtraction. ...
The plus and minus signs (+ and −) are used universally to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations of addition and subtraction. ...
Flowcharts are often used to graphically represent algorithms. ...
In formal language theory (and therefore in programming languages), concatenation is the operation of joining two character strings end to end. ...
In computer programming, operator overloading (less commonly known as operator ad-hoc polymorphism) is a specific case of polymorphism in which some or all of operators like +, = or == have different implementations depending on the types of their arguments. ...
The ELIZA effect can also cause negative consequences if the user's assumptions do not match program behavior. For instance, it may interfere with debugging by obscuring the actual causes of program behavior. Programming languages are usually designed to prevent unintended ELIZA effects by restricting keywords and carefully avoiding potential misinterpretations. Debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic hardware thus making it behave as expected. ...
See also AI-complete is, by analogy to NP-completeness in complexity theory, a term first coined by Fanya S. Montalvo to indicate that the difficulty of a computational problem is equivalent to solving the central Artificial Intelligence problem, i. ...
The Turing test is a proposal for a test of a machines capability to perform human-like conversation. ...
Hugh Loebner (born 1941) is the maverick sponsor of the Loebner Prize, an embodiment of the Turing test. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. ...
References - Hofstadter, Douglas. Preface 4: The Ineradicable Eliza Effect and Its Dangers. (from Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought, Basic Books: New York, 1995)
- Turkle, S. Eliza Effect: tendency to accept computer responses as more intelligent than they really are (from Life on the screen- Identity in the Age of the Internet, Phoenix Paperback: London, 1997)
- ELIZA effect, from the Jargon File, version 4.4.7. Accessed 8 October 2006.
This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL. The Jargon File is a glossary of hacker slang. ...
October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (282nd in leap years). ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC) is an online, searchable encyclopedic dictionary of computing subjects. ...
GNU logo (similar in appearance to a gnu) The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. ...
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