The eLesson Markup Language (eLML) [1] is an open source XML framework for creating eLessons using XML. It is a "spin-off" from the GITTA project [2], a Swiss GIS eLearning project, and was launched in spring 2004. The eLML project is hosted at Sourceforge and offers all the regular tools (CVS, bugtracker, forum etc.) that you might already be familiar with when working with Sourceforge. The aim of eLML was to offer authors a tool that ensured conformity to pedagogical guidelines. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language for creating special-purpose markup languages, capable of describing many different kinds of data. ... A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for managing data that has a spatial specialized form of an information system. ... Sourceforge. ... The Concurrent Versions System (CVS), also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, implements a version control system: it keeps track of all work and all changes in a set of files, typically the implementation of a software project, and allows several (potentially widely separated) developers to collaborate. ...

Pedagogical model behind eLML

The didactical fundament of eLML is the pedagogical model called ECLASS (Gerson, 2000 [3]). ECLASS is an abbreviation for the following elements:

• Entry: Stands for the introduction into the lesson or a unit (the sub-category of a lesson)
• Clarify: A clarify element is used to explain some theory, models, principles or facts
• Look: Examples that help the student to understand the theory
• Act: This elements animates the student to become act, try out a model or discuss issues
• Self-Assessment: Check if the learning objectives of the lesson or unit were fulfilled
• Summary: Provides a brief summary of either the whole lesson or an individual unit

The original ECLASS model was slightly modified and e.g. additional elements like glossary, bibliography and metadata were added to be able to create a self-contained e-learning course. Furthermore the three elements clarify, look and act together form a so-called "learning object" and these elements can be used in any sequence order and can even be used multiple times within one learning object. This allows that an author can start with an example (look) and then follow by explaining the theory (clarify) behind it or the other way round. Also the uncommon but sometimes very successful approach where the student starts with a short exercise (act) and only after having tried out some solutions can read the theory (clarify) behind it and see some real world examples (look). The ECLASS model is on one hand flexible enough to represent different learning scenarios and to meet all the requirements needed by the creators of the e-learning lessons but ensures on the other hand that the content complies with the defined didactical guidelines.

These didactical guidelines where then mapped into an XML structure that allowed a strict checking if the author has correctly used the pedagogical model or not. The details are explained in detail below.

The XML structure of eLML

The described pedagogical model ECLASS is mapped onto an XML structure using XML Schema, as shown in this illustration:

An eLML lesson always starts with either the mandatory introduction (element entry) or a concise listing of the lesson’s learning objectives (element goals). The unit elements, described below, contain the actual content of a lesson. Following the units a lesson can have a summary and/or up to five self-assessments followed by an optional further reading and glossary section to list important resources and to describe terms used within the lesson. The XML Schema ensures that all glossary terms used in a lesson are defined in the glossary. The Harvard Referencing System or the APA style can be used for the bibliography. All citations, references, further readings etc., have to be listed within the bibliography section, otherwise the XML parser issues an error and the lesson will not be valid. Harvard referencing is a citation system developed by Harvard University and used by publishers all over the world. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Through an amount of mandatory elements eLML ensures that at least the minimal metadata elements are filled out even though many authors do not like to fill in metadata information. The eLML metadata elements are a subset of the IMS Learning object metadata (LOM) that can be used to store data about the length of the lessons, the author(s), copyrights, the required knowledge to attempt this lesson and the basic technical requirements. The bibliography style elements and the metadata section are defined in a separate XML schema and thus can be replaced by other standards or definitions. Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. ...

Within each unit a similar structure as on lesson level is employed. However, the elements glossary, bibliography and metadata are always defined for the whole lesson on lesson level. The actual content within a unit is stored in a number of so-called "learning objects" (not to be confused with the learning objectives – called "goals" within eLML). Each learning object describes a certain concept, model, equation, term, or process using all or some of the three elements clarify (theory), look (example) and act in free order. These three elements can have a special visual representation when transformed into a presentation format – e.g. a "gear" icon for act elements as used in GITTA to signalize the student that he or she has to "do" something – but their main purpose is to guide authors while creating content. Using the elements clarify, look and act, the author has to think about how a certain concept can be presented best to the student. Whether a learning object starts with some theory (clarify element) and continues with one or more examples (look elements) or, alternatively, the student first has to do something (act element) and then reads the theory afterwards (clarify element) is left to the author.

Transformation and Presentation of an eLML lesson

Thanks to the use of standards like XML, XSLT or SVG all eLML lessons can be transformed and viewed with any web-browser on any platform and are totally software-independent. The two main transformation files that are included in the eLML package can transform a lesson into an "online" (XHTML) and into a "print" (PDF) version (using XSL Formatting Objects) with one click. The both version can be customized offereing personalized layouts (see example below). More transformation files are planned and under construction (e. g. a "mobile" version of a lesson for PDAs etc.). Since eLML supports both the IMS Global "Content Package" and the SCORM standard, the content can also easily be imported into any modern Learning Management System (LMS) like WebCT or OLAT. Please refer to the eLML website [4] for more technical background information. The following illustration shows an eLML lesson transformed into many different layouts and formats: The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language for creating special-purpose markup languages, capable of describing many different kinds of data. ... ... Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML markup language for describing two-dimensional vector graphics, both static and animated, and either declarative or scripted. ... The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same expressive possibilities as HTML, but a stricter syntax. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... XSL Formatting Objects, or XSL-FO, is an XML markup language for document formatting. ... IMS Global Learning Consortium (usually known as IMS) is a non-profit standards organization concerned with establishing interoperability for learning systems and learning content and the enterprise integration of these capabilities. ... Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) is a collection of standards and specifications for web-based e-learning. ... A Learning Management System (or LMS) is a software package, usually on a large scale (that scale is decreasing rapidly), that enables the management and delivery of learning content and resources to students. ... OLAT is the acronym for Online Learning And Training. ...

Copyright and legal issues

eLML is an open source project and new users and community members are always welcome. The main communication between the community users goes via the Sourceforge website, specially via the eLML-Users Mailinglist (for general issues) and the RFE (Feature Request) Tracker (for discussions about new features). Please feel free to join eLML and be sure to subscribe the eLML-Newsletter (there is a box on the eLML website) for being informed about important updates, news etc. or the eLML-Users https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/elml-users mailing list if you plan to become an active eLML user. Sourceforge. ...

The persons behind eLML

eLML was originally created by members of the GITTA e-learning project and the two main developers are:

• Susanne Bleisch (University of Applied Sciences Nordwestschweiz): Responsible for the XML Schema and documentation
• Joël Fisler (University of Zurich - GITTA project coordinator): Responsible for the XSLT and FO files, the website and the documentation

Since 2005 the Multimedia and e-Learning Center (MELS) at the University of Zurich uses eLML as their main development platform. The main developers are:

• Michael Ziege (University of Zurich): Responsible for the SCORM and IMS Content Package standard and the LMS integration.
• Andre Locher (University of Zurich): XSLT, XML
• Thomas Comiotto (University of Zurich): Web-Frontent development (the planned "eLML GUI tool": an integration into the Apache Lenya-based UniCMS)
• Timon Roth (University of Zurich): Server, CVS, automated transformation scripts

Other participating partners are the Federal Institutes of Technology Zurich (ETH) and Lausanne (EPFL), the University of Fribourg, the Universitiy of Applied Science Rapperswil (HSR) and others. Please refer to the Sourceforge website for an up-to-date list of active eLML users. Apache Lenya is a Java/XML open-source content management system based on the Apache Cocoon content management framework. ...