Emacs
GNU Emacs 22.0.91.1 with multiple buffers and syntax highlighting for LaTeX, C#, and C.
Maintainer:	GNU Project
Stable release:	22.1  (2007-06-02) [+/−]
Preview release:	none  (none) [+/−]
OS:	Cross-platform
Available language(s):	English only
Use:	Text editor
License:	GNU General Public License
Website:	www.gnu.org/software/emacs/

Emacs is a class of text editors that have an extensive set of features and that are popular with computer programmers and other technically proficient computer users. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Emacs_logo. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 656 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (672 × 614 pixel, file size: 37 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to en. ... This article is about the typesetting system. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... In software engineering, software maintenance is the process of enhancing and optimizing deployed software (software release), as well as remedying defects. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... A software release refers to the creation and availability of a new version of a computer software product. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A software release refers to the creation and availability of a new version of a computer software product. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. ... A cross-platform (or platform independent) programming language, software application or hardware device works on more than one system platform (e. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Notepad is the standard text editor for Microsoft Windows A text editor is a piece of computer software for editing plain text. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... The GNU logo The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely-used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Notepad is the standard text editor for Microsoft Windows A text editor is a piece of computer software for editing plain text. ... In computing, a programmer is someone who does computer programming and develops computer software. ...

GNU Emacs, a part of the GNU project, is under active development and is the most popular version. The GNU Emacs manual describes it as "the extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor." It is also the most portable and ported of the implementations of Emacs. As of 2007, the latest stable release of GNU Emacs is version 22.1.^[1] XEmacs is the other major Emacs. The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... XEmacs is a fork of the GNU Emacs text editor. ...

The original EMACS was a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor written in 1975 by Richard Stallman, initially together with Guy L. Steele, Jr..^[2] It was inspired by the ideas of TECMAC and TMACS, a pair of TECO-macro editors written by Steele, Dave Moon, Richard Greenblatt, Charles Frankston, and others.^[3] Many versions of Emacs have appeared over the years, but two are now commonly used: GNU Emacs, started by Stallman in 1984 and still maintained by him, and XEmacs, a fork of GNU Emacs started in 1991 that has remained mostly compatible. Both use a powerful extension language, Emacs Lisp, that allows them to handle tasks ranging from writing and compiling computer programs to browsing the web. TECO (pronounced /teekoh/; originally an acronym for [paper] Tape Editor and COrrector, but later Text Editor and COrrector) is a text editor originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1960s and was modified by just about everybody. With all the dialects included, TECO may have... Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[1] is a software freedom activist, hacker,[2] and software developer. ... Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. ... David A. Moon is a programmer and computer scientist, well known for his work on the Lisp programming language and related topics. ... Richard D. Greenblatt is an American programmer. ... XEmacs is a fork of the GNU Emacs text editor. ... In software engineering, a project fork or branch happens when a developer (or a group of them) takes a copy of source code from one software package and starts to independently develop a new package. ... Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors (which we will collectively refer to as Emacs in this article. ... “Programming” redirects here. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... An example of a Web browser (Mozilla Firefox) A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. ...

In Unix culture, Emacs is one of the two main contenders in the traditional editor wars, the other being vi. Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... In hacker culture, the editor war is an ongoing debate in the computer programming community about which text editor is best for general-purpose editing. ... vi editing a temporary, empty file. ...

Some make a distinction between the capitalized word "Emacs", used to refer to editors derived from versions created by Stallman, and the lower-case word "emacs", used to refer to the large number of independent emacs reimplementations. The word "emacs" is often pluralized as emacsen, by analogy with boxen (itself used by analogy with oxen) and VAXen. VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ...

History

Emacs development began at the MIT AI Lab during the 1970s. Before its introduction, the default editor on the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), the operating system on the AI Lab's PDP-6 and PDP-10 computers, was a line editor known as Text Editor and Corrector (TECO). Unlike modern text editors, TECO was a modal editor that treated typing, editing, and document display as separate modes. Typing characters into TECO did not place those characters directly into a document; one had to write a series of instructions in the TECO command language telling it to enter the required characters, during which time the edited text was not displayed on the screen. This behavior is similar to the program ed, which is still in use. ... ITS, the Incompatible Timesharing System, was an early, revolutionary, and influential MIT time-sharing operating system; it was developed principally by the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT, with some help from Project MAC. ITS development was initiated in the late 1960s by those (the majority of the MIT AI Lab... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. ... The PDP-6 (Programmed Data Processor-6) was a computer model developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1963. ... The PDP-10 was a computer manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from the late 1960s on; the name stands for Programmed Data Processor model 10. It was the machine that made time-sharing common; it looms large in hacker folklore because of its adoption in the 1970s by many... A line editor is a text editor computer program that is oriented around lines. ... TECO (pronounced /teekoh/; originally an acronym for [paper] Tape Editor and COrrector, but later Text Editor and COrrector) is a text editor originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1960s and was modified by just about everybody. With all the dialects included, TECO may have... The text editor ed was the original standard on the Unix operating system. ...

Richard Stallman visited the Stanford AI Lab in 1972 or 1974 and saw the lab's "E" editor, written by Fred Wright.^{[citation needed]} The editor had an intuitive WYSIWYG behavior as is used almost universally by modern text editors, which impressed Stallman. He returned to MIT where Carl Mikkelsen, a hacker at the AI Lab, had added a display-editing mode called "Control-R" to TECO, allowing the screen display to be updated each time the user entered a keystroke. Stallman reimplemented this mode to run efficiently, then added a macro feature to the TECO display-editing mode, allowing the user to redefine any keystroke to run a TECO program.^{[citation needed]} Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[1] is a software freedom activist, hacker,[2] and software developer. ... The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (commonly called the Stanford AI Lab, or SAIL), was one of the leading centres for artificial intelligence research from the 1960s through the 1980s. ... WYSIWYG (IPA Pronunciation [] or []), is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get, used in computing to describe a system in which content during editing appears very similar to the final product. ... This article is about computer hacking. ... For other uses, see Macro (disambiguation) A macro in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure. ...

Another feature of E which TECO lacked was random-access editing. Since TECO's original implementation was designed for editing paper tape on the PDP-1, it was a page-sequential editor. Typical editing could only be done on one page at a time, in the order of the pages in the file. To provide random access in Emacs, Stallman decided not to adopt E's approach of structuring the file for page-random access on disk, but instead modified TECO to handle large buffers more efficiently, and then changed its file management philosophy to read, edit, and write the entire file as a single buffer. Almost all modern editors use this approach. PDP-1 at the Computer History Museum. ...

The new version of TECO was instantly popular at the AI Lab, and soon there accumulated a large collection of custom macros, whose names often ended in "MAC" or "MACS", which stood for "macro". Two years later, Guy Steele took on the project of unifying the overly diverse keyboard command sets into a single set. After one night of joint hacking by Steele and Stallman, the latter finished the implementation, which included facilities for extending and documenting the new macro set.^{[citation needed]} The resulting system was called EMACS, which stood for "Editing MACroS". An alternate version is that EMACS stood for "E with MACroS", a dig at E's lack of a macro capability.^{[citation needed]} According to Stallman, he picked the name Emacs "because <E> was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at the time."^[4] (It has also been noted that "Emack & Bolio's" was the name of a popular ice cream store in Boston, within walking distance of MIT. A text-formatting program used on ITS was later named BOLIO by Dave Moon, who frequented that store. However, Stallman did not like that ice cream, and did not even know of it when choosing the name "Emacs"; this ignorance is the basis of a hacker koan, Emacs and Bolio).^{[citation needed]} Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. ... Emack & Bolios is a chain of ice cream stores in Massachusetts (originally; now with a few stores in other states, including New York, New Jersey, Ohio and Florida). ... “Boston” redirects here. ... David A. Moon is a programmer and computer scientist, well known for his work on the Lisp programming language and related topics. ... Hacker culture and especially the artificial intelligence community at MIT has invented a number of humorous koans about computer science; most of these are recorded in an appendix to the Jargon File, where they are called AI Koans. ... Hacker culture and especially the artificial intelligence community at MIT has invented a number of humorous koans about computer science; most of these are recorded in an appendix to the Jargon File, where they are called AI Koans. ...

Stallman realized the danger of too much customization and de-facto forking and set certain conditions for usage. He later wrote:

"EMACS was distributed on a basis of communal sharing, which means all improvements must be given back to me to be incorporated and distributed."

The original Emacs, like TECO, ran only on the PDP line. Its behavior was different enough from TECO to be considered a text editor in its own right. It quickly became the standard editing program on ITS. It was also ported from ITS to the Tenex and TOPS-20 operating systems by Michael McMahon, but not Unix, initially. Other contributors to early versions of Emacs include Kent Pitman, Earl Killian, and Eugene Ciccarelli. By 1979, Emacs was the editor used by most people in MIT's AI lab and its Computer Science lab.^[5] In computer science, porting is the process of adapting software so that an executable program can be created for a computing environment that is different from the one for which it was originally designed (e. ... The TOPS-20 operating system by DEC was the second proprietary OS for the PDP-10. ... The TOPS-20 operating system by DEC was the second proprietary OS for the PDP-10. ... Kent M. Pitman is the President of HyperMeta, Inc. ...

Other emacsen

Many Emacs-like editors were written in the following years for other computer systems, including SINE (Sine is not EMACS), EINE ("EINE Is Not EMACS") and ZWEI ("ZWEI Was EINE Initially", for the Lisp machine), which were written by Michael McMahon and Daniel Weinreb. ("Eine" and "zwei" mean "one" and "two" in German, respectively.) In 1978, Bernard Greenberg wrote Multics Emacs at Honeywell's Cambridge Information Systems Lab, which was the first version to fully embrace Lisp as its extension language. Emacs (including GNU Emacs) later adopted Lisp as the editor's extension language. The original Lisp machine built by Greenblatt and Knight Lisp machines were general-purpose computers designed (usually through hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main software language. ... Multics Emacs was an emacsen, text editor written in Maclisp by Bernard Greenberg at Honeywells Cambridge Information Systems Lab. ... Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Stock Certificate dated 1924 signed by Mark C. Honeywell - courtesy of Scripophily. ...

The first Emacs-like editor to run on Unix was Gosling Emacs, written in 1981 by James Gosling (who later invented NeWS and the Java programming language). It was written in C and, notably, used a language with Lisp-like syntax known as Mocklisp as an extension language. In 1984 it was proprietary software. Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Gosling Emacs (often seen shortened to Gosmacs) was an Emacs implementation written in 1981 by James Gosling in C; it was the first Emacs to run under Unix. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see News (disambiguation). ... “Java language” redirects here. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... Mocklisp is the extension language of Gosling Emacs. ... It has been suggested that closed source be merged into this article or section. ...

GNU Emacs

In 1984, Stallman began working on GNU Emacs to produce a free software alternative to Gosling Emacs; initially it was based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman replaced the Mocklisp interpreter at its heart with a true Lisp interpreter, which entailed replacing nearly all of the code. It became the first program released by the nascent GNU project. GNU Emacs is written in C and provides Emacs Lisp (itself implemented in C) as an extension language. The first widely distributed version of GNU Emacs was 15.34, which appeared in 1985. (Versions 2 to 12 never existed. Earlier versions of GNU Emacs had been numbered "1.x.x", but sometime after version 1.12 the decision was made to drop the "1", as it was thought the major number would never change. Version 13, the first public release, was made on March 20, 1985.) This article is about free software as used in the sociopolitical free software movement; for non-free software distributed without charge, see freeware. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors (which we will collectively refer to as Emacs in this article. ...

Like Gosling Emacs, GNU Emacs ran on Unix, but it had more features, in particular a full-featured Lisp as extension language. As a result, it soon replaced Gosling Emacs as the de facto Emacs editor on Unix.

Until 1999, GNU Emacs development was relatively closed, to the point where it was used as an example of the "Cathedral" development style in The Cathedral and the Bazaar. The project has since adopted a public development mailing list and anonymous CVS access. Development takes place in a single CVS trunk, which is at version 22.1.50. The maintainer, as of June 2007, is Richard Stallman. This article is about the year. ... The Cathedral and the Bazaar (abbreviated CatB) is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on software engineering methods, based on his observations of the Linux kernel development process and his experiences managing an open source project, fetchmail. ... The Concurrent Versions System (CVS), also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, is an open-source version control system invented and developed by Dick Grune in the 1980s. ... Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[1] is a software freedom activist, hacker,[2] and software developer. ...

XEmacs

Beginning in 1991, Lucid Emacs was developed by Jamie Zawinski and others at Lucid Inc., based on an early alpha version of GNU Emacs 19. The codebases soon diverged, and the separate development teams gave up trying to merge them back into a single program.^[6] This was one of the most famous early forks of a free software program. Lucid Emacs has since been renamed XEmacs; it remains the second most popular variety of Emacs, after GNU Emacs. Jamie W. Zawinski (born 1971 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), commonly known as jwz, is a computer programmer responsible for significant contributions to the free software projects Mozilla and XEmacs, and early versions of the proprietary Netscape Navigator web browser. ... In software engineering, a project fork or branch happens when a developer (or a group of them) takes a copy of source code from one software package and starts to independently develop a new package. ... This article is about free software as used in the sociopolitical free software movement; for non-free software distributed without charge, see freeware. ... XEmacs is a fork of the GNU Emacs text editor. ...

Other implementations

GNU Emacs was initially targeted at computers with a 32-bit flat address space, and at least 1 MiB of RAM, at a time where such computers were considered high end. This left an opening for smaller reimplementations. Some noteworthy ones are listed here: A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes 1 MiB = 1024 (= 210) kibibytes (KiB), and 1024 MiB equal one gibibyte (GiB). ...

• MicroEMACS, a very portable implementation originally written by Dave Conroy and further developed by Daniel Lawrence, which exists in many variations. The editor used by Linus Torvalds.^[7]
• MG, originally called MicroGNUEmacs, an offshoot of MicroEMACS intended to more closely resemble GNU Emacs. Now installed by default on OpenBSD.
• NotGNU ^[8], a small, fast, freeware implementation for DOS, Win16, Win32 and linux by Julie Melbin.
• JOVE (Jonathan's Own Version of Emacs), a non-programmable Emacs implementation for UNIX-like systems by Jonathan Payne.
• Freemacs, a DOS version with an extension language based on text macro expansion, all within the original 64 KiB flat memory limit.
• Meadow ^[9] is an Emacs variant originating from Japan that is designed to operate under Windows. The focus of Meadow is to provide multi-lingual support.
• MINCE (MINCE Is Not Complete Emacs), a version for CP/M from Mark of the Unicorn. MINCE evolved into Final Word, which eventually became the Sprint word processor from Borland.^{[citation needed]}
• SXEmacs ^[10] is a fork of XEmacs 21.4.16 led by former XEmacs developer Steve Youngs. It aims to integrate Emacs into the X Window system; it includes MP3 player and productivity software.
• Zile
• Aquamacs is a modified distribution that has been changed to conform with the UI standards on Macintosh computers.

MicroEMACS is a small emacs implementation originally written by Dave Conroy and further developed and maintained by Daniel Lawrence, which exists in many variations. ... Linus Benedict Torvalds  ; born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland, is a Finnish software engineer best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel. ... mg, originally called MicroGNUEmacs, is a Unix text editor. ... OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... Freemacs is an opensourced Emacs clone written by Russ Nelson for DOS. Currently it is included in the FreeDOS project, and is maintained by the FreeDOS founder, Jim Hall. ... This article is about the family of closely related operating systems for the IBM PC compatible platform. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Meadow is an open source programming project to port the popular GNU Emacs text editor for UNIX-based operating systems to Microsoft Windows with some added functions. ... Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) is a music-related computer software and hardware supplier. ... Sprint was a text-based word processor for DOS, published by Borland. ... In software, a project fork or branch happens when a developer (or a group of them) takes code from a project and starts to develop independently of the rest. ... Zile is a UNIX text editor. ... Aquamacs is a modified distribution of the Emacs text editor (from the GNU project, version 22). ...

Licensing

For GNU Emacs (and GNU packages in general), it remains policy to accept significant code contributions only if the copyright holder executes a suitable disclaimer or assignment of their copyright interest, although one exception was made to this policy for the MULE (MULtilingual Extension, which handles Unicode and more advanced methods of dealing with other languages' scripts) code [1] since the copyright holder is the Japanese government and copyright assignment was not possible. This does not apply to extremely minor code contributions or bug fixes. There is no strict definition of minor, but as a guideline less than 10 lines of code is considered minor. This policy is intended to facilitate copyleft enforcement, so that the FSF can defend the software in a court case if one arises. Not to be confused with copywriting. ... For other uses, see Mule (disambiguation). ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... The reversed c in a full circle is the copyleft symbol. ...

The source code, including both the C and Emacs Lisp components, is freely available for examination, modification, and redistribution, under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). Older versions of the GNU Emacs documentation were released under an ad-hoc license which required the inclusion of certain text in any modified copy. In the GNU Emacs user's manual, for example, this included how to obtain GNU Emacs and Richard Stallman's political essay The GNU Manifesto. The XEmacs manuals, which were inherited from older GNU Emacs manuals when the fork occurred, have the same license. Newer versions of the documentation use the GNU Free Documentation License and makes use of "invariant sections" to require the inclusion of the same documents, additionally requiring that the manuals proclaim themselves as GNU Manuals. The GNU logo The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely-used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ... The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman at the beginning of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. ... “GFDL” redirects here. ...

Features

Emacs is primarily a text editor, not a word processor; it is geared toward manipulating pieces of text, rather than manipulating the typeface (the "font") of the characters or printing documents (though Emacs can do these as well). Emacs provides commands to manipulate words and paragraphs (deleting them, moving them, moving through them, and so forth), syntax highlighting for making source code easier to read, and "keyboard macros" for performing arbitrary batches of editing commands defined by the user. A word processor (also more formally known as a document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of viewable or printed material. ... “Font” redirects here. ... A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes. ... Block quoItalic textte A paragraph is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea, or the words of an author. ... HTML syntax highlighting Syntax highlighting is a feature of some text editors that displays text—especially source code—in different colors and fonts according to the category of terms. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ...

Almost all of the functionality in the editor, ranging from basic editing operations such as the insertion of characters into a document to the configuration of the user interface, is controlled by a dialect of the Lisp programming language known as Emacs Lisp. This unique and unusual design provides many of the features found in Emacs. In this Lisp environment, variables and even entire functions can be modified on the fly, without having to recompile or even restart the editor. As a result, the behavior of Emacs can be modified almost without limit, either directly by the user, or by loading bodies of Emacs Lisp code known variously as "libraries", "packages", or "extensions". Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors (which we will collectively refer to as Emacs in this article. ... In computer science and mathematics, a variable (IPA pronunciation: ) (sometimes called a pronumeral) is a symbolic representation denoting a quantity or expression. ... In computer science, a subroutine (function, method, procedure, or subprogram) is a portion of code within a larger program, which performs a specific task and can be relatively independent of the remaining code. ...

Emacs contains a large number of Emacs Lisp libraries, and more "third-party" libraries can be found on the Internet. Many libraries implement computer programming aids, reflecting Emacs' popularity among programmers. Emacs can be used as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), allowing programmers to edit, compile, and debug their code within a single interface. Other libraries perform more unusual functions. A few examples are listed below: An integrated development environment (IDE), also known as integrated design environment and integrated debugging environment, is a programming environment that has been packaged as an application program,that assists computer programmers in developing software. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... Debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic hardware thus making it behave as expected. ...

• Calc, a powerful RPN numerical calculator
• Calendar-mode, for keeping appointment calendars and diaries
• Doctor, an implementation of ELIZA that performs basic Rogerian psychotherapy
• Dunnet, a text adventure
• Ediff, for working with diff files interactively.
• Emerge, for comparing files and combining them
• Emacs/W3, a web browser
• ERC, an IRC client
• Gnus, a full-featured newsreader and email client (and early evidence for Zawinski's Law, along with Rmail and VM)
• MULE, MultiLingual extensions to Emacs, allowing editing text written in multiple languages, somewhat analogous to Unicode
• Info, an online help-browser
• Emacs-wiki, LISP-based wiki software for Emacs
• Planner, a personal information manager for Emacs
• Tetris
• Pong

The downside to Emacs' Lisp-based design is a performance overhead resulting from loading and interpreting the Lisp code. On the systems in which Emacs was first implemented, Emacs was often noticeably slower than rival text editors. Several joke backronyms allude to this: Eight Megabytes And Constantly Swapping (from the days when eight megabytes was a lot of memory), Emacs Makes A Computer Slow, Eventually Mallocs All Computer Storage, and Eventually Makes All Computers Sick. However, modern computers are fast enough that Emacs is seldom felt to be slow. In fact, Emacs starts up more quickly than most modern word processors. Other joke backronyms describe the user interface: Escape Meta Alt Control Shift. Postfix notation is a mathematical notation wherein every operator follows all of its operands. ... For other uses, see Calculator (disambiguation). ... Example of ELIZA in Emacs. ... Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. ... Psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living. ... Dunnet is a Text adventure written by Ron Schnell. ... Zork I is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. ... Ediff is a tool available in Emacs for interactively creating and applying diff files without ever having to see their contents. ... In computing, diff is a file comparison utility that outputs the differences between two files. ... Emacs/W3 is a web browser for the Emacs, written entirely in Emacs Lisp. ... An example of a Web browser (Mozilla Firefox) A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. ... ERC (Emacs Relay Chat) is a software package written in Emacs-Lisp that enables the Emacs editor to be used as an Internet Relay Chat client. ... “IRC” redirects here. ... Gnus is a message reader running under GNU Emacs and XEmacs. ... A news client, or news reader, is an application program that reads articles on Usenet (generally known as newsgroup), either directly from a news servers disks or via the Network News Transfer Protocol. ... An email client (or mail user agent [MUA]) is a computer program that is used to read and send e-mail. ... Jamie W. Zawinski (born November 3, 1968[1] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), commonly known as jwz, is a computer programmer responsible for significant contributions to the free software projects Mozilla and XEmacs, and early versions of the proprietary Netscape Navigator web browser. ... For other uses, see Mule (disambiguation). ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... GNU Texinfo is a free computer program for generating documentation in multiple formats from a single source file. ... Planner(PIM) running in Emacs This article is about the PIM in Emacs. ... A personal information manager (PIM) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer. ... Tetris (Russian: ) is a falling-blocks puzzle video game, released on a large spectrum of platforms. ... For other uses, see Pong (disambiguation). ... In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that executes, or performs, instructions written in a computer programming language. ... A backronym (or bacronym) is a phrase that is constructed after the fact from a previously existing abbreviation, the abbreviation being an initialism or an acronym. ... ReBoot character, see Megabyte (ReBoot). ... In computing, malloc is a subroutine provided in the C programming languages and C++ programming languages standard library for performing dynamic memory allocation. ...

Platforms

Emacs is one of the most ported non-trivial computer programs. It runs on a wide variety of operating systems, including most Unix-like systems (GNU/Linux, the various BSDs, Solaris, AIX, IRIX, Mac OS X,^[11][12] etc.), MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows^[13][14][15] and OpenVMS. Unix systems, both free and proprietary, frequently provide Emacs bundled with the operating system. In computer science, porting is the process of adapting software so that an executable program can be created for a computing environment that is different from the one for which it was originally designed (e. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... “BSD” redirects here. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) is a proprietary operating system developed by IBM based on UNIX System V. Before the product was ever marketed, the acronym AIX originally stood for Advanced IBM UNIX. AIX has pioneered numerous network operating system enhancements, introducing new innovations later adopted by Unix-like operating systems... IRIX is a computer operating system developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... “Windows” redirects here. ... OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. ...

Emacs runs on both text terminals and graphical user interface (GUI) environments. On Unix-like operating systems, Emacs uses the X Window System to produce its GUI, either directly or using a "widget toolkit" such as Motif, LessTif, or GTK+. Emacs can also use the native graphical systems of Mac OS X (using the Carbon interface) and Microsoft Windows. The graphical interface provides menubars, toolbars, scrollbars, and context menus. A typical text terminal produces input and displays output and errors A text terminal or often just terminal (sometimes text console) is a serial computer interface for text entry and display. ... “GUI” redirects here. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... “X11” redirects here. ... Screenshot of an application that uses the Open Motif toolkit Motif is a widget toolkit for building graphical user interfaces under the X Window System on Unix and other POSIX-compliant systems. ... LessTif is a reimplementation or clone of the Motif computer programming toolkit. ... GTK+, or the GIMP Toolkit, is one of the two most popular widget toolkits for the X Window System for creating graphical user interfaces. ... Carbon is the codename of Apple Computers API for the Macintosh operating system, which permits a good degree of forward and backward compatibility between source code written to run on the classic Mac OS, and the newer Mac OS X. The APIs are published and accessed in the form... “Windows” redirects here. ... In computing and telecommunications, a menu is a list of commands presented to an operator by a computer or communications system. ... An early toolbar on a Xerox Alto Computer In a graphical user interface on a computer monitor a toolbar is a row, column, or block of onscreen buttons or icons that, when clicked, activate certain functions of the program. ... A scrollbar, or slider, is a graphical widget in a GUI with which continuous text, pictures or anything else can be scrolled including time in video applications, i. ... An example of a context menu taken from the word processor Microsoft Word. ...

Editing modes

Emacs adapts its behavior to the type of text it is editing by entering editing modes called "major modes". Major modes are defined for ordinary text files, source code for many programming languages, HTML documents, TeX and LaTeX documents, and many other types of text. Each major mode tweaks certain Emacs Lisp variables to make Emacs behave more conveniently for the particular type of text. In particular, they usually implement syntax highlighting, using different fonts or colors to display keywords, comments, and so forth. Major modes also provide special editing commands; for example, major modes for programming languages usually define commands to jump to the beginning and the end of a function. Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ... HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ... TeX (IPA: as in Greek, often in English; written with a lowercase e in imitation of the logo) is a typesetting system created by Donald Knuth. ... This article is about the typesetting system. ... HTML syntax highlighting Syntax highlighting is a feature of some text editors that displays text—especially source code—in different colors and fonts according to the category of terms. ... In computer programming, a keyword is a word or identifier that has a particular meaning to the programming language. ... Look up comment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The behavior of Emacs can be further customized using "minor modes". While only one major mode can be associated with a buffer at a time, multiple minor modes can be simultaneously active. For example, the major mode for the C programming language defines a different minor mode for each of the popular indent styles. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Customization

Emacs can be customized to suit individual needs. There are three primary ways to customize Emacs. The first is the customize extension, which allows the user to set common customization variables, such as the colour scheme, using a graphical interface, etc. This is intended for Emacs beginners who do not want to work with Emacs Lisp code.

The second is to collect keystrokes into macros and replay them to automate complex, repetitive tasks. This is often done on an ad-hoc basis, with each macro discarded after use, although macros can be saved and invoked later.

The third method for customizing Emacs is using Emacs Lisp. Usually, user-supplied Emacs Lisp code is stored in a file called .emacs, which is loaded when Emacs starts up. The .emacs file is often used to set variables and key bindings different from the default setting, and to define new commands that the user finds convenient. Many advanced users have .emacs files hundreds of lines long, with idiosyncratic customizations that cause Emacs to diverge wildly from the default behavior. In computer science, binding refers to the creation of a simple reference to something which is larger and more complicated and used frequently. ...

If a body of Emacs Lisp code is generally useful, it is often packaged as a library and distributed to other users. Many such third-party libraries can be found on the Internet; for example, there is a library called wikipedia-mode for editing Wikipedia articles. There is even a Usenet newsgroup, gnu.emacs.sources, which is used for posting new libraries. Some third-party libraries eventually make their way into Emacs, thus becoming a "standard" library. Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ... A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations. ...

Documentation

The first Emacs included an innovative help library that can display the documentation for every single command, variable, and internal function. (It may have originated this technique.) Because of this, Emacs was described as "self-documenting". (This term does not mean that Emacs writes its own documentation, but rather that it presents its own documentation to the user.) This feature makes Emacs' documentation very accessible. For example, the user can find out about the command bound to a particular keystroke simply by entering C-h k (which runs the command describe-key), followed by the keystroke. Each function included a documentation string, specifically to be used for showing to the user on request. The practice of giving functions documentation strings subsequently spread to various programming languages such as Lisp and Java. Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Java is an object-oriented programming language developed primarily by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems. ...

The Emacs help system is useful not only for beginners, but also for advanced users writing Emacs Lisp code. If the documentation for a function or variable is not enough, the help system can be used to browse the Emacs Lisp source code for both built-in libraries and installed third-party libraries. It is therefore very convenient to program in Emacs Lisp using Emacs itself.

Apart from the built-in documentation, Emacs has an unusually long, detailed and well-written manual. An electronic copy of the GNU Emacs Manual, written by Richard Stallman, is included with GNU Emacs and can be viewed with the built-in Info browser. XEmacs has a similar manual, which forked from the GNU Emacs Manual at the same time as the XEmacs software. Two other manuals, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual by Bill Lewis, Richard Stallman, and Dan Laliberte, and Programming in Emacs Lisp by Robert Chassell, are also included. Apart from the electronic versions, all three manuals are also available in book form, published by the Free Software Foundation. Look up manual in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... GNU Texinfo is a free computer program for generating documentation in multiple formats from a single source file. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...

Emacs also has a built-in tutorial. When Emacs is started with no file to edit, it displays instructions for performing simple editing commands and invoking the tutorial. // Academia In British academic parlance, a tutorial is a small class of one, or only a few, students, in which the tutor (a professor or other academic staff member) gives individual attention to the students. ...

Internationalization

Emacs supports the editing of text written in many human languages. There is support for many alphabets, scripts, writing systems, and cultural conventions. Emacs provides spell checking for many languages by calling external programs such as ispell. Many encoding systems, including UTF-8, are supported. Emacs 22 has full unicode support, however, it uses Emacs-specific encoding internally, necessitating conversion upon load and save. UTF-8 will become the Emacs-internal encoding in Emacs 23. See Language (journal) for the linguistics journal. ... Ispell is a spelling checker for UNIX that has been largely superseded by Aspell. ... A character encoding or character set (sometimes referred to as code page) consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given set with something else, such as a sequence of natural numbers, octets or electrical pulses, in order to facilitate the storage of text in computers... UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. ... UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. ...

However, the Emacs user interface is in English, and has not been translated into any other language, with the exception of the beginners' tutorial.

For visually impaired and blind users, there is a subsystem called Emacspeak which allows the editor to be used through audio feedback only. Emacspeak is a free screen reader for Emacs which is written in C, Emacs Lisp and Tcl and developed principally by T. V. Raman (himself blind since childhood, and who has worked on voice software with Adobe Software and later IBM) and first released May 1995; it is portable to...

Using Emacs

Commands

From the Unix shell, a file can be opened for editing by typing "emacs [filename]". If the filename you entered does not exist a file will be created with that name. For example "emacs xorg.conf" will edit the xorg.conf file in the current directory, if it exists. However, Emacs documentation recommends starting Emacs without a file name, to avoid the bad habit of starting a separate Emacs for each file you edit. Visiting all files in a single Emacs process is the way to get the full benefit of Emacs.

In the normal editing mode, Emacs behaves like other text editors: the character keys (a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, etc.) insert the corresponding characters, the arrow keys move the editing point, backspace deletes text, and so forth. Other commands are invoked with modified keystrokes, pressing the control key and/or the meta key/alt key in conjunction with a regular key. Every editing command is actually an invocation of a function in the Emacs Lisp environment. Even a command as simple as typing a to insert the character a involves calling a function--in this case, self-insert-command. Backspace is the keyboard key that originally pushed the typewriter head one position backwards, and in modern computer displays moves the cursor one position backwards and deletes the preceding character. ... In computing, a modifier key is a special key on a computer keyboard that modifies the normal action of another key when the two are pressed in combination. ... Ctrl redirects here. ... The Meta key was a special key on old MIT computer keyboards. ... The Alt key on a modern Windows keyboard The Alt key on an IBM PC keyboard is the key located immediately to either side of the Space bar, used to change (alternate) the function of other pressed keys. ...

Some basic commands are shown below; more can be found at List of Emacs commands. The control key [Ctrl] is denoted by a capital C, and the meta or alt [Alt] key by a capital M. Emacs uses many keyboard commands The control key [Ctrl] is denoted by a capital C, and the meta or alt [Alt] key by a capital M. ...

Alternatively, if a user would prefer IBM Common User Access style keys, "cua-mode" can be used. This has been a third-party package up to, and including, GNU Emacs 21, but is included in GNU Emacs 22. Word wrap refers to a feature supported by most text editors that allows them to insert soft returns (or hard returns for some text editors) at the right-side margins of a document. ... Common User Access (CUA) is a set of guidelines for the user interface to operating systems and computer programs, developed by IBM and first published in 1987 as part of their Systems Application Architecture. ...

Note that the commands save-buffer and save-buffers-kill-emacs use multiple modified keystrokes. For example, C-x C-c means: while holding down the control key, press x; then, while holding down the control key, press c. This technique, allowing more commands to be bound to the keyboard than with the use of single keystrokes alone, was popularized by Emacs, which got it from TECMAC, one of the TECO macro collections that immediately preceded Emacs. It has since made its way into modern code editors like Visual Studio, and is even supported to some extent by some consumer word processors such as Microsoft Word. Microsoft Visual Studio is Microsofts flagship software development product for computer programmers. ... Microsoft Word is Microsofts flagship word processing software. ...

When Emacs is running a graphical interface, many commands can be invoked from the menubar or toolbar instead of using the keyboard. However, many experienced Emacs users prefer to use the keyboard because it is faster and more convenient once the necessary keystrokes have been memorized.

Some Emacs commands work by invoking an external program (such as ispell for spell-checking or gcc for program compilation), parsing the program's output, and displaying the result in Emacs. Ispell is a spelling checker for UNIX that has been largely superseded by Aspell. ... The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ...

Minibuffer

The minibuffer, normally the bottommost line, is where Emacs requests information. Text to target in a search, the name of a file to read or save and similar information is entered in the minibuffer. When applicable, tab completion is usually available. Tab completion is a function of many command line interfaces, especially Unix shells, that allows portions of an incomplete filename or commands to be filled in when the Tab key is pressed. ...

File management and display

Emacs keeps text in objects called buffers. The user can create new buffers and dismiss unwanted ones, and several buffers can exist at the same time. Most buffers contain text loaded from text files, which the user can edit and save back to disk. Buffers are also used to store temporary text, such as the documentation strings displayed by the help library. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Plain text. ...

In both text terminal and graphical modes, Emacs is able to split the editing area into separate sections (referred to since 1975 as "windows", which can be confusing on systems that have another concept of "windows" as well), so that more than one buffer can be displayed at a time. This has many uses. For example, one section can be used to display the source code of a program, while another displays the results from compiling the program. In graphical environments, Emacs can also launch multiple graphical-environment windows, known as "frames" in the context of Emacs. Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... An example of a graphical user interface in Windows XP, with the My Music window displayed In computing, a window is a visual area, usually rectangular in shape, containing some kind of user interface, displaying the output of and allowing input for one of a number of simultaneously running computer...

Emacs Pinky

Because of Emacs' dependence on the modifier keys, in particular, how the control key is pressed with the little finger ("pinky"), heavy Emacs users have experienced pain in their pinky fingers (see repetitive strain injury and fat-finger). This has been dubbed the "Emacs Pinky", and vi advocates often cite it as a reason to switch to vi. To alleviate this situation, many Emacs users transpose the left control key and the left caps-lock key or define both as control keys. Others use viper-mode, a feature built into Emacs that allows the use of the vi keys for basic text editing and the Emacs keys for more advanced features. Others use special keyboards such as Kinesis's Contoured Keyboard, which reduces the strain by moving the modifier keys so that they are in a position to be easily pushed by the thumb, or Microsoft Natural keyboard, which has large modifier keys placed symmetrically on both sides of the keyboard so that they can be pressed with the palm. The little finger, often called the pinky in American English and pinkie in Scottish English (from the Dutch word pink, meaning little finger), is the most ulnar and usually smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, next to the ring finger. ... A repetitive strain injury (RSI), also called repetitive stress injury, cumulative trauma disorder or occupational overuse syndrome, is any of a loose group of conditions from overuse of the computer, guitar, knife or similar motion or tool. ... Fat-finger is a term, generally used as a verb, in computer lingo which implies the unintentional inclusion of a keystroke. ... vi editing a temporary, empty file. ... The Kinesis line of ergonomic computer keyboards are a popular alternative to the traditional keyboard design. ... The thumb is one of the five fingers. ... The Microsoft Natural Keyboard was introduced by Microsoft in 1995. ...

Distractions

In addition to its many features, GNU Emacs includes a variety of unusual distractions designed to amuse and/or annoy.

• M-x life renders Conway's Game of Life
• M-x gomoku launches a game of Gomoku
• M-x tetris launches a game of Tetris. This is also available in XEmacs
• M-x pong launches a game of Pong
• M-x psychoanalyze-pinhead pipes Zippy the Pinhead quotes through ELIZA Doctor (made ineffective in Emacs 22 from the effective removal of Zippy quotes). This was created by Kayvan Sylvan.
• M-x spook outputs a string of random words designed to distract anyone from the NSA who might be listening in
• M-x zone causes the text in the current buffer to behave strangely until the user presses a key
• M-x hanoi watch Emacs solve the Towers of Hanoi.
• M-x docs opens up The Emacs Psychiatrist for counsel.

Gospers Glider Gun creating gliders. The Game of Life is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. ... Gomoku, go-moku, or gobang (Japanese: 五目並べ, Gomoku Narabe, five points), or in English Connect Five (also spelled Connect 5 or Connect5) is an abstract strategy board game. ... Tetris (Russian: ) is a falling-blocks puzzle video game, released on a large spectrum of platforms. ... For other uses, see Pong (disambiguation). ... Zippy the Pinhead is the main character in the comic strip of the same name, created by Bill Griffith. ... Example of ELIZA in Emacs. ... NSA can stand for: National Security Agency of the USA The British Librarys National Sound Archive This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A model set of the Towers of Hanoi The Tower of Hanoi (also called Towers of Hanoi) is a mathematical game or puzzle. ... Example of ELIZA in Emacs. ...

See also

• Comparison of text editors
• GNU TeXmacs
• Space-cadet keyboard
• List of text editors
• List of Unix programs

Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ... This article provides a basic feature comparison for several text editors. ... TEXMACS on Fedora Core 2 GNU TEXMACS (alternatively, TeXmacs) is a free scientific word processor component of the GNU project, which was inspired by both TeX and GNU Emacs. ... The Space-cadet keyboard is a legendary device used on MIT Lisp machines, which inspired several still-current jargon terms in the field of computer science and influenced the design of Emacs. ... The following is a list of text editors. ... This is a list of Unix programs. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

• Ciccarelli, Eugene (1978). An Introduction to the Emacs Editor. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. AIM-447.  PDF HTML
• Stallman, Richard M. (1979, updated 1981). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. AIM-519A.  PDF HTML
• Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual, 15th edition, GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X. 
• Stallman, Richard M (2002). My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs. Retrieved on 2007-02-01.
• Chassel, Robert J. (2004). An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp. GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-56-6. 
• Glickstein, Bob (1997 (April)). Writing GNU Emacs Extensions. O'Reilly & Associates. 1-56592-261-1. 
• Cameron, Debra; Elliott, James; Loy, Marc; Raymond, Eric; Rosenblatt, Bill (2004 (December)). "Learning GNU Emacs, 3rd Edition". O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 0-596-00648-9. 
• Greenberg, Bernard S. (1979). "Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation". 
• Finseth, Craig A. (1991). The Craft of Text Editing -or- Emacs for the Modern World. Springer-Verlag & Co. ISBN 978-1-4116-8297-9. 
• Zawinski, Jamie (1999, updated 2005-06-21). Emacs Timeline. Retrieved on 2006-09-30.

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[1] is a software freedom activist, hacker,[2] and software developer. ... Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[1] is a software freedom activist, hacker,[2] and software developer. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert (aka Bob) Chassell was one of the founding directors of Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985. ... Jamie W. Zawinski (born 1971 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), commonly known as jwz, is a computer programmer responsible for significant contributions to the free software projects Mozilla and XEmacs, and early versions of the proprietary Netscape Navigator web browser. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Emacs

• The GNU Emacs homepage
• Gnu.org's "Emacs tour"
• Emacs Tutorial
• List of Emacs implementations
• EmacsWiki – community site dedicated to documenting and discussing Emacs
• Graphical tutorial of Emacs in pdf format
• Printable Key Bindings Reference Card Plain Text
• Installing Emacs on a Windows machine- Guide for installing and configuring Emacs using the Windows operating system

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