2004, Republic of Macedonia, currently in procedure to be recognized as a candidate country by EU institutions.
Technically speaking, Switzerland also has a long-standing EU membership application, but the country has shown no interest in furthering the application, so it has been left to 'lie on the table'. Norway has previously submitted applications, but twice rejected membership in referenda.
EUmemberstates were granted 18 months to transpose the provisions of the EUCD into their national laws.
The authors argue that incumbent memberstates have not made broad use of private copying exceptions and have diverged as far as the implementation of the public policy exceptions are concerned.
The study concludes that the EUmemberstates are leaving both the fine-tuning of new legislation and resolution of rather fundamental issues related to the EUCD to the national courts and, ultimately, to the European Court of Justice.
While the report recognises some good progress made by MemberStates in putting measures in place against antimicrobial resistance, notably improved surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance, and closer cooperation between different professionals on this issue, it states that more still needs to be done.
It stresses that MemberStates need to develop and implement national strategies and action plans to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance, and there should be better exchange of good practice on issues such as vaccination campaigns, and hygiene and infection control.
Self-medication with antibiotics is still a problem in many MemberStates, according to the report, which is why a "prescription only" approach should be strictly enforced and educational activities are needed.
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