The title of Duke of Buccleuch (pronounced "Bucloo") was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 20 April 1663 for the Duke of Monmouth, eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England, who had married Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. Anne was created Duchess in her own right along with her husband, so that the title was not affected by Monmouth's attainder in 1685. It passed on to his descendants, who have successively borne the surnames Scott, Montagu-Scott, Montagu-Douglas-Scott and Scott again. In 1810, the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch inherited the Dukedom of Queensberry, also in the Peerage of Scotland, thus separating that title from the Marquessate of Queensberry. Thus, the holder is one of the only five people to hold two or more different dukedoms, the others being the Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, the Duke of Argyll (who holds two dukedoms named Argyll), and the Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon.

The subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Buccleuch are: Earl of Buccleuch (1619), Earl of Dalkeith (1663), Lord Scott of Buccleuch (1606) and Lord Scott of Whitchester and Eskdaill (1619) (all in the Peerage of Scotland). The Duke also holds the two subsidiary titles of the attainted Dukedom of Monmouth, namely Earl of Doncaster (1663) and Baron Scott of Tindale (1663) (both in the Peerage of England), and several subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Queensberry, namely Marquess of Dumfriesshire (1683), Earl of Drumlanrig and Sanquhar (1682), Viscount of Nith, Tortholwald and Ross (1682) and Lord Douglas of Kilmount, Middlebie and Dornock (1682) (all in the Peerage of Scotland). The courtesy title used by the Duke's eldest son and heir is Earl of Dalkeith. The Earldom of Doncaster and Barony of Scott of Tindale had been forfeit at the time of the first Duke's attainder, but the titles were restored to the 2nd Duke of Buccleuch in 1742.

The current Duke of Buccleuch is the largest private landowner in Britain and chairman of the Buccleuch Group, a holding company with interests in commercial property, rural affairs, food, and beverages.

Lords Scott of Buccleuch (1606)

• Walter Scott, 1st Lord Scott of Buccleuch (1565-1611)
• Walter Scott, 2nd Lord Scott of Buccleuch (d. 1633) (became Earl of Buccleuch in 1619)

Earls of Buccleuch (1619)

• Walter Scott, 1st Earl of Buccleuch (d. 1633)
• Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch (1626-1651)
• Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch (1647-1661)
• Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch (1651-1732) (became Duchess of Buccleuch in 1663)

Dukes of Buccleuch, First Creation (1663)

• James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and Buccleuch (1649-1685)

Dukes of Buccleuch, Second Creation (1663)

• Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch (1651-1732)
• Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch (1695-1751)
• Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch, 5th Duke of Queensberry (1746-1812)
• Charles Montagu-Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch, 6th Duke of Queensberry (1772-1819)
• Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, 7th Duke of Queensberry (1806-1884)
• William Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch, 8th Duke of Queensberry (1831-1914)
• John Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch, 9th Duke of Queensberry (1864-1935)
• Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch, 10th Duke of Queensberry (1894-1973)
• Walter Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch, 11th Duke of Queensberry (b. 1923)

Heir Apparent: Richard Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (b. February 14, 1954)
Lord Dalkeith's Heir Apparent: Walter Scott, Lord Eskdaill (b. August 2, 1984)