Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic). A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ... This article is about the terrestrial mountain range. ...

Phonology

The phonology of Eastern Armenian features a three-way distinction in its stops and affricates (here given with corresponding fricatives):

Armenian also features a two-way distinction between its rhotic sounds, /r/ (r') and /ɹ/ (r). Armenian has one lateral approximant, /l/.

There are seven Armenian vowels:

The phonology of Eastern Armenian preserves the three-way distinction in stops and affricates that is missing from Western Armenian. Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Diaspora, mainly in North America and Europe, but also in limited pockets of western Turkey and northern Syria. ...

Another element of both varieties of Armenian is devoicing of final stops and affricates, so that a word like t'az ('crown') is pronounced t'as. In Eastern Armenian, the effect of devoicing renders voiced stops and affricates (which are not aspirated) as voiceless aspirate stops, meaning kamurj (bridge) sounds like kamurch'.

Morphology

Nouns

Eastern Armenian nouns have seven cases, one more than Western Armenian. They are: Nominative (subject), Accusative (direct object), Genitive (possession), Dative (indirect object), Ablative (origin), Instrumental (means) and Locative (position). Of the seven cases, the nominative and accusative, with exceptions, are the same, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have mostly five distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural), but do not decline for gender (i.e. masculine or feminine). In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ... The accusative case of a noun is, generally, the case used to mark the direct object of a verb. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. ... In linguistics, the ablative case is a noun case found in several languages, including Armenian, Latin, Sanskrit and in the Finno-Ugric languages. ... In linguistics, the instrumental case indicates that a noun is the instrument or means by which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. ... Locative is a case which indicates a location. ...

Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, but two are the most used (genitive in i, and genitive in u): In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ...

Two notes:
First, notice that the Ablative form in Eastern Armenian is -ic', where it is -ê in Western Armenian:

Abl.sg WA karê/EA garuc'

Second, notice that in Western Armenian, the plural forms followed the u-declension, while in Eastern Armenian the plural forms follow the i-declension:

Gen.pl WA karineru/EA garineri

Articles

Like some other languages such as English, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Eastern Armenian is mi, which precedes the noun:

mi girk' ('a book', Nom.sg), mi grk'i ('of a book', Gen.sg)

The definite article is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either -ë or -n, depending on whether the final sound is a vowel or a consonant, and whether a preceding word begins with a vowel or consonant:

mardë ('the man', Nom.sg)
garin ('the barley' Nom.sg)
but:
Sa mardn ê ('This is the man')
Sa garin ê ('This is the barley')

Adjectives

Adjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun:

lav girk'ë ('the good book', Nom.sg)
lav grk'in ('to the good book', Gen.sg)

Verbs

Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and a "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. (See also Armenian verbs and Eastern Armenian verb table for more detailed information.) The verbal morphology of Armenian is fairly simple in theory, but is complicated by the existence of two main dialects, Eastern and Western. ... The following is an Eastern Armenian verb table. ...

The present tense in Eastern Armenian is based on two conjugations (a, e). In Eastern Armenian, the distinct conjugations in e and i merged as e. In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ...

The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the present tense of linel after the present participle form of the verb:

Yes kardum em girk'ë (I am reading the book)
Yes sirum em da girk'ë (I love this book)

See also

• Armenian language
• Armenian verbs
• Eastern Armenian verb table
• Western Armenian
• Language families and languages

Armenian is an Indo-European language spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic) and also used by the Armenian Diaspora. ... The verbal morphology of Armenian is fairly simple in theory, but is complicated by the existence of two main dialects, Eastern and Western. ... The following is an Eastern Armenian verb table. ... Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Diaspora, mainly in North America and Europe, but also in limited pockets of western Turkey and northern Syria. ... Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ...

External links

• Armenica.org: Complete history of Armenia, covering 800 B.C. to 2004. (English, Swedish)
• Free online resources for learners
• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_iso639.asp?code=hye
• http://www.cilicia.com