NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Eastern Europea

Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. It can denote: The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST, internally called HT-7U) is a project being undertaken to construct an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, in eastern China. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europes precise borders. ...

Politically, "Eastern Europe" may in fact cover all of northeastern Eurasia, since Russia is one single transcontinental geopolitical entity. Cyprus is also frequently taken to be a European state, although geographically it is in Asia. The same approach is also sometimes taken with the post-Soviet states of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus. Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ = Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð») also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... View of the Pacific Ocean from Oregon. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Ð”ÌÐ°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÌÐ¾Ðº Ð Ð¾ÑÑÌÐ¸Ð¸; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Member states 11 member states 1 associate member Working language Russian Executive Secretary Vladimir Rushailo Formation December 21, 1991 Official website http://cis. ... Government Russia District Subdivision Russia Northwestern Federal District Kaliningrad Oblast Mayor Yuri Savenko (2005) Geographical characteristics Area - City 215. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1070x710, 371 KB) Regions of Europe According to: http://wikitravel. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1070x710, 371 KB) Regions of Europe According to: http://wikitravel. ... Made by User:Joy by modifying Europe-small. ... Made by User:Joy by modifying Europe-small. ... Political geography is a field of human geography that is concerned with politics. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent by not only geographical, but also another definitions - divisions arise for several reasons, be it political, social or geographical. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... The Post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the independent nations which split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map This article concerns the geographic region. ...

The boundaries of Eastern Europe can be subject to considerable overlap and fluctuation depending on the context they are used in, which makes differentiation difficult. As is also true of continents, regions are only social constructs and should not be understood as physical features defined by abstract, neutral criteria.

In many sources, the term "Eastern Europe" still encompasses most, or all, such European countries that until the end of the Cold War (around 1989) were Communist states or countries under Soviet influence, i.e., the former "Eastern Bloc". The majority of people in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia often consider their countries to be part of Central Europe rather than Eastern Europe, while many sources, especially in English-speaking countries continue to classify these countries as Eastern Europe^{[citation needed]}. The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð’Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about one-party states ruled by Communist Parties. ... Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ...

As a term, the origins of "Eastern Europe" are fairly recent. For many years serfdom and reactionary autocratic governments persisted long after those things faded in the West. It was always a very vague notion, however, and many countries in the region did not fit the stereotypical view. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet, generally used as a pejorative, originally applied in the context of the French Revolution to counter-revolutionaries who wished to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien RÃ©gime. ... Autocracy is a form of government where unlimited power is held by a single individual. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

More recently, the term "Eastern Europe" has been used to refer to all European countries that were previously ruled by Communist regimes - the so-called "Eastern Bloc". The idea of an "Iron Curtain" separating "Western Europe" and Soviet-controlled "Eastern Europe" was dominant throughout the period of Cold War which followed the Second World War. This dualism failed to account fully for some exceptions, as Yugoslavia and Albania were Communist states outside Moscow's control. In recent years, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), the term "Eastern Europe" is sometimes used to identify a region, in effect retroactively, as consisting only of those European countries that were parts of the Soviet Union itself. A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... This article is becoming very long. ... It has been suggested that Democratic Federal Yugoslavia be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

As a cultural and ethnic concept, the term Eastern Europe was defined by 19th century German nationalists to be synonymous with "Slavic Europe", as opposed to Germanic (Western) Europe ^{[citation needed]}. This concept was re-enforced during the years leading up to World War II and was often used in a racist terminology to characterize Eastern/Slavic culture as being backwards and inferior to Western/Germanic culture, language, and customs. Eastern Europe would then refer to the imaginary line which divided predominantly German lands from predominantly Slavic lands. The dividing line has thus changed over time as a result of the World Wars, as well as numerous expulsions and genocides. Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

As the ideological division of the Cold War has now disappeared, the cultural division of Europe between Western Christianity, on the one hand, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam, on the other, has reemerged. It follows the so-called Huntington line of "clashing civilizations" corresponding roughly to the eastern boundary of Western Christianity in the year 1500. This line runs along what are now the eastern boundaries separating Norway, Finland, Estonia and Latvia from Russia, continues east of Lithuania, cuts in northwestern Ukraine, swings westward separating Transylvania from the rest of Romania, and then along the line now separating Slovenia and Croatia from the rest of ex-Yugoslavia. In the Balkans this line coincides with the historic border between the Hungarian Kingdom (later Habsburg) and Ottoman empires, whereas in the north it marks the then eastern boundaries of Kingdom of Sweden and Teutonic Order, and the subsequent spread of Lutheran Reformation. The peoples to the west and north of the Huntington line are Protestant or Catholic; they shared most of the common experiences of Western European history -- feudalism, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution. The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð’Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. ... Western Christianity refers to Catholicism, Protestantism, and Anglicanism (which is also usually included in the Protestant category). ... Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions (which descend through, or alongside of, the Roman Catholic Church) or the Eastern Rite Catholic churches. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... Samuel Phillips Huntington (b. ... Cover of The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order The Clash of Civilizations is a controversial theory in international relations popularized by Samuel P. Huntington. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ð•Ñ€Ð´ÐµÑ™) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah... Teutonic Knights, charging into battle. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... ... The French Revolution (1789â€“1799) was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ...

The 1995 and 2004 enlargements arguably brought the European Union's eastern border up to the boundary between Western and Eastern Orthodox civilizations. Most of Europe's historically Protestant and Roman Catholic countries (with the exception of Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, and the various European microstates) were now EU members, while most of Europe's historically Eastern Orthodox countries (with the exception of Greece and Cyprus) were outside the EU. This is, however, temporary, as the 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania, both predominantly Eastern Orthodox and located in Southeastern Europe, is going to shift the EU's borders further east to reach the west coast of the Black Sea. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A microstate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very little land area - usually both. ... 2007 (MMVII) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dark green: current members; light green: acceding countries; orange: recognized candidate countries Bulgaria (along with Romania) is part of the second stage of the EUs fifth enlargement1 and is currently scheduled to join it on January 1, 2007. ... Map of the Black Sea. ...

A view that Europe is divided strictly into the West and the East is considered pejorative by many in the nominally eastern countries. For example, many people in Estonia, Poland, Lithuania, the Czech Republic or Slovenia may feel the label stigmatizing in comparison with countries that successfully have asserted their belonging to "the West" despite their equally, or more, "eastern" location — and history as parts of Imperial Russia (Finland) or Eastern Orthodoxy (Greece). Social status is the standing, the honour or prestige attached to ones position in society. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... ...

On the other hand, the approbative term "New Europe" has been coined by neoconservative Americans to describe those former Eastern-Bloc countries which disavow the antipathy towards the politics of the United States that is common in Western Europe. New Europe is a rhetorical term used by conservative political analysts in the United States to describe European post-Communist countries. ... Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ... Politics of the United States of America takes place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of the United States is both head of state and head of government, and of a two-party legislative and electoral system. ...

Former Eastern Bloc

The United Nations Statistics Division defines Eastern Europe as: A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1014x1184, 354 KB) Summary [1]. From the Perry-CastaÃ±eda Library Map Collection. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1014x1184, 354 KB) Summary [1]. From the Perry-CastaÃ±eda Library Map Collection. ...

Southeastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula

Commonly the definition of Eastern Europe is expanded to include these other previously Communist countries:

Greece and the European Turkey are usually not included, as they are old NATO members, however they are geographically part of Balkan Peninsula. Motto: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Anthem: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian, Albanian1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Branko Crvenkovski - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence From Yugoslavia - Declared September 8, 1991 Area - Total 25,333 kmÂ² (148th) (9,779 sq mi) - Water (%) 1. ... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Milo ÄukanoviÄ‡ Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 14,026 kmÂ² (159th) 5,414... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Thrace (Bulgarian: Ð¢Ñ€Ð°ÐºÐ¸Ñ, Trakiya; Greek: Î˜ÏÎ¬ÎºÎ·, ThrÃ¡kÄ“; Latin: Thracia or Threcia, Turkish: Trakya, Macedonian: Ð¢Ñ€Ð°ÐºÐ¸Ñ˜Ð°) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

Central Europe

A number of countries that are geographically part of Central Europe became included in "Eastern Europe" during the era of the Cold War due to them being Communist states. Today they are sometimes considered part of Central Europe and sometimes part of Eastern Europe. Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð’Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. ...

Czechoslovakia (became Czech Republic and Slovakia) and East Germany (reunited with West Germany) are two former countries that were also part of this group. GDR redirects here. ...

See also

Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... The European Union (EU) was originally created by the six founding states in 1952, but has grown to its current size of 25 member states. ...

External links

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | Eastern Europe The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Earth (often referred to as the Earth, or the earth) whose Latin name is Tellus (often incorrectly referred to as Terra, meaning soil) is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Eastern Africa ... Central Africa is a region of Africa often considered to include: Burundi Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda Central Africa, or Middle Africa (as by the United Nations when categorising geographic regions), is a term used to also describe the region of Africa south of the... 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Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 55 KB) link title dkrjfjjfffffffffffffffffffffffffvnguigtailewGFGSgfgfFdsguuggsgsugusGUISHGUIYFGHFDGHEAHRUGIDAFGOFDSOGYFOHGUOFDYHOIYFDSYOGIDHB JKZVXCNBJKGDUGKDFH87IHZDJKLGXHGKVCZHBUIJZUIVBHUIVCYUBHFDZKHUIVCVCYUBYVCUIBXChkGHIDAHAYFDUGFGFDZOIGFDZHLGFDZHJLGFDSZhKLZFDHFXGJFSJGFXJXZJXGFGJXJJJJJJFGFFDFHFDZFHHDHFHDZHFDZHDZHFDHFDDHHHFDFDHZFHGFJZHJAYATHZDGXVJGJTDYHDGHBNDZHFXHZGFDHDZHZDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG World map depicting Europe; map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Africa Asia Antarctica Africa-Eurasia Continent Europe Elias Canetti... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europes precise borders. ... Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 54 KB)Oceanias place in the world. ... 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Contents

Former Eastern Bloc GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Southeastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula

Central Europe

See also

External links

Former Eastern Bloc