Echinococcosis
Classifications and external resources

Echinococcus life cycle (click to enlarge)
ICD-10	B67.
ICD-9	122.4

Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease or hydatid cyst, is a potentially fatal parasitic disease that can affect many animals, including wildlife, commercial livestock and humans. The adult Echinococcus granulosus (3 to 6 mm long) [1] resides in the small bowel of the definitive hosts (dogs or other carnivores). ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... // A00-A79 - Bacterial infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases, and STDs (A00-A09) Intestinal infectious diseases (A00) Cholera (A01) Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (A010) Typhoid fever (A02) Other Salmonella infections (A03) Shigellosis (A04) Other bacterial intestinal infections (A040) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection (A045) Campylobacter enteritis (A046) Enteritis due to Yersinia... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... A parasitic disease is a disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Various species of deer are commonly seen wildlife across the Americas and Eurasia. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

The Echinococcosis Cycle

The disease results from infection by tapeworm larvae of the genus Echinococcus - notably E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, and E. vogeli. Tapeworm can mean: Tapeworm, parasitic flatworms that live as adults in the digestive tracts of vertebrates. ... A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus granulosus, also called the Hydatid worm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that parasitizes the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes hydatid disease. ... Echinococcus multilocularis is a cyclophyllid cestode that, like Echinococcus granulosus, produces hydatid disease in many mammals, including rodents and humans. ...

Like many parasite infections, the course of Echinococcus infection is complex. The worm has a life cycle that requires definitive hosts and intermediate hosts. Definitive hosts are normally carnivores such as dogs, while intermediate hosts are usually herbivores such as sheep and cattle. Humans also function as intermediate hosts, although they are usually a 'dead end' for the parasitic infection cycle. This article deals with meat-eating animals. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog is a mammal in the order Carnivora. ... In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plants (rather than meat). ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ...

The disease cycle begins with an adult tapeworm infecting the intestinal tract of the definitive host. The adult tapeworm then produces eggs which are expelled in the host's feces. In anatomy, the intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine (or colon). ... Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is waste product from an animals digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ...

Echinococcus organisms taken from a hydatid cyst

Intermediate hosts become infected by ingesting the eggs of the parasite. Inside the intermediate host, the eggs hatch and release tiny hooked embryos which travel in the bloodstream, eventually lodging in an organ such as the liver, lungs and/or kidneys. There, they develop into hydatid cysts. Inside these cysts grow thousands of tapeworm larvae, the next stage in the life cycle of the parasite. When the intermediate host is predated or scavenged by the definitive host, the larvae are eaten and develop into adult tapeworms, and the infection cycle restarts. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... In most birds and reptiles, an apple (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including mammals (and therefore humans), birds, and reptiles. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... A cyst is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a cavity or structure of the body. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Harvestman eating the tail of a five-lined skink The word scavenger, in zoology, refers to animals that consume already dead organic life-forms. ... A young woman who is 18 years old. ...

Disease Symptoms

As already noted, Echinococcus infection causes large cysts to develop in intermediate hosts. Disease symptoms arise as the cysts grow bigger and start eroding and/or putting pressure on blood vessels and organs. Large cysts can also cause shock if they happen to rupture. Shock is a serious medical condition where the tissue perfusion is insufficient to meet the required supply of oxygen and nutrients. ...

Infection with E. granulosuscommon in Mediterranean countries typically results in the formation of cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen of the intermediate host. In a full-blown infection, cysts can be larger than a soccer ball. In echography or CT scan, hydatid cysts apear as large cysts , sometimes with echoic flakes inside ( hydatid sand - CE1 stage)or multiple daughter cysts ( CE2 stage) Hydatid cyst of liver can be accurately diagnosed by a serologic assay ( Weinberg reaction). The Weinberg reaction is falsely negative in as many as 50% of lung hydatid cysts. Eosinophilia is NOT a feature of hydatid cyst unless rupture occurs. In fact, there aren't generaly any alterations in blood bichemistry in hydatid cyst patients. Hydatid disease of lung or liver is generally asymptomatic but can origin serious complications if rupture of cyst occur. Systemic anaphylaxis is usually associated with cyst rupture and can be predicted by positivity of Casoni reaction.There is also risk of intrapleural or intraperitoneal dissemination of the disease and of secondary infection that origins a lung abscess or a hepatic abscess. This condition is also known as cystic hydatid disease and can sometimes be successfully treated with surgery to remove the cysts. In Portugal there is also some experience with PAIR ( Percutaneous Aspiration, Infusion of scolicidal agents and Reaspiration of cyst content) and medical therapy with albendazole alone in the dose of 400 mg twice daily. Therapy with albendazole or praziquantel should be initiated before any procedure and prolonged 28 days if dissemination of hydatid cyst is to be avoided. A cyst is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a cavity or structure of the body. ... The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells in holding a reservoir of blood. ... A cardiothoracic surgeon performs a mitral valve replacement at the Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. ...

Infection with E. multilocularis results in the formation of dense parasitic tumors in the liver, lungs, brain, and other organs. This condition, also called alveolar hydatid disease is more likely to be fatal. Infection with Echinococcus vogeli, restricted to Central and South America is characterized by polycystic disease Tumor or tumour literally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ... In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...

Unlike intermediate hosts, definitive hosts are usually not hurt very much by the infection. Sometimes, a lack of certain vitamins and minerals can be caused in the host by the very high demand of the parasite.

Disease Prophylaxis

There are several strategies to prevent Echinococcosis, most of which involve disruption of the parasite's life cycle. For instance, feeding raw offal to work dogs is a key point of infection in a farm environment and is strongly discouraged. Also, basic hygiene practices such as thoroughly cooking food and vigorous hand washing before meals can prevent the eggs entering the human digestive tract. Prophylaxis refers to any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, disease. ... Scrapple sandwich at the Delaware state fair Offal is the entrails and internal organs of a butchered animal. ... A typical North American grain farm with farmstead in Ontario, Canada A farm is the basic unit in agriculture. ...

Regular "worming" of farm dogs with the drug praziquantel also helps kill the tapeworm. By employing such simple practices, hydatids have been virtually eliminated in New Zealand, where it was once very common. // Chemical Designation 2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino(2,1-alpha)isoquinolin-4-one History Praziquantel was developed in the laboratories (parasitological research) of Bayer AG in Germany (Elberfeld) 30 years ago. ...

Effective vaccines, based on recombinant DNA technology, are being developed in Australia for sheep. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ... Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by different genetically modified organisms following insertion of the relevant DNA into their genome. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix. ...

Popular culture

Echinococcosis was a final diagnosis in the episode Hunting of the television show House. Hunting is the seventh episode of the second season of House and the twenty-ninth episode overall. ... House, also referred to as House M.D., is a critically acclaimed American medical drama television series created by David Shore and executive produced by film director Bryan Singer. ...