NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Echnaton

Akhenaten, known as Amenhotep IV at the start of his reign, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is thought to have been born to Amenhotep III and his Chief Queen Tiy in the year 26 of their reign (1379 BC or 1362 BC). Amenhotep IV succeeded his father after Amenhotep III's death at the end of his 38-year reign, possibly after a co-regency between the two of up to 12 years. Suggested dates for Akhenaten's reign (subject to the debates surrounding Egyptian chronology) are from 1353 BC-1336 BC or 1351 BC-1334 BC. Akhenaten's chief wife was Nefertiti, who has been made famous by her exquisitely painted bust in the Ägyptisches Museum of Berlin. Download high resolution version (364x605, 37 KB)Statue of Pharaoh Akhenaten, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. ... Download high resolution version (364x605, 37 KB)Statue of Pharaoh Akhenaten, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. ... Main entrance of the Egyptian Museum The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to the most extensive collection of pharaonic antiquities in the world. ... Cairo (Arabic: â€Ž translit: ) is the capital city of Egypt (and previously the United Arab Republic) and has a metropolitan area population of approximately 15. ... It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... copied from http://fi. ... copied from http://fi. ... Pharaoh (Arabic ÙØ±Ø¹ÙˆÙ† ) (Hebrew ×¤Ö¼Ö·×¨Ö°×¢Ö¹×” ); is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... Tiy (c. ... (Redirected from 1379 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1420s BC 1410s BC 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC - 1370s BC - 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC Events and Trends Significant People The end of the rule of Amenophis III... (Redirected from 1362 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1410s BC 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC - 1360s BC - 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1368 BC - Death of Erichthonius, mythical King of... Co-regency refers to the situation where a monarchial position (such as King, Queen, Emperor or Empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... (Redirected from 1353 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1350 BC - Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton rises to... (Redirected from 1336 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC - 1330s BC - 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1338 BC - Queen Tiy of Egypt, Chief Queen... (Redirected from 1351 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1350 BC - Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton rises to... (Redirected from 1334 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC - 1330s BC - 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1338 BC - Queen Tiy of Egypt, Chief Queen... Bust of Nefertiti from Berlins Altes Museum. ... A bust can be one of: Bust (sculpture), a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Bust of Nefertiti, Ã„gyptisches Museum The Egyptian Museum of Berlin (German: Ã„gyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung) is home to one of the worlds most important collections of Ancient Egyptian artefacts. ... (helpÂ· info) is the capital city and a state of Germany. ...

- Akhnaten', Akhenaton, Akhnaton, Ankhenaten, Ankhenaton, Ikhnaton One of the Amarna letters The designation Amarna letters denotes an archive of correspondence, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Atenist revolution

Main article: Atenism This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

A religious revolutionary, Amenhotep IV introduced Atenism in the first year of his reign, raising the previously obscure god Aten (sometimes spelt Aton) to the position of supreme deity. The early stage of Atenism appears to be a kind of henotheism familiar in Egyptian religion, but the later form suggests a proto-monotheism. Aten was the name for the sun-disk itself — hence the fact that it is often referred to in English in the impersonal form "the Aten". The Aten was by this point in Egyptian history considered to be an aspect of the composite deity Ra-Amun-Horus. These previously separate deities had been merged with each other. Amun was identified with Ra, who was also identified with Horus. Akhenaton simplified this syncretism by proclaiming the visible sun itself to be the sole deity, thus introducing a type of monotheism. Some commentators interpret this as a proto-scientific naturalism, based on the observation that the sun's energy is the ultimate source of all life. Others consider it to be a way of cutting through the previously ritualistic emphasis of Egyptian religion to allow for a new "personal relationship" with God; this intepretation is hampered by the fact that only the Royal family was able to interact with and perform rituals pertaining to the Aten. Others interpret it as a pragmatic political move designed to further centralise power by crushing the independent authority of the traditional priesthood. Painting of the Aten from Amarna The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Painting of the Aten from Amarna The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Aten is a creator of the universe in ancient Egyptian mythology, usually regarded as a sun god represented by the suns disk. ... In religion and philosophy, henotheism is a term coined by Max MÃ¼ller, meaning devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of other gods. ... Amun (also spelt Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imenand, and spelt in Greek as Ammon, and Hammon) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who gradually rose to become one of the most important, before disappearing back into the shadows. ... , , or This article is about the Egyptian god. ... Horus is an ancient god of Egyptian mythology, whose cult survived so long that he evolved dramatically over time and gained many names. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Monotheism (in Greek Î¼ÏŒÎ½Î¿Ï‚ = single and Î¸ÎµÏŒÏ‚ = God), in contrast with polytheism, is the belief in one god, simply put it is the belief in a single deity. ... For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

This religious reformation appears to have begun with his decision to celebrate a Sed festival in his third regnal year — a highly unusual step, since a Sed-festival, a sort of royal jubilee intended to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine powers of kingship, was traditionally held in the thirtieth year of a Pharaoh's reign. The sed festival (or heb sed) was an Ancient Egyptian ceremony held to celebrate the continued rule of a pharaoh. ... The Jubilee in both the Jewish and Christian traditions is a year of celebration and forgiveness originally held every 50 years. ...

Year 5 marked the beginning of his construction of a new capital, Akhetaten ('Horizon of Aten'), at the site known today as Amarna. In the same year, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten ('Effective Spirit of Aten') as evidence of his new worship. Very soon afterward he centralized Egyptian religious practices in Akhetaten, though construction of the city seems to have continued for several more years. In honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive temple complexes in ancient Egypt, including one at Karnak, close to the old temple of Amun. In these new temples, Aten was worshipped in the open sunlight, rather than in dark temple enclosures, as had been the previous custom. Akhenaten is also believed to have composed the Great Hymn to the Aten. Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna) is the name given to an extensive archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. ... Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna) is the name given to an extensive archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. ... Obelisk at Karnak temple El-Karnak is a small village in Egypt, located on the banks of the River Nile some 2. ... Amun (also spelt Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imenand, and spelt in Greek as Ammon, and Hammon) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who gradually rose to become one of the most important, before disappearing back into the shadows. ... The Great Hymn to the Aten was found in the tomb of Ay, in the rock tombs at Akhetaten. ...

Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar Egyptian religious context. However, by Year 9 of his reign Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the supreme god, but the only god, and that he, Akhenaten, was the only intermediary between Aten and his people. He ordered the defacing of Amun's temples throughout Egypt, and in a number of instances inscriptions of the plural 'gods' were also removed. Amun (also spelt Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imenand, and spelt in Greek as Ammon, and Hammon) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who gradually rose to become one of the most important, before disappearing back into the shadows. ... , , or This article is about the Egyptian god. ...

Aten's name is also written differently after Year 9, to emphasise the radicalism of the new regime, which included a ban on idols, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten, who by then was evidently considered not merely a sun god, but rather a universal deity. It is important to note, however, that representations of the Aten were always accompanied with a sort of "hieroglyphic footnote", stating that the representation of the sun as All-encompassing Creator was to be taken as just that: a representation of something that, by its very nature as something transcending creation, cannot be fully or adequately represented by any one part of that creation. In the practice of religion, a cult image is a man-made object that is venerated for the spirit or daemon that it embodies. ...

Depictions of the Pharaoh and his family

Styles of art that flourished during this short period are markedly different from other Egyptian art, bearing a variety of affectations, from elongated heads to protruding stomachs, exaggerated ugliness and the beauty of Nefertiti. Significantly, and for the only time in the history of Egyptian royal art, Akhenaten's family was depicted in a decidedly naturalistic manner, and they are clearly shown displaying affection for each other. Nefertiti also appears beside the king in actions usually reserved for a Pharaoh, suggesting that she attained unusual power for a queen. Artistic representations of Akhenaten give him a strikingly bizarre appearance, with slender limbs, a protruding belly and wide hips, giving rise to controversial theories such as that he may have actually been a woman masquerading as a man, or that he was a hermaphrodite or had some other intersex condition. The fact that Akhenaten had several children argues against these suggestions. It has also been suggested that he suffered from Marfan's syndrome. Image File history File links photo of late-Amarna style sculpture of Akhenaten, probably from the workshop of Thutmose. ... Image File history File links photo of late-Amarna style sculpture of Akhenaten, probably from the workshop of Thutmose. ... Thutmoses bust of Nefertiti, now in Berlins Egyptian Museum The Kings Favourite and Master of Works, the Sculptor Thutmose (also spelled Djhutmose and Thutmosis) was apparently the court sculptor of Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten in the latter part of his reign. ... The 1st-century BC sculpture The Reclining Hermaphrodite, in the Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme in Rome In zoology, a hermaphrodite is an organism of a species whose members possess both male and female sexual organs during their lives. ... An intersexual is a person (or individual of any unisexual species) who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by unusually long limbs. ...

Until Akhenaten's mummy is located and identified, proposals of actual physical abnormalities are likely to remain speculative. However, it must be kept in mind that there is no good evidence that we are necessarily dealing with a literal representation of Akhenaten's physical form, or that of his wife or children. As pharaoh, Akhenaten had complete control over how he, his family, and his government in general was represented in art. Rather than a literal representation of his physical appearance, it must be kept in mind that what we see as an odd physical abnormality was the way that Akhenaten wanted to be artistically portrayed. Pharaoh (Arabic ÙØ±Ø¹ÙˆÙ† ) (Hebrew ×¤Ö¼Ö·×¨Ö°×¢Ö¹×” ); is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. ...

Problems of the reign

Crucial evidence about the latter stages of Akhenaten's reign has been provided by the discovery of the Amarna Letters, a cache of diplomatic correspondence discovered in modern times at el-Amarna, the modern designation of the Akhetaten site. This correspondence comprises a priceless collection of incoming messages on clay tablets, sent to Akhetaten from imperial outposts and foreign allies. The letters suggest that Akhenaten's neglect of matters of state were causing disorder across the massive Egyptian empire. The governors and kings of subject domains wrote to beg for gold, and also complained of being snubbed and cheated. Early on in his reign, Akhenaten fell out with the king of Mitanni. He may even have concluded an alliance with the Hittites, who then attacked Mitanni and attempted to carve out their own empire. A group of Egypt's other allies who attempted to rebel against the Hittites were captured, and wrote begging Akhenaten for troops; he evidently did not respond to their pleas. One of the Amarna letters The designation Amarna letters denotes an archive of correspondence, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru. ... Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna) is the name given to an extensive archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Mitanni or Mittani (in Assyrian sources Hanilgalbat, Khanigalbat) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Syria during the later 2nd millennium BC. The name was later used as a geographical term for the area between the Khabur and Euphrates rivers in Neo-Assyrian times. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century...

Plague and pandemic

This Amarna period is also associated with a serious outbreak of a pandemic, possibly the plague, or perhaps the world's first outbreak of influenza, which came from Egypt and spread throughout the Middle East, killing Suppiluliuma I, the Hittite King. The prevalence of disease may help explain the rapidity with which the site of Akhetaten was subsequently abandoned. It may also explain why later generations considered the gods to have turned against the Amarna monarchs. Suppiluliuma I (Shuppiluliuma) was king of the Hittites (ca. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century...

Speculative theories

Akhenaten's status as a religious revolutionary has led to much speculation, ranging from the mainstream to New Age esotericism. He has been called "the first individual in history", as well as the first monotheist, first scientist, and first romantic.^[1] As early as 1899 Flinders Petrie gushingly declared that, New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (3 June 1853 - 28 July 1942) was a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology. ...

H. R. Hall even claimed that the pharaoh was the "first example of the scientific mind".^[3]

The idea of Akhenaten as the pioneer of a monotheistic religion that later became Judaism was promoted by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in his book Moses and Monotheism and thereby entered popular consciousness. Freud argued that Moses had been an Atenist priest forced to leave Egypt with his followers after Akhenaten's death. Monotheism (in Greek Î¼ÏŒÎ½Î¿Ï‚ = single and Î¸ÎµÏŒÏ‚ = God), in contrast with polytheism, is the belief in one god, simply put it is the belief in a single deity. ... Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (IPA: []) (May 6, 1856â€“September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Moses and Monotheism is a book by Sigmund Freud. ...

In vivid contrast, the pro-Nazi Aryanist writer Savitri Devi insisted in her book The Lightning and the Sun that Akenaten's god bore no resemblance to, The Aryan race is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ... Savitri Devi (September 30, 1905 - October 22, 1982) was a Franco-Greek woman who became enamored with Hinduism and National Socialism, linking the Aryan invasion theory to Adolf Hitler, and proclaiming him an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. ... The Lightning and the Sun is a book written by Savitri Devi outlining her philosophy of history with her critique of the modern world. ...

More recently, Ahmed Osman has even claimed that Moses and Akhenaten were the same person,[5] supporting his belief by interpreting aspects of biblical and Egyptian history. Apart from the most obvious correlation, both forms of monotheism arising in a geographically close proximity, there are alleged to be others, including a ban on idol worship and the similarity of the name Aten to the Hebrew Adon, or "Lord". This would mesh with Osman's other claim that Akhenaten's maternal grandfather Yuya was the same person as the Biblical Joseph. Moses or MÃ³she (×žÖ¹×©Ö¶××”, Standard Hebrew MÃ³Å¡e, Tiberian Hebrew MÅÅ¡eh, Arabic Ù…ÙˆØ³Ù‰ Musa, Spanish MoisÃ©s, Ethiopic áˆ™áˆ´ Musse) was a son of Amram and his wife, Jochebed, a Levite. ... The Bible (Hebrew: ×ª× ×´×š tanakh, Greek: Î· Î’Î¯Î²Î»Î¿Ï‚ hÄ“ biblos) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Word of God, The Word Scripture, Scripture), from Greek (Ï„Î±) Î²Î¯Î²Î»Î¹Î±, (ta) biblia, (the) books, is the name used by Jews and Christians for their (differing but overlapping) canons of sacred texts. ... Hathor The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. ... Monotheism (in Greek Î¼ÏŒÎ½Î¿Ï‚ = single and Î¸ÎµÏŒÏ‚ = God), in contrast with polytheism, is the belief in one god, simply put it is the belief in a single deity. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form יהוה (YHWH), the name of God. ... An excavation assistant beside the 2. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Although Freud's and Ahmed Osman's hypotheses have gained acceptance in some quarters (e.g. Laurence Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark; Gary Greenberg, The Moses Mystery: The African Origins of the Jewish People), most mainstream Egyptologists do not take them seriously, pointing out that there are direct connections between early Judaism and other Semitic religious traditions, and that the principal Judaic terms for God, Yahweh and Elohim, have no connection to Aten ^{[citation needed]}. Additionally, Akhenaten appears almost two-centuries before the first archaelogical and written evidence for Judaism and Israelite culture is found in the Levant. Furthermore abundant visual imagery was central to Atenism, which celebrated the natural world, but was proscribed in the ten commandments. It is also known that Yuya's family were part of the regional nobility of Akhmim, in Upper Egypt, which would make it very unlikely that he was an Israelite, as the Egyptians tended to cloister Asiatic settlers in Lower Egypt around the Nile delta region. See Hyksos. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that there are strong similarities between Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten and the Biblical Psalm 104, though whether this implies a direct influence or common literary conventions remains in dispute. Semitic is a linguistic term referring to a subdivision of largely Middle Eastern Afro-Asiatic languages, the Semitic languages, as well as their speakers corresponding cultures, and ethnicities. ... The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (1100 BC to 300 CE), Aramaic (10th Century BC to 0) and modern Hebrew scripts. ... For other uses, see Elohim (disambiguation). ... The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated 1675 decalogue at the Esnoga synagogue of Amsterdam The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, were... Akhmim, or Ekhmim, ia a town of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 67 mi by river south of Assiut, and 4 mi above Suhag, on the opposite side of the river where there is railway communication with Cairo and Assuan. ... Map of Upper and Lower Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. ... For the song by Desmond Dekker see Israelites (song). ... Map of Upper and Lower Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. ... For alternative meanings of Nile, see Nile (disambiguation) The Nile (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù†ÙŠÙ„ an-nÄ«l), in Africa, is one of the two longest rivers on Earth. ... The Hyksos (Egyptian heka khasewet) were an ethnically mixed group of Southwest Asiatic or Semitic people who appeared in the eastern Nile Delta during the Second Intermediate Period. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Psalm 104 Psalm 104 (Psalm 103 in Septuagint based translations) is a poem in the Bible. ...

Another claim was made by Immanuel Velikovsky, in Oedipus and Akhnaton, Myth and History, (Doubleday, 1960). Velikovsky argued that Moses was neither Akhenaton, nor one of his followers. Instead, Velikovsky identifies Akhenaten as the history behind Oedipus and moved the setting from the Greek Thebes to the Egyptian Thebes. Velikovsky also posited that Akhenaten had elephantiasis, producing enlarged legs – Oedipus being Greek for "swollen feet." Immanuel Velikovsky (June 10, 1895 â€“ November 17, 1979). ... Oedipus and the Sphinx, from an 1879 illustration from Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church Oedipus was the mythical king of Thebes, son of Laius and Jocasta, who, unknowingly, killed his father and married his mother. ... Elephantiasis is a syndrome that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs and genitals. ... Oedipus and the Sphinx, from an 1879 illustration from Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church Oedipus was the mythical king of Thebes, son of Laius and Jocasta, who, unknowingly, killed his father and married his mother. ...

Family

Amenhotep IV was married to Nefertiti at the very beginning of his reign, and the couple had six known daughters. This is a list with suggested years of birth: The Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt family tree is complex and unclear, especially at its end. ...

His known consorts were: Meritaten (her name means Beloved of Aten – Aten was the sun-god her father worshipped) was the firstborn of the six daughters of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. ... Meketaten was the second daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. ... Ankhesenpaaten, a. ... A portrait of the young Tutankhamun by Winifred Brunton. ...

Two other lovers have been suggested, but are not widely accepted: Bust of Nefertiti from Berlins Altes Museum. ... Great Royal Wife (or á¸¥mt nswt wrt) is the term used to to refer to the chief wife of an Egyptian pharoah. ... Kiya was a wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. ... Meritaten (her name means Beloved of Aten – Aten was the sun-god her father worshipped) was the firstborn of the six daughters of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. ... Ankhesenpaaten, a. ... Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit (or Ankhesenpaaten-ta-sherit) was the daughter of Ankhesenpaaten and (probably) the Pharaoh Akhenaten, father and husband of Ankhesenpaaten. ... A portrait of the young Tutankhamun by Winifred Brunton. ...

Smenkhkare (sometimes spelled Smenkhare and Smenkare; meaning Strong is the Soul of Ra) was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, successor of the heretic Akhenaten, and predecessor of Tutankhamen. ... Tiy (c. ... Incest is sexual activity between close family members. ... Immanuel Velikovsky (June 10, 1895 (NS) â€“ November 17, 1979) is best known as the author of a number of controversial books on pre-history, particularly Worlds in Collision 1950), Ages in Chaos 1952, and Earth in Upheaval 1956. ... Oedipus and the Sphinx, from an 1879 illustration from Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church Oedipus was the mythical king of Thebes, son of Laius and Jocasta, who, unknowingly, killed his father and married his mother. ... Thebes (in modern Greek: Î˜Î®Î²Î± â€” ThÃva, in ancient Greek and Katharevousa: â€” ThÄ“bai or ThÃvai) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. ... In Greek mythology, Jocasta, also Iocaste (IÎ¿ÎºÎ±ÏƒÏ„Î·) or EpikastÃª, was a daughter of Menocenes. ...

Burial

Akhenaten planned to relocate Egyptian burials on the East side of the Nile (sunrise) rather than on the West side (sunset), in the Royal Wadi in Akhetaten. His body was probably removed after the court returned to Thebes, and reburied somewhere in the Valley of the Kings. His sarcophagus was destroyed but has since been reconstructed and now sits outside in the Cairo Museum. The Royal Wadi (known locally as Wadi Abu Hassah el-Bahari) at Amarna is a where the Royal Family of Amarna were to be buried. ... Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna) is the name given to an extensive archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. ... Thebes [Î˜Î·Î²Î±Î¹ ThÄ“bai] is the Greek designation of ancient Egyptian niwt (The) City and niwt-rst (The) Southern City. It is located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the Nile (25. ... Main entrance of the Egyptian Museum The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to the most extensive collection of pharaonic antiquities in the world. ...

Succession

There is much controversy around whether Amenhotep IV succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, Amenhotep III, or whether there was a co-regency (lasting as long as 12 Years according to some Egyptologists). Current literature by Eric Cline, Nicholas Reeves, Peter Dorman and other scholars comes out strongly against the establishment of a long coregency between the 2 rulers and in favour of either no coregency or a brief one lasting 1 to 2 years, at the most. Egyptologist is the designation given to an archaeologist or historian who specialises in Egyptology, the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and its antiquities. ... Peter Fitzgerald Dorman is an epigraphist, philologist, and cultural anthropologist. ...

Similarly, although it is accepted that both Smenkhkare and Akhenaten himself died in Year 17 of Akhenaten's reign, the question of whether Smenkhkare became co-regent perhaps 2 or 3 years earlier is also unclear, as is whether Smenkhkare survived Akhenaten. If Smenkhkare outlived Akhenaten, becoming sole Pharaoh, he ruled for less than a year.

The next successor was certainly Tutankhaten (later, Tutankhamun), at the age of 9, with the country perhaps being run by the chief vizier (and next Pharaoh), Ay. Tutankhamun is believed to be a younger brother of Smenkhkare and a son of Akhenaten. A portrait of the young Tutankhamun by Winifred Brunton. ... A Vizier (ÙˆØ²ÙŠØ±, sometimes also spelled Vizir, Wasir, Wazir, Wesir, Wezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many oriental languages) is an oriental, originally Persian, term for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan. ... nomen or birth name Kheperkheprure Ay (occasionally Aya or Aye) was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th dynasty. ...

With Akhenaten's death, the Aten cult he had founded gradually fell out of favor. Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun in his Year 2 of his reign (1349 BC or 1332 BC) and abandoned Akhetaten, the city eventually falling into ruin. Temples Akhenaten had built, including the temple at Thebes, were disassembled by his successors Ay and Horemheb, reused as a source of easily available building materials and decorations for their own temples, and inscriptions to Aten defaced.-1... (Redirected from 1332 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC - 1330s BC - 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1338 BC - Queen Tiy of Egypt, Chief Queen... nomen or birth name Kheperkheprure Ay (occasionally Aya or Aye) was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Djeserkheperure Horemheb was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th Dynasty from 1321 BC to early 1292 BC. Horemheb came from Herakleopolis Magna near the entrance to the Fayum. ...

Finally, Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamun, and Ay were excised from the official lists of Pharaohs, which instead reported that Amenhotep III was immediately succeeded by Horemheb. This is thought to be part of an attempt by Horemheb to delete all trace of Atenism and the pharaohs associated with it from the historical record. Akhenaten's name never appeared on any of the king lists compiled by later Pharaohs and it was not until the late 19th century that his identity was re-discovered and the surviving traces of his reign were unearthed by archaeolologists. nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Djeserkheperure Horemheb was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th Dynasty from 1321 BC to early 1292 BC. Horemheb came from Herakleopolis Magna near the entrance to the Fayum. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Akhenaten in the arts

Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann (June 6, 1875 â€“ August 12, 1955) was a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist and essayist, lauded principally for a series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual and... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Savitri Devi (September 30, 1905 - October 22, 1982) was a Franco-Greek woman who became enamored with Hinduism and National Socialism, linking the Aryan invasion theory to Adolf Hitler, and proclaiming him an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Mika Toimi Waltari (September 19, 1908 - August 26, 1979) was a Finnish author, best known for the historical novel The Egyptian. ... A historical novel is a novel in which the story is set among historical events, or more generally, in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the author. ... The Egyptian (in Finnish Sinuhe egyptiläinen) is a historical novel by Mika Waltari. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of... Michael Curtiz (December 24, 1886 - April 10, 1962) was a Hungarian-American film director, whose best known films include The Adventures of Robin Hood, Casablanca, and White Christmas. ... Gwendolyn MacEwen (September 1, 1941-November 29, 1987) was a Canadian novelist and poet. ... Agatha Christie Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE (September 15, 1890 â€“ January 12, 1976), was a British crime fiction writer. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The name Collins may refer to: // Publishers The Collins publishing company, now part of HarperCollins Places Fort Collins, Colorado Collins, Wisconsin People Ansel Collins, a Reggae singer*Carla Collins, an entertainer reporter for CFTO during the 1990s and was the star on an entertainment show Entertainment Now with Dan Moran... Christopher Gore (September 21, 1758 - March 1, 1827) was a prominent Massachusetts lawyer, Federalist politician, and diplomat. ... Philip Glass looks upon sheet music in a portrait taken by Annie Leibovitz. ... The foyer of Charles Garniers OpÃ©ra, Paris, opened 1875 Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content or primary entertainment is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. ... Akhnaten is an opera based on the life and religious convictions of the pharaoh Akhenaten (a. ... Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: Ù†Ø¬ÙŠØ¨ Ù…ØÙÙˆØ¸ ) (born December 11, 1911) is an Egyptian novelist. ... Allen Stuart Drury (September 2, 1918 _ September 2, 1998) was a U.S. novelist. ... AndrÃ©e Chedid is a poet and novelist, born in 1920 in Cairo from Lebanese parents. ... Moyra Caldecott (June 1, 1927) is a British author of historical fiction, fantasy, science fiction and non-fiction. ... Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe; title page of 1719 newspaper edition A novel (from French nouvelle, new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. ... Akhenaten: Son of the Sun is a novel written by Moyra Caldecott in 1986. ... Judith Tarr, (1955 - ) has a B.A. in Latin and English from Mount Holyoke College, an M.A. in Classics from Cambridge University, and an M.A. and Ph. ... For other meanings see Fantasy (disambiguation) Fantasy is a genre of art, literature, film, television, and music that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of either plot, theme, setting, or all three. ... Pillar of Fire is a 1995 historical fantasy by Judith Tarr. ... Moyra Caldecott (June 1, 1927) is a British author of historical fiction, fantasy, science fiction and non-fiction. ... Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe; title page of 1719 newspaper edition A novel (from French nouvelle, new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. ... Lynda S. Robinson is the author of mystery and romance novels (the latter under the name Suzanne Robinson). ... Mystery fiction is a distinct subgenre of detective fiction that entails the occurrence of an unknown event which requires the protagonist to make known (or solve). ... Edgard Félix Pierre Jacobs, (b. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ...

Notes

Further reading

Savitri Devi (September 30, 1905 - October 22, 1982) was a Franco-Greek woman who became enamored with Hinduism and National Socialism, linking the Aryan invasion theory to Adolf Hitler, and proclaiming him an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. ... The Rosicrucian Order, Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis (AMORC) is a worldwide mystical, Rosicrucian, educational, humanitarian and fraternal organisation founded by Harvey Spencer Lewis in 1915. ... The Lightning and the Sun is a book written by Savitri Devi outlining her philosophy of history with her critique of the modern world. ... Immanuel Velikovsky (June 10, 1895 (NS) â€“ November 17, 1979) is best known as the author of a number of controversial books on pre-history, particularly Worlds in Collision 1950), Ages in Chaos 1952, and Earth in Upheaval 1956. ... Doubleday is one of the largest book publishing companies in the world. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ... Donald B. Redford is an influential Canadian Egyptologist and archaeologist, currently Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. ... Graham Phillips is an Australian television presenter. ... Cornell University is a private research university located on the East Hill of Ithaca, New York. ... Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (Doù venons-nous? Que faisons-nous? Où allons-nous?) (1897). ... Tom Holland was born on July 11th, 1943 in Phoughkeepsie, New York, USA. He has directed five movies including: Childs Play Fright Night External Links Tom Holland at the Internet Movie Database Categories: Movie stubs ... Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe; title page of 1719 newspaper edition A novel (from French nouvelle, new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. ... This article is about the calculator. ... See also: 1997 in literature, other events of 1998, 1999 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ...

External links

nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... Pharaoh (Arabic ÙØ±Ø¹ÙˆÙ† ) (Hebrew ×¤Ö¼Ö·×¨Ö°×¢Ö¹×” ); is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. ... The Eighteenth Dynasty was founded by Ahmose, the brother of Kamose, the last ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty. ... Smenkhkare (sometimes spelled Smenkhare and Smenkare; meaning Strong is the Soul of Ra) was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, successor of the heretic Akhenaten, and predecessor of Tutankhamen. ...

Categories: Articles lacking sources | 1333 BC deaths | 1349 BC deaths | 1362 BC births | 1379 BC births | Amarna Period | Pharaohs of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt | Religious leaders Download high resolution version (500x878, 30 KB)The original image was created by Ihcoyc who said: An ankh. ... The following is a list of Ancient Egyptian people. ... Download high resolution version (500x878, 30 KB)The original image was created by Ihcoyc who said: An ankh. ... The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement - this was the first of three so-called Kingdom periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley (the... Front and Back Sides of the Narmer Palette Narmer was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled in the 32nd century BC. Thought to be the successor to the pre-dynastic Serket, he is considered by some to be the founder of the First dynasty. ... Hor-Aha was the 2nd Pharaoh of the 1st dynasty of Ancient Egypt. ... Netjerikhet Djoser (Turin King List Dsr-it; Manetho Tosarthros) is the best-known pharaoh of the Third dynasty of Egypt, for commissioning his vizier Imhotep to build his Step Pyramid at Saqqara. ... Sneferu, Egyptian Museum The Red Pyramid of Sneferu Sneferu, also spelt as Snefru or Snofru (in Greek known as Soris), was the founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, reigning from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC. His name, Snefer, means To make beautiful in Egyptian. ... Statuette of Khufu Khufu (in Greek known as Cheops) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts Old Kingdom. ... Khafre also refers to a block cipher. ... Menkaura clutching short rods in his fists. ... nomen or birth name Pepi II was a ruler of the Sixth dynasty in Egypts Old Kingdom. ... The Middle Kingdom is a period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 1991 BC and 1648 BC. The Eleventh Dynasty The Middle Kingdom has been usually dated to the time when Pharaoh Mentuhotep... nomen or birth name Nebhotepre Mentuhotep II was a Pharaoh of the 11th dynasty, the son of Intef III of Egypt and a minor queen called Iah. ... nomen or birth name Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV was the last king of the 11th Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. ... nomen or birth name Amenemhat III (ca. ... nomen or birth name Queen Sobekneferu (sometimes written as Nefrusobek) was the Egyptian queen of the Twelfth dynasty, who ruled without a king. ... The New Kingdom is the period in Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... An indurated limestone sculpture of Hatshepsut in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. ... nomen or birth name Granite statue of Pharaoh Thutmose III Menkheperre Thutmose III (also written as Tuthmosis III; called Manahpi(r)ya in the Amarna letters) (d. ... nomen or birth name Nebmaatre Amenhotep III (called Nibmu(`w)areya in the Amarna letters) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... A portrait of the young Tutankhamun by Winifred Brunton. ... nomen or birth name Menpehtyre Ramesses I (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 19th dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Menmaatre, or Seti I was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt), the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. According to some historians, he reigned between either 1294 BC or 1290 BC to 1279 BC or 1305... nomen or birth name Ramesses II, Abu Simbel Ramesses II (also known as Ramesses the Great and alternatively transcribed as Ramses and Rameses) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I (Egyptian Å¡Å¡nq), also known as Sheshonk or Sheshonq I (for discussion of the spelling, see Shoshenq), was a Meshwesh Libyan king of Egypt and founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty. ... Piye (whose name was once transliterated as Piankhy) (d. ... Taharqa (also spelled Tirhakah, Taharka, Manethos Tarakos) was king of Egypt, and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, whose reign is usually dated 690 BC to 664 BC. He was also the son of Piye, the Nubian king of Napata who previously conquered Egypt. ... praenomen or throne name nomen or birth name Psammetichus, or Psamtik I, was the first of three kings of the Saite, or Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt. ... Ptolemy I Soter (367 BCâ€“283 BC) was the ruler of Egypt (323 BC - 283 BC) and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty. ... Cleopatra VII Philopator (January 69 BC â€“ August 12, 30 BC) was queen of ancient Egypt, the last member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and hence the last Hellenistic ruler of Egypt. ... Tetisheri was the matriarch of the Egyptian royal family of the late 17th Dynasty and early 18th Dynasty. ... Queen Ahmose-Nefertari of Egypt was the sister-wife of Egypts Pharaoh King Ahmose I. She had two children-Amenhotep I and Aahhotep II, who wed each other and had the Princess Aahmes. ... Queen Ahmose was the mother of Hatshepsut of Egypt. ... Tiy (c. ... Bust of Nefertiti from Berlins Altes Museum. ... Ankhesenpaaten, a. ... A picture of Nefertari taken in her Abu Simbel temple. ... For his relatives and other people with similar names, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ... Imhotep, the one who comes in peace Imhotep (sometimes spelled Immutef, È¦mhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-á¸¥tp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physician known by name to written history. ... Weni was a court official of the 6th dynasty of Ancient Egypt. ... Ahmose, son of Ebana served in the Egyptian military under the pharaohs Tao II Seqenenre, Ahmose, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I. His autobiography has survived intact on the wall of his tomb and has proven a valuable source of information on the late 17th Dynasty and the early 18th Dynasty... Ineofficial of the 18th Dynasty, responsible for major constructions un Egypt| Thutmose II]], Hatshepsut, and Thutmose III. Ineni came from an aristocratic family and likely began his career as an architect under Amenhotep I. Amenhotep I commissioned Ineni to expand the Temple of Karnak. ... Senemut was an 18th dynasty Ancient Egyptian architect and government official. ... An excavation assistant beside the 2. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Maya (Egyptian official). ... Yuny was an official through the reign of Ramesses II, in the 19th Dynasty, serving as chief scribe of the court, the overseer of priests, and royal steward. ... Manetho, also known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolematic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). ... Pothinus (early 1st Century BC - 48 or 47 BC) was regent for Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt. ...

Contents

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