Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both its physical habitat, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors like climate and geology, as well... Ecology is generally spoken of as a new science, really not coming into prominence before the middle of the 20th Century. Nonetheless, ecological thinking at some level has been around for a long time, and the principles of ecology have developed gradually, closely intertwined with the development of other biological disciplines. Thus, one of the first ecologists may have been This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Aristotle (sculpture) Aristotle (Greek Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. Along with Plato... Aristotle or perhaps his student, Theophrastus, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, was born c. 372 BC. His original name was Tyrtamus, but he later became known by the nickname Theophrastus, given to him, it is said, by Aristotle to indicate the grace of his conversation. After... Theophrastus, both of whom had interest in many species of animals. Theophrastus described interrelationships between animals and between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC (Ramalay, 1940).

18th and 19th century ~ Ecological murmurs

The botanical geography and Alexander von Humboldt

Throughout the (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th and the beginning of the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century, the great maritime powers such as Britain, Spain, and Portugal launched many world exploratory expeditions to develop maritime commerce with other countries, and to discover new natural resources, as well as to catalog them. At the beginning of the (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th century, about twenty thousand plant species were known, versus forty thousand at the beginning of the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century, and almost 400,000 today.

These expeditions were joined by many scientists, including Botany is the scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also sometimes referred to as plant science(s) or plant biology. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, and evolution of plants. Nearly all the food... botanists, such as the German explorer Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von Humboldt, (September 14, 1769, Berlin - May 6, 1859, Berlin), was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. Alexander von Humboldt Introduction Brief description of Humboldts travels Between 1799 and 1804, von Humboldt travelled... Alexander von Humboldt. Humboldt is often considered a father of ecology. He was the first to take on the study of the relationship between organisms and their An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. An environment may be thought of as a superset, of which the given system is a subset. An environment may have one or more parameters, physical or otherwise. The... environment. He exposed the existing relationships between observed plant species and The climate (ancient Greek: κλίμα) is the weather averaged over a long period of time. A descriptive saying is that climate is what you expect, weather is what you get. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) glossary definition is: Climate in a narrow sense is... climate, and described vegetation zones using Latitude, denoted φ, gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the Equator. A regions latitude has a great effect on its climate and weather. Latitude is an angular measurement ranging from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the poles. Other latitudes of particular... latitude and Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum, called zero level. Most often this level is defined as the absolute sea level, but it can vary. In aviation, the term altitude is used to describe elevation above mean sea level, the term height refers to... altitude, a discipline now known as geobotany.

In 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Events January January 1 - End of French rule in Haiti February February 14 - First Serbian Uprising began. February 15 - New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery February 16 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the... 1804, for example, he reported an impressive number of species, particularly plants, for which he sought to explain their geographic distribution with respect to Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. Geologists have helped establish the age of the Earth at about 4.5... geological data. One of Humboldt's famous works was "Idea for a Plant Geography" ( Events January 11 - Michigan Territory is created. February 15 - Harmony Society officially formed March 1 - Justice Samuel Chase acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate April 27 - United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The Shores of Tripoli). May 26 - In Milans cathedral... 1805).

Other important botanists of the time included Aimé Bonpland and Eugenius Warming.

The notion of biocoenosis: Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

Towards Events January 4 - The first American ice-skating club is formed (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). January 29 - Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress February 28 - University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah March 7 - United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his Seventh of March... 1850 there was a breakthrough in the field with the publishing of the work of For other possible meanings see Darwin (disambiguation) Charles Darwin, about the same time as the publication of The Origin of Species. Charles Robert Darwin ( 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist whose revolutionary theory laid the foundation for both the modern theory of evolution and the... Charles Darwin on The 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species First published in 1859, The Origin of Species (full title On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) by British naturalist Charles Darwin is one of the pivotal... The Origin of Species: Ecology passed from a repetitive, mechanical model to a biological, organic, and hence This article is about biological evolution. For other possible meanings, see Evolution (disambiguation). Charles Darwin, the father of evolutionary theory Evolution generally refers to any process of change over time. In the context of life science, evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population of interbreeding individuals... evolutionary model.

Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (January 8, 1823 — November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. Wallaces independent proposal of a theory of evolution by natural selection prompted Charles Darwin to reveal his own more developed and researched, but unpublished, theory sooner than he... Alfred Russel Wallace, contemporary and competitor to Darwin, was first to propose a "geography" of animal species. Several authors recognized at the time that species were not independent of each other, and grouped them into plant species, animal species, and later into communities of living beings or biocoenosis. This term was coined in 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). Events January - April January 1 - Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act, introduced by United Kingdom Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. January 8 - Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United... 1877 by Karl Möbius.

Early 20th century ~ Expansion of ecological thought

The biosphere - Eduard Suess and Vladimir Vernadsky

By the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century, ecology blossomed due to new discoveries in -1... chemistry by Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 - May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. He stated the first version of the Law of Conservation of Matter, recognized and named oxygen (1778), disproved the phlogiston theory, and helped to reform chemical... Lavoisier and de Saussure, notably the The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical cycle. It describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. Nitrogen cycle: The flow of Nitrogen through the environment The major source of nitrogen is air, which is about 78 percent N2 by volume. Nitrogen is essential for many biogical processes... nitrogen cycle. After observing the fact that life developed only within strict limits of each compartment that makes up the Earths atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. It contains about four-fifths nitrogen and one-fifth oxygen, with trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes... atmosphere, Hydrosphere (Greek hydro- means water) in physical geography, describes the collective mass of water that is found under, on and over the surface of a planet. On Earth, the water cycle is the method of transport for water in the hydrosphere. This includes water under the Earths surface and... hydrosphere, and The lithosphere (from the Greek for rocky sphere) is the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet. On the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost layer of the mantle. It floats on the more plastic asthenosphere. The thickness of the lithosphere varies from around 1.6 km... lithosphere, the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (August 20, 1831 – April 26, 1914) was a 19th century geologist who was an expert on the geography of the Alps. He is responsible for discovering two of the Earths major now-lost geographical features, the supercontinent Gondwana and the Tethys Ocean. Born in London to... Eduard Suess proposed the term A biosphere is that part of a planets terrestrial system— including air, land and water— in which life develops, and which life processes in turn transform. It is the collective creation of a variety of organisms and species which form the diversity of the ecosystem. From the... biosphere in 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January - April January 12 - Kwang-su becomes emperor of China. February 27 - Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by... 1875. Suess proposed the name biosphere for the conditions promoting life, such as those found on Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. It is the largest of the solar systems terrestrial planets, and the only planetary body that modern science confirms as harboring life. The planet formed around 4.5 billion (4.5×109) years... Earth, which includes Flora is a collective term for plant life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna. In botany, the term refers to a listing of the species of plants found in a specified area, and in that respect differs from the term vegetation, which is any description of the plants observed... flora, Fauna is a collective term for animal life. The corresponding term for plants is flora. Technically, the proper term for fauna plus flora is biota, but fauna is often used instead. In zoology and paleontology the term is often used to refer to the typical collection of animals (and sometimes... fauna, Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term mineral encompasses not only the materials chemical composition but also the mineral structures. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic compounds are usually excluded). The study... minerals, In ecology, a biogeochemical cycle is a circuit where a nutrient moves back and forth between both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Some cycles are nitrogen cycle oxygen cycle carbon cycle phosphorus cycle sulfur cycle water cycle hydrogen cycle Categories: Science stubs ... matter cycles, et cetera.

In the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Referred to as the Roaring 20s. Events and trends Technology John Logie Baird invents the first working television system... 1920s Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (Владимир Иванович Вернадский) (March 12, 1863, N.S. [ February 28, O.S. ] – January 6, 1945) was a Russian mineralogist and geochemist who first... Vladimir I. Vernadsky, a Russian geologist who had defected to France, detailed the idea of the biosphere in his work "The biosphere" ( 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-April January 1 - Irelands first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting. January 8 - Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud becomes the King of Hejaz January 12 - Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll... 1926), and described the fundamental principles of the In ecology, a biogeochemical cycle is a circuit where a nutrient moves back and forth between both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Some cycles are nitrogen cycle oxygen cycle carbon cycle phosphorus cycle sulfur cycle water cycle hydrogen cycle Categories: Science stubs ... biogeochemical cycles. He thus redefined the biosphere as the sum of all In ecology, an ecosystem is a community of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms - also referred as biocenose) together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a unit. The term ecosystem first appeared in a 1935 publication by the British ecologist Arthur Tansley. However, the term had been coined... ecosystems.

First ecological damages were reported in the (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th century, as the multiplication of colonies caused MARKO IS A FAG ... deforestation. Since the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century, with the The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered automated machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing). The technological and economic progress of the... industrial revolution, more and more pressing concerns have grown about the impact of human activity on the An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. An environment may be thought of as a superset, of which the given system is a subset. An environment may have one or more parameters, physical or otherwise. The... environment. The term Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both its physical habitat, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors like climate and geology, as well... ecologist has been in use since the end of the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century.

The ecosystem: Arthur Tansley

Over the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century, botanical geography and zoogeography combined to form the basis of Biogeography is the science which deals with questions of the distribution of species usually at regional to continental scales. The patterns of species distribution at this level can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors in combination with the area and isolation of landmasses, in combination with the... biogeography. This science, which deals with habitats of species, seeks to explain the reasons for the presence of certain species in a given location.

It was in 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 - Italian colonies of Tripoli and Kyrenaika are joined together as Libya January 7 - Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French foreign minister Pierre Laval conclude agreement in which each power undertakes not to... 1935 that Sir Arthur George Tansley (1871 - 1955) was an English botanist who was a pioneer in the science of plant ecology. He coined the term ecosystem in 1935. He was one of the founders of the British Ecological Society, and editor of the Journal of Ecology for twenty years. Categories: People... Arthur Tansley, the British Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both its physical habitat, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors like climate and geology, as well... ecologist, coined the term In ecology, an ecosystem is a community of organisms (plant, animal and other living organisms - also referred as biocenose) together with their environment (or biotope), functioning as a unit. The term ecosystem first appeared in a 1935 publication by the British ecologist Arthur Tansley. However, the term had been coined... ecosystem, the interactive system established between the biocoenosis (the group of living creatures), and their A biotope is a region environmentally uniform in conditions and in the flora and fauna which live there. Within a biocenose, a biotope constitutes a specific climate, as an evolution of the new biotope. In that way, life can be conserved, though at the expense of species demographic stability and... biotope, the environment in which they live. Ecology thus became the science of ecosystems.

Tansley's concept of the ecosystem was adopted by the energetic and influential biology educator Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002) is considered to have been one of the most influential figures in the science of ecology in the twentieth century. Eugene Odum is, in fact, often referred to as the father of ecosystem ecology. The average schoolchild of today knows that humans (along with other... Eugene Odum. Along with his brother, Howard Thomas Odum (1924-2002) was the son of the noted sociologist Howard W. Odum, and brother of the seminal American ecologist, educator, and author Eugene Pleasants Odum. Howard T. Odum earned his B.S. in zoology (Phi Beta Kappa) at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in 1947... Howard Odum, Eugene P. Odum wrote a textbook which (starting in 1953) educated more than one generation of biologists and ecologists in North America.

Human ecology

Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between humans and their (natural) environment. Human ecology investigates how humans and human societies interact with nature and with their environment. Establishing the field of human ecology In the USA, human ecology was established as a sociological field in... Human ecology began in the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Referred to as the Roaring 20s. Events and trends Technology John Logie Baird invents the first working television system... 1920s, through the study of changes in vegetation succession in the city of Chicagos skyline at day Chicago is the third largest city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles, with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 US Census. It is the fourth largest city in North America and the seventh largest in... Chicago. It became a distinct field of study in the 1970s - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ 1970s From Wikipedia Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of... 1970s. This marked the first recognition that humans, who had colonized all of the Earth's Dymaxion map by Buckminster Fuller shows land mass with minimal distortion as only one continuous continent A continent (Latin continere, to hold together) is a large continuous mass of land on the planet Earth. There is no single standard for what defines a continent, and therefore various cultures and sciences... continents, were a major Ecological factors which can affect dynamic change in a population or species in a given ecology or environment are usually divided into two groups: abiotic and biotic. Abiotic factors are those such as water, air, light, temperature, and area. Biotic factors are those such as food supply and prey, predators... ecological factor. Humans greatly modify the environment through the development of the habitat (in particular Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. Other professions deal in more detail with a smaller scale of development, namely architecture and urban design. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level. The Greek... urban planning), by intensive exploitation activities such as For another article about a different type of logging, see data logging. Loggers on break, c. 1910 Logging is the practice of cutting down trees, then cutting out their central boles (the clear trunk or central stem) and possibly branches in order to use the wood directly or to market... logging and Fishing from a Pier Fishing is both the recreation and sport of catching fish (for food or as a trophy), and the commercial fishing industry of catching or harvesting seafood (either fish or other aquatic life-forms, such as shellfish). Fishing is done in a river, canal, lake, sea or... fishing, and as side effects of Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals ( livestock). Agriculture is also known as farming. More people in the world are involved in agriculture as their primary economic... agriculture, The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials commonly recovered by mining include bauxite, coal... mining, and Industry - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ Industry From Wikipedia An industry is generally any grouping of businesses that share a common method of generating profits, such as the movie industry, the automobile industry, or the cattle industry. It is... industry. Besides ecology and biology, this discipline involved many other natural and social sciences, such as Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος = human) consists of the study of humankind (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. Central to anthropology is the concept... anthropology and Ethnologyis a genre of cultural anthropology and| anthropological study, involving the systematic comparison of the beliefs and practices of different societies. Among its goals are the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of laws of culture and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about human nature. List... ethnology, Economics is the social science studying production and consumption through measurable variables. It involves analysing the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. Economics is said to be positive when it attempts to explain the consequences of different choices given a set of assumptions and normative when it... economics, Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration and ageing. Demographic analysis can relate to whole societies or to groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality... demography, This article is about the built environment. For other uses of the term Architecture see Architecture (disambiguation) Architecture (in Greek αρχή = first and τέχνη = craftsmanship) is the art and science of designing buildings. A wider definition would include within its scope the design... architecture and Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. Other professions deal in more detail with a smaller scale of development, namely architecture and urban design. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level. The Greek... urban planning, See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. This article is about medical practice. Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health. Broadly, it is the practical science of preventing and curing diseases. However, medicine often refers more specifically to... medicine and Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. It is largely concerned with humans, although the behaviour and thought of other animals is also studied; either as a subject in its own right (see animal cognition), or more controversially, as a way... psychology, and many more. The development of human ecology led to the increasing role of ecological science in the design and management of CITY (often referred to as Citytv Toronto or just City) is a television station based in Toronto, Ontario. Owned by CHUM Limited, it is Canadas third-oldest UHF television station and the flagship station of the Citytv system. Broadcasting for the first time on September 28, 1972, CITY was... cities.

In recent years human ecology has been a topic that has interested organizational researchers. Hannan and Freeman (Population Ecology of Organizations (1977), American Journal of Sociology) argue that organizations do not only adapt to an environment. Instead it is also the environment that selects or rejects populations of Alternative meaning: Organisation (band). An organization (also organisation in many Commonwealth countries) is a formal group of people with one or more shared goals. This topic is a broad one. According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into five types: Pyramids or hierarchies Committees or juries Matrix organisations... organizations. In any given environment (in For the 2002 science fiction movie see Equilibrium (2002 movie) Equilibrium or balance is any of a number of related phenomena in the natural and social sciences. In general, a system is said to be in a state of equilibrium if all influences on the system are cancelled by the... equilibrium) there will only be one form of organization ( In mathematics, an isomorphism (in Greek isos = equal and morphe = shape) is a kind of interesting mapping between objects. Douglas Hofstadter provides an informal definition: The word isomorphism applies when two complex structures can be mapped onto each other, in such a way that to each part of one structure... isomorphism). Organizational ecology has been a prominent theory in accounting for diversities of organizations and their changing composition over time.

Modern ecology comes of age

James Lovelock and the Gaia hypothesis

The A Gaia theory is a class of scientific models of the biosphere in which life fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by affecting Earths environment. The first such theory was created by the English atmospheric scientist James Lovelock in 1969. He hypothesized that the living matter of the... Gaia theory, proposed by James Ephraim Lovelock (born July 26, 1919), FRS, is an independent scientist, author, researcher and environmentalist who lives in Cornwall, in the west of England. He is most famous for proposing and popularizing the Gaia hypothesis, in which he postulates that the Earth functions as a kind of superorganism (term... James Lovelock, in his work Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, advanced the view that the Earth should be regarded as a single living macro-organism. In particular, it argued that the ensemble of living organisms has jointly evolved an ability to control the global environment — by influencing major physical parameters as the composition of the atmosphere, the evaporation rate, the chemistry of soils and oceans — so as to maintain conditions favorable to life.

This vision was largely a sign of the times, in particular the growing perception after the Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... Second World War that human activities such as Nuclear power station at Leibstadt, Switzerland. The nuclear reactor is inside the dome-shaped containment building. A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear explosion, where the chain reaction occurs in a split... nuclear energy, Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state (c.f.). This social and economic change is closely intertwined with technological innovation, particularly the development... industrialization, The Lachine Canal, in Montreal, is badly polluted Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. Generally the process needs to result from human activity to be regarded as pollution. Even relatively benign products of human activity are liable to be regarded as pollution, if... pollution, and overexploitation of -1... natural resources, fueled by exponential population growth, were threatening to create catastrophes on a planetary scale. Thus Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis, while controversial among scientists, was embraced by many Environmental movement is a term often used for any social or political movement directed towards the preservation, restoration, or enhancement of the natural environment. Here are some of the most prominent and well-defined examples: The North American Conservation movement dating at least to John James Audubon which sought to... environmental movements as an inspiring view: their Earth-mother, Gaia philosophy (named after Gaia, the Greek goddess of the Earth) is a broadly inclusive term for related concepts that living organisms on a planet will affect the nature of their environment – to make it more suitable for life. This set of theories holds that all organisms on... Gaia, was "becoming sick from humans and their activities".

Conservation and environmental movements

Since the 19th century, ecology has been relevant to Environmental movement is a term often used for any social or political movement directed towards the preservation, restoration, or enhancement of the natural environment. Here are some of the most prominent and well-defined examples: The North American Conservation movement dating at least to John James Audubon which sought to... social and philosophical movements related to protection of the In politics and other non-technical contexts, nature or (the) (natural) environment often refers to that part of the natural world that people deem important or valuable, for any reason — economic, aesthetic, philosophical, hedonistic, sentimental, etc.. The word ecology is often used in this same sense. It is the... natural environment, such as The Conservation movement was an American invention of John Audubon and others who invoked Christian reverence for the Creation to protect natural habitat from man in the 19th century. They lobbied consistently for parks and human exclusion from the wild. They saw humans as apart from nature, in line with... conservationism and Environmentalism is activism aimed at improving the environment, particularly nature. This activism is usually based on the ideology of an environmental movement, and often takes the form of public education programs, advocacy, legislation and treaties. Pollution One concern common to most types of environmentalism is opposing pollution. In this sense... environmentalism. Today ecology is a major Political ecology is an umbrella term for a variety of projects that involve politics and the environment. These projects generally fall within one of three types: attempts to study politics using the language and methods of ecology (in other words, the claim that, like species of plants and animals, societies... political topic, and a source of An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a science of ideas. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common... ideology for major political organizations such as the This article is about the green parties around the world. It describes differences between green parties in a broader sense and Green Parties in a narrower sense. Formally organized political parties (and political movements) based on the Four Pillars of the Green Party and similar value systems are referred to... Green Party and Greenpeace is an international environmental organization founded in Canada in 1971. Greenpeace has acquired a reputation for the dramatic use of nonviolent direct action in campaigns to stop atmospheric nuclear testing and to bring an end to high-seas whaling. In recent years, the focus of the organisation has turned... Greenpeace.

Ecology and global policy

Ecology became a central part of the World's politics as early as 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). Events January January 1 - British divorce Reform Act comes into force January 2 - 66 die in stairway crush at Rangers v Celtic football match, Glasgow, Scotland. See Ibrox disaster. January 2 - A ban on television cigarette advertisements... 1971, UNESCO logo The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations system established in 1946. The Organization’s main objective is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture... UNESCO launched a research program called Man and Biosphere, with the objective of increasing knowledge about the mutual relationship between humans and nature. A few years later it defined the concept of A Biosphere Reserve is an international conservation designation for reserves designated by UNESCO under the MaB (Man and the Biosphere) Programme. Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal / marine ecosystems, where, through appropriate zoning and management, the conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity are combined with the sustainable use... Biosphere Reserve.

In 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. Events January January 2 - the Pierre Hotel Heist - Six men rob the safety deposit boxes of the Pierre Hotel in New York City. Loot is at least $4 million January 5 - President of the United States Richard Nixon orders the... 1972, the The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization made up of 191 states established in 1945. With the notable exception of the Holy See/ Vatican City (which is the sole permanent observer state), all countries recognized by the CIA as first-level sovereign entities, are members. Other entities recognized... United Nations held the first international conference on the human environment in Stockholm [, ] is the capital and the largest City of Sweden. The City of Stockholm is administratively a municipality within Stockholm County, the population of the city proper is 761,721 (2004), with the suburbs included, the population is 1,695,946 (2004) (Stockholm County except Norrtälje, Nykvarn, Nynäshamn... Stockholm, prepared by Rene Dubos and other experts. This conference was the origin of the phrase "Think Globally, Act Locally". The next major events in ecology were the development of the concept of biosphere and the appearance of terms "biological diversity" -- or now more commonly Biodiversity or biological diversity is a neologism and a portmanteau word, from bio and diversity. It is the diversity of and in living nature. Diversity, at its heart, implies the number of different kinds of objects, such as species. However, defining biodiversity or measures of biodiversity, is not so simple... biodiversity -- in the Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium Events and trends Technology Bulletin board system popularity Popularization of personal computers, Walkmans, VHS videocassette recorders, and compact disc (CD) players Introduction of the IBM PC Home video games become enormously popular, most notably Atari until the market crashes in 1983; the rise... 1980s. These terms were developed during the The Earth Summit (in Portuguese: Eco 92) is the informal and best-known name for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992, was unprecedented for a United Nations conference, in terms of both... Earth Summit in Ipanema beach A NASA satellite image of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (meaning River of January in Portuguese) is the name of both a state and a city in southeastern Brazil. The city is famous for the hotel-lined tourist beaches Copacabana and Ipanema, for the giant statue of... Rio de Janeiro in 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January January - The Internet Society is formed. January 1 Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General George H. W. Bush becomes the first... 1992, where the concept of the biosphere was recognized by the major international organizations, and risks associated with reductions in biodiversity were publicly acknowledged.

Then, in 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Reef. Events January January 3 - NBCs Today Show Bryant Gumbel signs off for the last time January 8 - Mister Rogers receives a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame... 1997, the dangers the biosphere was facing were recognized from an international point of view at the conference leading to the Earth as seen by Apollo 17 The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five... Kyoto Protocol. In particular, this conference highlighted the increasing dangers of the The greenhouse effect first discovered by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in 1824 is the process by which an atmosphere warms a planet. Mars, Venus and other celestial bodies with atmospheres (such as Titan) have greenhouse effects, but for simplicity the rest of this article will refer to the case of... greenhouse effect -- related to the increasing concentration of Greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect. The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor, which in the cloudless case causes (see note below) about 60-70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth, carbon dioxide (about 26%) and ozone. [1] Minor greenhouse gases... greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to The term climate change is used to refer to changes in the Earths climate. In the most general sense, it can be taken to mean changes over all timescales and in all of the components of climate, including precipitation and clouds as well as temperature. Climate changes can be... global changes in climate. In Location of Kyoto, on the main island of Japan Kyoto (Japanese: 京都市; Kyōto-shi) is a city in Japan that has a population of 1.5 million and time zone of UTC + 9 hours. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of... Kyoto, most of the world's nations recognized the importance of looking at ecology from a global point of view, on a worldwide scale, and to take into account the impact of humans on the Earth's environment.

References

• Humboldt, A. von. 1805. Essai sur la géographie des plantes, accompagné d’un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales, fondé sur les mésures exécutées, depuis le dixième degré de latitude boréale jusqu’au dixième degré de latitude australe, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, et 1903 par A. De Humboldt et A. Bonpland. Paris: Chez Levrault, Schoelle et Cie. Sherborn Fund Fascimile No.1.

• _______. 1805. Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland. Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent. 5e partie. “Essai sur la géographie des plantes”. Paris. Facs intégral de l’édition Paris 1905-1834 par Amsterdam: Theatrum orbis terrarum Ltd., 1973.

• _______. 1807. Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Facs.ed. London 1959. His essay on “On Isothermal Lines” was published serially in English translation in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal from 1820 to 1822.

• Ramalay, Francis. 1940. The growth of a science. Univ. Colorado Stud., 26: 3-14.