The History of Ireland is the history of a large island in the north-west of Europe. ... Newgrange, a famous Irish passage tomb built c3,200 BC // The Mesolithic (8000 BC - 4500 BC) What little is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology. ... The History of Ireland is the history of a large island in the north-west of Europe. ... The Early Medieval era in Ireland, from 800 to 1166 is characterised by Viking raids, then settlement, in what had become a stable and wealthy country. ... A tower house near Quin. ... Early Modern Ireland is a pivotal era in the countrys history. ... From 1801 to 1922 the whole island of Ireland formed a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK). ... The state known today as the Republic of Ireland came into being when twenty-six of the counties of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1922. ... The area now known as Northern Ireland has had a diverse history. ...

History until the Enlightenment

The first settlers in Ireland were seafarers who survived largely by fishing, hunting and gathering. This was the extent of the Irish ec [Cork]], which supplied England, the British navy and the sugar islands of the West Indies. The bishop of Cloyne wondered "how a foreigner could possibly conceive that half the inhabitants are dying of hunger in a country so abundant in foodstuffs?"². In the 1780s, under pressure from salted meat exported from the Baltic and from the United States, the Anglo-Irish landowners rapidly switched to growing grain for export, while the Irish themselves ate potatoes and groats. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. ... A hunter on horseback shoots at deer or elk with a bow. ... The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... The Baltic Sea The Baltic region (sometimes briefly The Baltics) is an ambiguous term used to denominate an arbitrary region connected to the Baltic Sea (also called The Baltics). ... Groats are the hulled and crushed grains of various cereals, such as oats, wheat or buckwheat. ...

19th century

For much of the 1800s, the only factories in Ireland were the textile mills of the north, and the Guinness brewery and the Jacobs biscuit factory in Dublin. For much of the period the Irish economy existed solely to provide cheap raw materials to the far more industrialised British economy such as timber, beef, vegetables and marble. Ireland underwent major highs and lows economically during the nineteenth century: from economic booms during the Napoleonic Wars and in the late nineteenth century (when it experienced a surge in economic growth unmatched until the 'Celtic Tiger' boom of the 1990s), to severe economic downturns and a series of famines, the latest threatening in 1879. The worst of these was the Great Famine of 1846-1848, in which about 750,000 people died and another million were forced to emigrate, with millions more leaving in the following decades. Events and Trends Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815). ... Arthur Guinness Son & Co. ... A.J. Jacobs is an American journalist and author. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... material is the substance or matter from which something is or can be made, or also items needed for doing or creating something. ... Combatants Allies: • Great Britain/United Kingdom, • Prussia, • Austria, • Sweden, • Russia • France • Denmark-Norway • Poland Casualties Full list Full list The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... Cartoon of the Celtic Tiger - the press media in Ireland use pictures of green striped tigers to symbolise or sometimes mock the Celtic Tiger The Celtic Tiger is a nickname for the Republic of Ireland during its period of rapid economic growth between the 1990s and 2001 or 2002. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Bridget ODonnell and her two children during the famine The Great Famine or the Great Hunger (Irish: An Gorta Mór or An Drochshaol), known more commonly outside of Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine, is the name given to a famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Ireland's economic problems were in part the result of the small size of Irish landholdings. In particular, both the law and social tradition provided for subdivision of land, with all sons inheriting equal shares in a farm, meaning that farms became so small that only one crop, potatoes, could be grown in sufficient amounts to feed a family. Furthermore many estates, from whom the small farners rented, were poorly run by absentee landlords and in many cases heavily mortgaged. Absentee landlord is an economic term for a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the propertys local economic region. ...

When potato blight hit the island in 1845, much of the rural population was left without food. Unfortunately at this time British politicians such as the Prime Minister Robert Peel were wedded to a strict laissez-faire economic policy, which argued against state intervention of any sort. While enormous sums were raised by private individuals and charities (Native Americans sent supplies, while Queen Victoria personally gave the equivalent in modern money of €70,000) British government inaction (or at least inadequate action) led to a problem becoming a catastrophe; the class of cottiers or farm labourers was virtually wiped out. Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) is a serious disease of the potato plant. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the British Prime Minister. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... An Atsina named Assiniboin Boy Photo by Edward S. Curtis. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the eminent Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June, 1837, and Empress of India from 1 January, 1877, until her death in 1901. ...

The famine spawned the first mass wave of Irish emigration to the United States. There was also a large amount of emigration to England, Scotland, Canada, and Australia. This had the long term consequence of creating a large and influential Irish diaspora, particularly in the United States, who supported and financed different Irish independence movements, beginning with the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... The Irish diaspora consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Africa and states of the Caribbean and continental Europe. ... Irish Republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a united independent republic. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) played an important role in the history of Ireland. ...

History since partition

Main articles:

• Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
• History of Northern Ireland

After the War of Independence, most of Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom. Twenty-six counties of Ireland became the Irish Free State, while the other six remained in the Union as Northern Ireland. There had already been a significant economic divide between these two parts of Ireland, but following partition both regions further diverged, with Belfast, as the North's economic centre, and Dublin becoming the capital of the Free State. Partition had a devastating effect on what became Ireland's border area. County Donegal for example was economically separated from its natural regional economic centre of Derry. The rail network struggled to operate across two economic areas, finally closing across a vast swath of Ireland's border area (the only cross-border route left being that between Belfast and Dublin). In general the economy of the Republic was much weaker than that of the North throughout the twentieth century, with the situation only reversing due to the 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland, and the Celtic Tiger era in the Republic. The Irish pound served as the countrys currency from 1928 until 2002 The state known today as the Republic of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922. ... The area now known as Northern Ireland has had a diverse history. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First Dáil, the extra-legal Irish parliament... The island of Ireland has 32 counties, with Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland being nicknamed respectively the six counties and the twenty-six counties. ... The Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) (1922–1937) was the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties that were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and... Dieu et mon droit (motto) (French for God and my right)2 Northern Irelands location within the UK Main language English Other recognised languages Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain MP Area  - Total Ranked 4th... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: coord}}}_N_{{{west coord}}}_W_{{{region:IE_type:city}}} {{{north coord}}}° N {{{west coord}}}° W Irish Grid Reference grid}}} {{{irish grid}}} Statistics Province: Ulster County: District: County Town: Lifford Code: DL Area: 4,841 km² Elevation: Population: Website: www. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ... Rail services in Ireland are provided by Iarnród Éireann in the Republic of Ireland, and by Northern Ireland Railways in Northern Ireland. ... The Troubles is a term used to describe two periods of violence in Ireland during the twentieth century. ...

Footnotes

1. See: Braudel, F, 1979.
2. See: Plumb, J.H., 1973.

Sources

• Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, vol III of Civilization and Capitalism (1979, in English 1985)
• Plumb, J.H., England in the 18th Century, 1973: "The Irish Empire"

Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ...

See also

• Economy of the Republic of Ireland