The economy of ancient Greece was characterized by the extreme importance of agriculture, all the more so because of the relative poverty of Greece's soil. Beginning in the 6th century B.C., craftsmanship and commerce (principally maritime) developed and became increasingly more important in the classical period. The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ... (7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC - other centuries) (600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Cyrus the Great conquered many... An artisan, also called a craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Sea as seen from jetty in Frankston, Australia Look up maritime in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

It should be noted that the idea of an "economy" as it is understood today is relatively anachronistic when used to refer to ancient Greece. The Greek word oikonomia (οἰκονομία) designates mainly the oikos (οἶκος), meaning the home or hearth. Thus Xenophon's dialogue entitled Oeconomicus is concerned with household management and agriculture. The Greeks had no precise term to designate the processes of production and exchange. The economist Murray Rothbard, however, notes that ancient Greek philosophers grappled with questions that today would be identified as economic^[1]. An anachronism (from Greek ana, back, and chronos, time) is an artifact that belongs to another time, a person who seems to be displaced in time (i. ... Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , c. ... This article or section needs to be wikified. ... Household management is the act of overseeing the organizational, financial, and day-to-day operations of a house or estate. ... Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was a highly influential American economist, historian and natural law theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ...

Agriculture

The Greeks harvested many different food items at many different times. wheat was the most famous of the Greek foods

The olive tree, one of the bases of Greek agriculture - shown here at Karystos, Euboea.

Main article: Agriculture of Ancient Greece

Agriculture was the foundation of the ancient Greek economy. Since ancient times, Greek agriculture has been based on the "Mediterranean trinity": cereals, olive oil, and grapes. However, because of natural constraints, production soon proved insufficient to satisfy demand. The soil's "stinginess" or "tightness" (Ancient Greek: stenokhôría, στενοχωρία) explains Greek colonialism and the importance of the cleruchies of Asia Minor in controlling the supply of wheat. The olive tree and grapevine were complemented by the cultivation of herbs, vegetables, and oil-producing plants. Husbandry was badly developed due to a lack of available land. Sheep and goats were the most common types of livestock. Woods were heavily exploited, first for domestic use and eventually to build triremes. Bees were kept to produce honey, the only source of sugar known to the ancient Greeks. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2272, 2648 KB) Old olive tree near Karystos, Eboeia, Greece. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2272, 2648 KB) Old olive tree near Karystos, Eboeia, Greece. ... General info Karystos is a small coastal town on the Greek island of Euboea. ... Euboea or Negropont (Modern Greek: Εύβοια Evia, Ancient Greek Εúβοια Eúboia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. ... The olive; a foundation of Greek agriculture — here in Karystos, Euboea Agriculture was the foundation of the Ancient Greek economy. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... This article is about cereals in general. ... A bottle of olive oil. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Colonies in antiquity were city-states founded from a mother-city, not from a territory-at-large. ... A cleruchy, in Hellenic Greece, was a specialised type of colony established by Athens. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ... Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hÉ™()b, or É™b; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty. ... A plate of vegetables Vegetable is a culinary term which generally refers to an edible part of a plant. ... In general stewardship is responsibility for taking good care of resources entrusted to one. ... Species See text. ... For the animal, see goat. ... A Greek trireme. ... Families Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae Bees are flying insects, closely related to wasps and ants. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ...

Since it was so labor-intensive, agriculture employed up to 80% of the Greek population. Agricultural work followed the rhythm of the seasons: harvesting olives and trimming grapevines at the beginning of autumn and the end of winter, setting aside fallow land in the spring, harvesting cereals in the summer, cutting wood, sowing seeds, and harvesting grapes in autumn. Growing the same crop repeatedly in the same place eventually depletes the soil of various nutrients. ...

In the ancient era, most land was held by the aristocracy. During the 7th century BCE, demographic expansion and the distribution of successions created tensions between these landowners and the peasants. In Athens, the crisis was resolved by Solon's reforms, which eliminated debt bondage and protected the peasant class. Nonetheless, the Greek aristocrat's domains remained small compared with the Roman latifundia. Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The term aristocracy refers to a form of government where power is hereditary, and split between a small number of families. ... (8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC - other centuries) (700s BC - 690s BC - 680s BC - 670s BC - 660s BC - 650s BC - 640s BC - 630s BC - 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Scythians arrived in Asia Collapse... Succession is the act or process of pooing or of following in order or sequence. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα - Athína) is the largest city and capital of Greece, located in the Attica periphery of central Greece. ... For other uses, see Solon (disambiguation). ... Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labor of family members or heirs. ... Latifundia are pieces of landed property covering tremendous areas. ...

Crafts

Woman working with wool, 480-470 BC, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Much of the craftsmanship of ancient Greece was part of the domestic sphere. However, the situation gradually changed between the 8th and 4th centuries, with the increased commercialization of the Greek economy. Thus, weaving and baking, activities so important to the Western late medieval economy, were done only by women before the 6th century BC, after the grow of commerce, slaves started to be widely used in workshops. Only fine dyed tissues, like those made with Tyrian purple, were created in workshops. On the other hand, working with metal, leather, wood, or clay, was a specialized activity, and looked down upon by most Greeks. The basic workshop was often family-operated. In some cases, the Greeks resorted to the use of slave labor. Lysias' shield manufactory employed 120 slaves; Demosthenes' father, a maker of swords, used 32. After the death of Pericles in 429 BC, a new class emerged: that of the wealthy owners and managers workshops. Examples include Cleon and Anytos, noted tannery owners, and Kleophon, whose factory produced lyres. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (400x1068, 156 KB) Summary Lekythos attique à figures rouges. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (400x1068, 156 KB) Summary Lekythos attique à figures rouges. ... Events King Xerxes I of Persia sets out to conquer Greece. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 5th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC 490s BC 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC Years: 475 BC 474 BC 473 BC 472 BC 471 BC - 470 BC - 469 BC 468 BC... Façade of the National Archaeological museum of Athens. ... Tweed loom, Harris, 2004 Woven sheet Weaving is an ancient textile art and craft that involves placing two sets of threads or yarn made of fiber called the warp and weft of the loom and turning them into cloth. ... Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Baking Baking is the technique of cooking food in an oven by dry heat applied evenly throughout the oven or only from the bottom element. ... Dante by Michelino The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (1300–1500 CE). ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Murex brandaris, also known as the Spiny dye-murex The chemical structure of 6,6′-dibromoindigo, the main component of Tyrian Purple A space-filling model of 6,6′-dibromoindigo Tyrian purple (Greek: , porphura), also known as royal purple or imperial purple, is a purple-red dye made by the... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides (skin) of animals. ... Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ... Lysias (d. ... A shield is a protective device, meant to intercept attacks. ... Demosthenes (384–322 BC, Greek: Δημοσθένης, Dēmosthénēs) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. ... The word swords can refer to: Swords, Dublin swords (blades) Swords, a suit in the Tarot SWORDS, a ground-based military robot This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Pericles or Perikles (c. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC - 420s BC - 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC Years: 434 BC 433 BC 432 BC 431 BC 430 BC - 429 BC - 428 BC 427 BC... Cleon (d. ... In Greek mythology, Anytos was one of the offspring of the Titans. ... This page is about making leather. ... Kleophon (Greek: Κλεοφω̃ν, also transliterated Cleophon) (?-404 BCE) was an Athenian politician and demagogue who was of great influence during the Peloponnesian War. ... A Lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity. ...

Free workers were paid by assignment, since the workshops could not guarantee regular work. In Athens, those who worked on state projects were paid one drachma per day, no matter what craft they practiced. The workday generally began at sunrise and ended in the afternoon. Athens (Greek: Αθήνα - Athína) is the largest city and capital of Greece, located in the Attica periphery of central Greece. ... Drachma, pl. ... The Rayleigh effect, seconds before sunrise in New Zealand Sunrise, also called sunup in some American English dialects, is the time at which the first part of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east. ...

Pottery

The potter's work consisted of selecting the clay, fashioning the vase, drying and baking it, and applying varnish. Part of the production went to domestic usage (dishes, containers, oil lamps) or for commercial purposes, and the rest served religious or artistic functions. Techniques for working with clay have been known since the Bronze Age; the potter's wheel is a very ancient invention. The ancient Greeks did not add any innovations to these processes. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Classic potters kick-wheel at Erfurt, Germany The potters wheel, also known as the potters lathe, is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares. ...

The creation of artistically decorated vases in Greece had strong foreign influences. For instance, the famed black-figure style of Corinthian potters most likely was derived from the Syrian style of metalworking. The heights to which the Greeks brought the art of ceramics is therefore due entirely to their artistic sensibilities and not to technical ingenuity. The black-figure pottery technique is a style of ancient Greek pottery painting in which the decoration appears as black silhouettes on a red background. ... Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. ...

Pottery in ancient Greece was most often the work of slaves. Many of the potters of Athens assembled between the agora and the Dipylon, in the Kerameikon. They most often operated as small workshops, consisting of a master, several paid artisans, and slaves. Athens (Greek: Αθήνα - Athína) is the largest city and capital of Greece, located in the Attica periphery of central Greece. ... An agora (αγορά), translatable as marketplace, was an essential part of an ancient Greek polis or city-state. ... Grave shrine from the Kerameikos - Aristonautes as warrior - ca. ...

Metalworking

Deposits of metal ore are common in Greece. Of these, the best known are the silver mines of Laurium. These mines contributed to the development of Athens in the 5th century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and refine the ore. Fortuitously, the composition of the earth below the mines rendered drainage unnecessary, an important proviso given that ancient mine drainage techniques did not allow for excavation below the level of subsoil waters. The passageways and steps of Greek mines were dug out with the same concern for proportion and harmony found in their temples. The work was extremely difficult, due to the tunnels' depth — they were sometimes more than 100 meters. The miner, armed with his pick and iron hammer and hunched over in two, labored to extract lead ore. The Laurium mines were worked by a large slave population, originating for the most part from Black Sea regions such as Thrace and Paphlagonia. Iron ore (Banded iron formation) Manganese ore Lead ore Gold ore An ore is a volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence which renders it valuable for mining. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Laurium or Laurion (Λαύριον, Thoricum before early 1000s BC, Ergastiri throughout the medieval times and the mid to late 1000s, Ergastiri is Greek for Workplace) is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greece and is one of the southernmost and the seat of... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 5th century BC started on January 1, 500 BC and ended on December 31, 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens Architecture, defined as building executed to an aesthetically considered design, was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) to the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. ... Pickaxe on the ground Pickhandle redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... A claw hammer For other uses, see Hammer (disambiguation). ... Galena is a lead ore. ... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Thraciae veteris typvs. ... Paphlagonia was an ancient area on the Black Sea coast of north central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia and Pontus, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. ...

Other Greek mines include:

• Gold: Sifnos, Thasos
• Silver: Cyprus, Sifnos
• Iron: Euboea, Rhodes, and Cyprus
• Copper: Chalcis, Euboea

GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Sifnos (Greek: Σίφνος) is an island in the Cyclades complex in Greece. ... Coordinates 40°43′ N 24°46′ E Country Greece Periphery East Macedonia and Thrace Prefecture Kavala Population 13,765 source (2001) Area 380. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Euboea or Negropont (Modern Greek: Εύβοια Evia, Ancient Greek Εúβοια Eúboia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. ... Location map of Rhodes Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος (pron. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... Coordinates 38°28′ N 23°36′ E Country Greece Periphery Central Greece Prefecture Euboea Population 53,584 source (2001) Area 30. ...

Trade

Maritime trade

Commercial lead weight found in the Agora, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Very early on, the geografic position of Greece and the necessity of importing wheat forced the Greek world to engage in maritime trade. The areas which provisioned Greece with wheat were Cyrenaica, Egypt, Italy (specifically the Magna Graecia area and Sicily), and regions surrounding the Black Sea. Athens and Corinth served as waystations of exchange for the isles of the Aegean Sea. Other imported products included papyrus, spices, fabrics, metals, and shipbuilding materials such as wood, linen, and pitch. For their part, Greek cities exported wine, pottery, and olive oil. Athens sold marble extracted from Penteli, renown in the Greek world, and also silver coins, known for their elegant workmanship and high proportion of silver. These served not only as a means of exchange, but also as a source of metal: in places that did not use money, they were melted back into silver. Available sources do not provide enough information to evaluate with moderate precision the volume of goods exchanged in Greek trade. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (800x804, 160 KB) Summary Poids commercial officiel en plomb. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (800x804, 160 KB) Summary Poids commercial officiel en plomb. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see Pb. ... Remains of the agora built in Athens in the Roman period (east of the classical agora). ... Façade of the National Archaeological museum of Athens. ... The Roman Empire ca. ... Magna Graecia around 280 b. ... Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Look up Aegean Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus at Kew Gardens, London Papyrus is an early form of paper produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt. ... Screen shot of Spice OPUS, a fork of Berkeley SPICE SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a general purpose analog circuit simulator. ... Men from Francisco de Orellanas expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ... Torn linen cloth, recovered from the Dead Sea Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant. ... The pitch drop experiment. ... Greek wine has been made since at least 1600 B.C. In ancient times, as trade in wine became extensive, it was transported from end to end of the Mediterranean; Greek wine had especially high prestige in Italy under the Roman Empire. ... A bottle of olive oil. ... Pentéli or Pendeli, (Greek: Πεντέλη, ancient forms: Pentele or Pentelicus, Mendeli in medieval times) is a tall mountain and mountain range situated northeast of Athens and southwest of Marathon. ... A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and services. ...

However some historians made imprecise estimates of the relative importance of commerce in the ancient Greek economy. Daniel Jew has calculated that nearly half the wealth generated in fourth-century Athens must have come from gains in trade. Ian Morris estimated that the volume of trade in the 4th century Mediterranean Sea was about 20% of the volume of trade in the first century.

The main participants in Greek commerce were the class of traders known as emporoi (ἕμποροι). The state collected a duty on their cargo. At Piraeus (the main port of Athens), this tax was set initially at 1%, then at 2%. By the end of the 5th century, the tax had been raised to 33 talents (Andocides, I, 133-134). In 413, Athens ended the collection of tribute from the Delian League and imposed a 5% duty on all the ports of her empire (Thucydides, VII, 28, 4) in the hope (unrealized) of increasing revenues. These duties were never protectionist, but were merely intended to raise money for the public treasury. In economics, a duty is a kind of tax, often associated with customs, a payment due to the revenue of a state, levied by force of law. ... It has been suggested that Kaminia (Piraeus), Greece be merged into this article or section. ... Seaport, a painting by Claude Lorrain, 1638 The Port of Wellington at night. ... A talent is an ancient unit of mass. ... Andocides, or Andokidès , (440–390 BC) one of the ten Attic orators. ... Events May 8 - Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the provinces of Italy that have been plundered by the Visigoths. ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. ... Delian League (Athenian Empire), right before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. Corcyra was not part of the League The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. It was led by Athens. ... Bust of Thucydides residing in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over...

The growth of trade in Greece led to the development of financial techniques. Most merchants, lacking sufficient cash assets, resorted to borrowing to finance all or part of their expeditions. A typical loan for a large venture in 4th century Athens, was generally a large sum of cash (usually less than 2,000 drachmas), lent for a short time (the length of the voyage, a matter of several weeks or months), at a high rate of interest (often 12% but reaching levels as high as 100%). The terms of the contract were always laid out in writing, differing from loans between friends (eranoi). The lender bore all the risks of the journey, in exchange for which the borrower committed his cargo and his entire fleet, which were precautionarily seized upon their arrival at the port of Piraeus. Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ... In business and accounting an asset is anything owned which can produce future economic benefit, whether in possession or by right to take possession, by a person or a group acting together, e. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 4th century BC started on January 1, 400 BC and ended on December 31, 301 BC. // Overview Events Bust of Alexander the Great in the British Museum. ... Interest is the rent paid to borrow money. ... It has been suggested that Kaminia (Piraeus), Greece be merged into this article or section. ...

Trade in ancient Greece was free: the state controlled only the supply of grain. In Athens, following the first meeting of the new Prytaneis, regulations on trade were reviewed, with a specialized committee overseeing the trade in wheat, flour, and bread. The prytaneis (literally presidents) of ancient Athens were members of the boule chosen to perform executive tasks during their term (a prytany), which lasted about two months and then was rotated to other members of the boule. ...

The number of shipwrecks found in the Mediterranean Sea provides valuable evidence for the development of trade in the ancient world. Only 2 shipwrecks were found that dated from the 8th century BC. However archeologists have found 46 shipwrecks dated from the 4th century BC, which would appear to indicate that there occurred a very large increase of the volume of trade between these centuries. Considering that the average ship tonnage also increased in the same period, the total volume of trade increased probably by a factor of 30. (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia, Greece. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 4th century BC started on January 1, 400 BC and ended on December 31, 301 BC. // Overview Events Bust of Alexander the Great in the British Museum. ...

Retail

Information about retail activity in ancient Greece is limited. While peasants and artisans often sold their own wares, there were also retail merchants known as kápêloi (κάπηλοι). Grouped into guilds, they sold fish, olive oil, and vegetables. Women sold perfume or ribbons. They paid a fee for their space in the marketplace. Viewed poorly by the general population, they were often accused of tampering with their measures. Their weights were periodically checked against standards. Drawing of a self-service store. ... For the guitar manufacturer, see Guild Guitar Company. ... Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. ... A ribbon is a thin band of flexible material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily for binding and tying. ... Digital kitchen scales. ...

Parallel to the "professional" merchants were those who sold the surplus of their household production, be it vegetables, olive oil, or bread. This was the case for many of the small-scale farmers of Attica. Among townsfolk, this task often fell to the women. For instance, Euripides' mother sold chervil from her garden (cf. Aristophanes, The Acharnians, v. 477-478). Surplus means the quantity left over, after conducting an activity; the quantity which has not been used up, and can refer to: budget surplus, the opposite of a budget deficit economic surplus Surplus product or surplus value in Marxian economics physical surplus in the economic theory of Piero Sraffa Operating... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... A statue of Euripides Euripides (Greek: Ευριπίδης) (c. ... Binomial name Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. ... Sketch of Aristophanes Aristophanes (Greek: , ca. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Acharnians in Greek The Acharnians (Ancient Greek: / Akharneĩs) is a comedic play by the ancient Greek satirist Aristophanes. ...

Taxation

Direct taxation was not well-developed in ancient Greece. The eisphorá (εἰσφορά) was a tax on the wealth of the very rich, but it was levied only when needed — usually in times of war. Large fortunes were also subject to liturgies, that is, the support of public works. Liturgies could consist, for instance, of the maintenance of a trireme, a chorus during a theater festival, or a gymnasium. In some cases, the prestige of the undertaking could attract volunteers. Such was the case for the choragus, who organized and financed choruses for a drama festival. In other instances, like the burden of outfitting and commanding a trireme, the liturgy functioned more like a mandatory donation. In some cities, like Miletus and Teos, heavy taxation was imposed on citizens. A Greek trireme. ... In early tragedy, no parts were played by a single actor; because the actor left the stage often to change roles, the chorus was especially dominant. ... Greek theatre or Greek Drama came into its own between 600 and 200 BC in the ancient city of Athens. ... Modern indoor gymnasium with pull-down basketball hoops. ... The lower half of the benches and the remnants of the scene building of the theater of Miletus (August 2005) Miletus (Hittite: Milawata or Millawanda, Greek: Μίλητος transliterated Miletos, Turkish: Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now the Aydin Province of Turkey... Teos (or Teo), a maritime city of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus. ...

On the other hand, indirect taxes were quite important. Taxes were levied on houses, slaves, herds and flocks, wines, and hay, among others. The rights to collect many of these taxes were often transferred to publicans, or telônai (τελῶναι). However, this was not true of all cities. Thasos' gold mines and Athens' taxes on business allowed them to elliminate these indirect taxes. Dependent groups such as the Penestae of Thessaly and the Helots of Sparta were taxed by the city-states to which they were subject. Look up Publican in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Coordinates 40°43′ N 24°46′ E Country Greece Periphery East Macedonia and Thrace Prefecture Kavala Population 13,765 source (2001) Area 380. ... Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground. ... The Penestae (in Greek oι Πενεσται, hoi penestai) were a a class of unfree laborers tied to the land once inhabiting Thessaly, whose status is comparable to that of the Spartan Helots. ... Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Helots were Peloponnesian Greeks who were enslaved under Spartan rule. ... Sparta (Doric: Spártā, Attic: SpártÄ“) is a city in southern Greece. ...

Currency

Athenian coin, Athenian Agora Museum

Coinage probably began in Lydia around 600 BC, and circulated in the cities of Asia Minor under its control;^[2] early electrum coins have been found at the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. The technique of minting coins arrived in mainland Greece around 550 BC, beginning with coastal trading cities like Aegina and Athens. Their use spread, and the city-states quickly secured a monopoly on their creation. The very first coins were made from electrum (an alloy of gold and silver), followed by pure silver, the most commonly found valuable metal in the region. The mines of the Pangaion hills allowed the cities of Thrace and Macedon to mint a large quantity of coins. Laurium's silver mines provided the raw materials for the "Athenian olws", the most famous coins of the ancient Greek world. Less-valuable bronze coins appeared at the end of the 5th century. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (836x812, 222 KB) Summary Tétradrachme athénienne du Ve siècle av. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (836x812, 222 KB) Summary Tétradrachme athénienne du Ve siècle av. ... Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of Ä°zmir and Manisa. ... Electrum coin of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus. ... The Temple of Diana is a religious and educational organization in the Dianic Wiccan tradition of Z Budapest. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC Events and Trends Carthage conquers Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica 559 BC - King Cambyses I of Anshan dies... Coordinates 37°45′ N 23°26′ E Country Greece Periphery Attica Prefecture Piraeus Population 13,552 source (2001) Area 87. ... Electrum coin of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus. ... The Pangaion Hills are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala. ... Thraciae veteris typvs. ... Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east[1... Laurium or Laurion (Λαύριον, Thoricum before early 1000s BC, Ergastiri throughout the medieval times and the mid to late 1000s, Ergastiri is Greek for Workplace) is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greece and is one of the southernmost and the seat of... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ...

Coins played several roles in the Greek world. They provided a medium of exchange, mostly used by city-states to hire mercenaries and compensate citizens. They were a source of revenue: foreigners had to change their money into the local currency at an exchange rate favorable to the State. They served as a mobile form of metal resources, which explains discoveries of Athenian coins with high levels of silver at great distances from their home city. Finally, the minting of coins lent an air of undeniable prestige to any Greek city. A medium of exchange is an intermediary used in trade to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system. ... A mercenary, is a person who takes part in an armed conflict and is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that...

See also

• Agriculture of Ancient Greece
• Slavery in Ancient Greece

The olive; a foundation of Greek agriculture — here in Karystos, Euboea Agriculture was the foundation of the Ancient Greek economy. ... Funerary stele: the slave represented as a shorter person, beside the mistress, Munich Glyptothek Slavery was an essential component throughout the development of Ancient Greece. ...

Notes

1. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2006). It all began, as usual, with the Greeks. Mises Institute. Retrieved on 2006-06-22.
2. ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, "Coinage"

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 192 days remaining. ...

Bibliography

• (French) J. Andreau, R. Étienne, "Vingt ans de recherche sur l'archaïsme et la modernité des sociétés antiques", REA, 86 (1984), p. 37–64
• (French) M. Austin & P. Vidal-Naquet, Économie et société en Grèce ancienne, Armand Colin, coll. "U2", 1972. ISBN 2-200-21196-1
• (French) Anne-Marie Buttin, La Grèce classique, Belles Lettres, coll. "Guide Belles Lettres des civilisations", 2002. ISBN 2-251-41012-0
• (French)Christophe Chandezon, L'élevage en Grèce (fin Ve - fin Ier S. a.C.): l'apport des sources épigraphiques..., Paris: De Boccard, 2003, 463 p. (ISBN: 2-910023-34-6).
• Moses Finley :
  • The Ancient Economy, University of California Press, 1999 (1st edn. 1970). ISBN 0-520-21946-5
  • (French) Le Problème de la terre en Grèce ancienne, Mouton, 1975 ISBN 2-7132-0001-6
  • (French) Économie et société en Grèce ancienne, Seuil, coll. "Points Histoire", 1997 ISBN 2-02-014644-4
• (French) Yvon Garlan, Guerre et économie en Grèce ancienne, La Découverte, 1999 (ISBN 2-7071-3097-4)
• (French) Léopold Migeotte, L'Ëconomie des cités greques, Ellipses, coll. "Antiquité : une histoire", 2002. ISBN 2-7298-0849-3
• (French) Claude Mossé, Le Travail en Grèce et à Rome, PUF, coll. "Que sais-je?", 1985 (re-issue)
• (French) Claude Mossé, Annie Schnapp-Gourbeillon, Précis d'histoire grecque, Armand Colin, coll. "U", 2003 (2nd edition). ISBN 2-200-26562-X.