Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations, and a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight (G8). As with other developed nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians ^{[citation needed]}. Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada's most important. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Southern Ontario, with the automobile industry especially important. “C$” redirects here. ... “C$” redirects here. ... NAFTA redirects here. ... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques; OCDE) is an international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... “WTO” redirects here. ... PPP The purchasing power parity (PPP) theory was developed by Gustav Cassel in 1920. ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... This article is about a term used in economics. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ... The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper Variabilità e mutabilità. It is usually used to measure income inequality, but can be used to measure any form of uneven distribution. ... 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, making by hand) is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about a term used in economics. ... This article is in need of attention. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. ... Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Paper (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... This article is about the fossil fuel. ... A machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. ... Flying machine redirects here. ... Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ... The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. ... The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or fibers. ... Fertilizers are chemicals given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil or by foliar spraying. ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... This article is about the fossil fuel. ... Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. ... Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... USD redirects here. ... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... Group of Eight redirects here. ... The tertiary sector of industry (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing), and primary industry (extraction such as mining, agriculture and fishing). ... The primary sector of industry generally involves the changing process of natural resources into primary products. ... Logging is the process in which trees are cut down usually as part of a timber harvest which is good for the environment. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Southern Ontario is the portion of the Canadian province of Ontario which lies south of the French River and Algonquin Park. ... Automakers, also known as carmakers, automobile manufacturers, motor manufacturers, or the automobile industry are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ...

International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy, particularly of its natural resources. The United States is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for about 85% of exports and 59% of imports as of 2004.^{[citations needed]} International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. ... Canada is one of the worlds wealthiest nations, a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight (G8). ...

Canada is a free market economy, usually seen to have slightly more government intervention than the United States, but less than most European nations^{[citation needed]}. Canada has traditionally had a lower per capita gross domestic product (GDP) than the United States, but higher than that of many western European economies. A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ...

Economic sectors

As the second largest country in the world, Canada has considerable natural resources spread across its varied regions. In British Columbia, the forestry industry is of great importance, while the oil industry is central to Alberta's prosperity. Northern Ontario is home to a wide array of mines, while the fishing industry has long been central to the character of the Atlantic provinces, though it has recently been in steep decline. Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point - Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 36 - Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th - Total 944,735 km... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... Northern Ontario is the part of the province of Ontario, Canada, which lies north of Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, the French River and Lake Nipissing. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... Atlantic Canada consists of the four Canadian provinces on the Atlantic Ocean: Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. ...

These industries are increasingly becoming less important to the overall economy. Only some 4% of Canadians are employed in these fields, and they account for less than 6% of GDP. ^{[citation needed]} They are still paramount in many parts of the country. Many, if not most, towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold, nickel, uranium, diamonds and lead. Several of Canada's largest companies are based in natural resource industries, such as EnCana, Cameco, Goldcorp, and Barrick Gold. The vast majority of these products are exported, mainly to the United States. There are also many secondary and service industries that are directly linked to primary ones. For instance one of Canada's largest manufacturing industries is the pulp and paper sector, which is directly linked to the logging industry. GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, period, block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Standard atomic weight 238. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... This article is about the metal. ... EnCana Corporation is one of the worlds largest independently owned oil and gas companies. ... Cameco Corp. ... Goldcorp is one of the world’s largest gold mining companies with the strongest production growth profile among all major gold companies. ... Barrick Gold Corporation TSX: ABX NYSE: ABX is the largest gold mining company in the world, with its headquarters in Toronto, Canada It currently maintains operating mines and development projects in the United States, Canada, Australia, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Tanzania. ... Pulp and Paper is the name of the largest United States-based trade magazine for the pulp and paper industry. ...

The relatively large reliance on natural resources has several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society. While manufacturing and service industries are easy to standardize, natural resources vary greatly by region. This ensures that differing economic structures developed in each region of Canada, contributing to Canada's strong regionalism. At the same time the vast majority of these resources are exported, integrating Canada closely into the international economy. Howlett and Ramesh argue that the inherent instability of such industries also contributes to greater government intervention in the economy, to reduce the social impact of market changes. ^{[citation needed]}

Such industries also raise important questions of sustainability. Despite many decades as a leading producer, there is little risk of depletion. Large discoveries continue to be made, such as the massive nickel find at Voisey's Bay. Moreover the far north remains largely undeveloped as producers await higher prices or new technologies as many operations in this region are not yet cost effective. In recent decades Canadians have become less willing to accept the environmental destruction associated with exploiting natural resources. High wages and Aboriginal land claims have also curbed expansion. Instead many Canadian companies have focused their exploration and expansion activities overseas where prices are lower and governments more accommodating. Canadian companies are increasingly playing important roles in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. It is the renewable resources that have raised some of the greatest concerns. After decades of escalating overexploitation the cod fishery all but collapsed in the 1990s, and the Pacific salmon industry also suffered greatly. The logging industry, after many years of activism, have in recent years moved to a more sustainable model. Voiseys Bay, located in Newfoundland and Labrador, approximately 38 kilometres south-west of Nain, is the location of a large nickel deposit discovered in September of 1993 by Archean Inc. ... COD may refer to many different topics, including: Cash on delivery Completion of discharge, shipping College of DuPage, a public Junior College with campuses in the suburbs of Chicago Call of Duty (series), a series of computer games Canadian Oxford Dictionary Carrier onboard delivery Catastrophic optical damage, a failure mode...

Energy

Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario

Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy. Most important are the large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta, but also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca Tar Sands give Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia according to USGS. In Quebec and British Columbia, as well as Ontario and Manitoba, hydroelectric power is a cheap and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy. In part because of this, Canada is also the world's highest per capita consumer of energy. ^{[citation needed]} Cheap energy has enabled the creation of several important industries, such as the large aluminum industry in Quebec and British Columbia. Oil Well with horsehead pump near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. ... Oil Well with horsehead pump near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. ... A colourful nodding donkey in the United States A nodding donkey is the overground drive for a submersible pump in a borehole. ... Sarnia is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada (city population 71,419, census area population 88,793, in 2006). ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Tar sands in Alberta The Athabasca Tar Sands is a large deposit of tar sands in north-western Canada located mainly in the province of Alberta and, to a much lesser degree Saskatchewan. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ...

Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is that while Western Canada is one of the world's richest sources of energy, the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario and Quebec has fewer native sources of power. It is, however, cheaper for Alberta to ship its oil to the western United States than to eastern Canada. The eastern Canadian ports thus import significant quantities of oil from overseas, and Ontario makes significant use of nuclear power. This article is about the region in Canada. ... There are 18 electricity producing nuclear reactors in Canada, and another two undergoing refurbishment. ...

In times of high oil prices this means that the majority of Canada's population suffers, while the West grows extremely wealthy. The National Energy Policy of the early 1980s attempted to force Alberta to sell low priced oil to eastern Canada. This policy proved deeply divisive, and quickly lost its importance as oil prices collapsed in the mid-1980s. One of the most controversial sections of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was a promise that Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians. The National Energy Program was enacted by the government of Pierre Trudeau in 1980 and administered by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada). ... The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was a trade agreement signed by Canada and the United States on January 2, 1988. ...

Agriculture

A grain elevator in Alberta

Canada is also one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products, particularly of wheat and other grains. ^{[citation needed]} Canada is a major exporter of agricultural products, to the United States but also to Europe and East Asia. As with all other developed nations the proportion of the population and GDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1083x807, 138 KB) Summary Cropped version of Image:Alberta modern cement grain elevator 034. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1083x807, 138 KB) Summary Cropped version of Image:Alberta modern cement grain elevator 034. ...

Unlike the agricultural industries of many developed nations, Canadian farmers have to compete internationally without large subsidies. The Canadian Government does subsidize farmers with aid in times of disaster, but does not usually give farmers "base" support. Dairy and poultry farmers are distributed across the country, but most of the production in the agricultural industry are found in central Canada. Farmers earn their living from market sales only, and they focus mainly on the Canadian market; because they lack government subsidies, farmers rely on tariffs to limit the amount of agricultural imports. ^{[citation needed]}

Manufacturing

The general pattern of development for wealthy nations was a transition from a primary industry based economy to a manufacturing based one, and then to a service based economy. Canada did not follow this pattern; manufacturing has always been secondary, though certainly not unimportant. Partly because of this, Canada did not suffer as greatly from the pains of deindustrialization in the 1970s and 1980s. Deindustrialization is the process by which the manufacturing-based economy of a country or region declines. ...

Ontario is home to branch plants to all the major American and Japanese automobile makers and many parts factories owned fgjr cyby Canadian firms such as Magna International and Linamar Corporation. Ontario today produces more vehicles each year than the neighboring U.S. state of Michigan, the heart of the American automobile industry. Manufacturers have been attracted to Canada due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the United States. Canada's government-run healthcare system is also an important attraction, as it exempts companies from the high health insurance costs they must pay in the United States. The branch plant economy is a term used to describe the phenomonon of U.S. companies building factories (branch plants) in Canada, primarily to sell products in the Canadian market. ... Magna International Inc. ... Linamar Corporate Headquarters Based in Guelph, Ontario, Linamar Corporation TSX: LNR is Canadas second largest automobile parts manufacturer after Magna International. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Largest metro area Metro Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... The term medicare (in lowercase) (French: assurance maladie) is the unofficial name for Canadas universal public health insurance system. ...

Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms, though there are some important domestic manufacturers, such as Bombardier. This has raised several concerns for Canadians. Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs, with research and executive positions confined to the United States. For other uses, see Bombardier (disambiguation). ... A blue-collar worker is a member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. ...

Service sector

The Toronto-Dominion Centre in Toronto

The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted, employing some three quarters of Canadians and accounting for two thirds of GDP. ^{[citation needed]} The largest employer is the retail sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians. The retail industry is mainly concentrated in a relatively small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls. In recent years the rise of big-box stores, such as Wal-Mart (of the United States) and Future Shop (a subsidiary of the American Best Buy), have led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs. Download high resolution version (768x1024, 256 KB)Taken by SimonP in April 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Toronto Toronto-Dominion Centre Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (768x1024, 256 KB)Taken by SimonP in April 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Toronto Toronto-Dominion Centre Categories: GFDL images ... The Toronto-Dominion Centre. ... Drawing of a self-service store. ... For the traditional meaning of the word mall, see pedestrian street or promenade. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ... Future Shop is a Canadian electronics retailer operating a total of 122 stores across all of Canadas provinces as of May 2007. ... For the defunct chain of catalog showrooms, see Best Products. ...

The second largest portion of the service sector is the business services, employing only a slightly smaller percentage of the population. This includes the financial services, real estate, and communications industries. This portion of the economy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated in the major urban centres, especially Toronto (see Banking in Canada). Financial services is a term used to refer to the services provided by the finance industry. ... Real estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. ... Banking in Canada is one of the most efficient and safest banking systems in the world. ...

The education and health sectors are two of Canada's largest, but both are largely under the purview of the government. The health care industry has been rapidly growing, and is the third largest in Canada. Its rapid growth has led to problems for governments who must find money to fund it.

Canada has an important high tech industry, and also an entertainment industry creating content both for local and international consumption. Tourism is of ever increasing importance, with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States, though the recent strength of the Canadian Dollar has damaged this sector. High tech refers to high technology, technology that is at the cutting-edge and the most advanced currently available. ...

Political issues

Immigration

See main article, Economic impact of immigration to Canada

In recent decades, the economic status of new immigrants to Canada has deteriorated significantly.^[1] This has coincided with the decision to have the highest per capita immigration rate in the world. As such, the burden of supporting new immigrants was one of the key issues in the New Deal for Cities, negotiated between municipalities, the provinces, and the federal government. The economic impact of immigration to Canada is a much-debated topic in Canada. ...

Regional imbalances

The Canadian economy differs greatly from region to region. Traditionally Ontario has been the economic engine of Canada, home to a third of its population and much of its industry. Recent years have seen rapid growth in the west as trade with Asia has enriched British Columbia and oil wealth provided a major boost to Alberta and Saskatchewan.

The four Atlantic provinces, though once the centre of economic activity, underwent a major decline in the late 19th century and have traditionally been significantly poorer than the rest of Canada, especially after the recent collapse of the fishing industry. Recent years have seen some significant moves towards diversification, especially as offshore oil and gas wealth have begun to flow into the region. Quebec has also traditionally been poorer than the Canadian average although by a lesser margin than the Atlantic provinces.

Relations with the U.S.

A significant concern for many Canadians in the first few years of the 21st Century is Canada's relationship with the U.S. The "brain drain" has slowed as a result of the minor economic downturn in the U.S. between 2001 and 2003, and Canada's own job market continues to perform well, reaching a 30 year low in the unemployment rate in December 2006, following 14 consecutive years of employment growth.[5] Disputes over trade tariffs, multi-lateral military action and controversial Canadian legislation such as same-sex marriage, immigration law, and legal medical marijuana have raised tensions and cooled relations between these two countries. This article is about the emigration term. ... A tariff is a tax placed on imported and/or exported goods, sometimes called a customs duty. ... Nationality law is the branch of a countrys legal system wherein legislation, custom and court precendent combine to define the ways in which that countrys nationality and citizenship are transmitted, acquired or lost. ... Cannabis sativa extract. ...

Despite these differences, Canada is by far the United States' largest trading partner, with more than $1.7 billion CAD in trade per day in 2005. This relationship represents 81% of exports and 67% of imports for Canada, [6] and 23% of exports and 17% of imports for the United States[7]. By comparison, in 2005 this was more than U.S. trade with all countries in the European Union combined, [8] and well over twice U.S. trade with all the countries of Latin America combined. [9] Just the two-way trade that crosses the Ambassador Bridge between Michigan and Ontario equals all U.S. exports to Japan. Canada's importance to the United States is not just a border-state phenomenon: Canada is the leading export market for 35 of 50 U.S. states, and is the United States' largest foreign supplier of energy. “C$” redirects here. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... The Ambassador Bridge is a privately owned suspension bridge that connects Detroit, Michigan, in the United States, with Windsor, Ontario, in Canada. ...

Bilateral trade increased by 52% between 1989, when the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) went into effect, and 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) superseded it. ^{[citation needed]} Trade has since increased by 40%. NAFTA continues the FTA's moves toward reducing trade barriers and establishing agreed upon trade rules. It also resolves some long-standing bilateral irritants and liberalizes rules in several areas, including agriculture, services, energy, financial services, investment, and government procurement. NAFTA forms the largest trading area in the world, embracing the 406 million people of the three North American countries. NAFTA redirects here. ...

The largest component of U.S.-Canada trade is in the automotive sector. Under the 1965 Canada-United States Automotive Agreement (also known as the Auto Pact), which provided for free trade in cars, trucks, and auto parts, two-way trade in automotive products rose from $715 million in 1964 to $104.1 billion in 1999. Auto Pact benefits are incorporated into NAFTA. Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... The Canada-United States Automotive Agreement more commonly known as the Auto Pact was an important trade agreement between Canada and the United States. ... This article is about the year. ...

The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all Canadian food exports. [10] Similarly, Canada is the largest market for U.S. agricultural goods with nearly 20% of American food exports going to its Northern neighbor^{[citation needed]}. Nearly two-thirds of Canada's forest products, including pulp and paper, are exported to the United States; 72% of Canada's total newsprint production also is exported to the U.S.

At $73.6 billion in 2004, U.S.-Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy trading relationship, with the overwhelming majority ($66.7 billion) being exports from Canada. The primary components of U.S. energy trade with Canada are petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. Canada is the United States' largest oil supplier and the fifth-largest energy producing country in the world. Canada provides about 16% of U.S. oil imports and 14% of total U.S. consumption of natural gas. The United States and Canada's national electricity grids are linked and both countries share hydro power facilities on the Western borders. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... This article is about the fossil fuel. ... Electricity (from New Latin ēlectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...

While 95% of U.S.-Canada trade flows smoothly, there are occasionally bilateral trade disputes over the remaining 5%, particularly in the agricultural and cultural fields.^{[citation needed]} Usually, however, these issues are resolved through bilateral consultative forums or referral to World Trade Organization (WTO) or NAFTA dispute resolution.^{[citation needed]} In May 1999, the U.S. and Canadian Governments negotiated an agreement on magazines that provides increased access for the U.S. publishing industry to the Canadian market. The United States and Canada also have resolved several major issues involving fisheries. By common agreement, the two countries submitted a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the International Court of Justice in 1981; both accepted the Court's 12 October 1984 ruling which demarcated the territorial sea boundary. A current issue between the United States and Canada is the ongoing softwood lumber dispute, as the U.S. alleges that Canada unfairly subsidizes its forestry industry.^{[citations needed]} “WTO” redirects here. ... The topic of softwood lumber exports from Canada to the United States has always been contentious; since 1982 there have been four major disputes. ...

In 1990, the United States and Canada signed a bilateral Fisheries Enforcement Agreement, which has served to deter illegal fishing activity and reduce the risk of injury during fisheries enforcement incidents. The U.S. and Canada signed a Pacific Salmon Agreement in June 1999 that settled differences over implementation of the 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty for the next decade.^{[citations needed]}

Canada and the United States signed an aviation agreement during Bill Clinton's visit to Canada in February 1995, and air traffic between the two countries has increased dramatically as a result. The two countries also share in operation of the St. Lawrence Seaway, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.^{[citations needed]} William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... The Saint Lawrence Seaway in its broadest sense (see Great Lakes Waterway) is the system of canals that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes as far as Lake Superior. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ...

The U.S. is Canada's largest foreign investor; at the end of 1999, the stock of U.S. direct investment was estimated at $116.7 billion, or about 72% of total foreign direct investment in Canada. U.S. investment is primarily in Canada's mining and smelting industries, petroleum, chemicals, the manufacture of machinery and transportation equipment, and finance.^{[citations needed]}

Canada is the third-largest foreign investor in the United States. At the end of 1999, the stock of Canadian direct investment in the United States was estimated at $90.4 billion. Canadian investment in the United States is concentrated in manufacturing, wholesale trade, real estate, petroleum, finance, and insurance and other services.^{[citations needed]}

Median household income comparison

ISO 4217 Code CHF User(s) Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Campione dItalia Inflation 1. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... “C$” redirects here. ... The New Zealand dollar (ISO 4217: NZD, sometimes NZ$ and often informally known as the Kiwi dollar) is the official currency of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands. ... GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ... ISO 4217 Code AUD User(s) Australia, Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island Inflation 2. ... EUR is an initialism that may mean: Euro, the currency; Esposizione Universale Roma, a neighbourhood of Rome built for the World Fair Esposizione universale (1942). Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (Erasmus University of Rotterdam, the Netherlands) This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid... This article is about the country. ... GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Largest metro area Charleston metro area Area  Ranked 41st  - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ... ISO 4217 Code ILS User(s) Israel, The West Bank, Gaza Strip Inflation -0. ... ISO 4217 Code HKD User(s) Hong Kong Inflation 2. ... ISO 4217 Code SGD User(s) Singapore, Brunei Inflation 1% Source The World Factbook, 2006 est. ...

Trade Agreements

• Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement
• Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement

Canada is in the feasibility and exploration stages for a bilateral FTA with: Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) is a trade agreement between Canada and Chile. ... NAFTA redirects here. ...

• Andean Community
• CARICOM
• Central American Four
• Dominican Republic
• EFTA
• Republic of Korea
• Singapore

States of CAN The Andean Community of Nations (in Spanish: Comunidad Andina de Naciones, abbreviated CAN) is a trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. ... The Caribbean Community and Common Market or CARICOM was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas which came into effect on August 1, 1973. ... The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on May 3, 1960 as an alternative for European states that were not allowed or did not wish to join the European Community (now the European Union). ...

See also

• Canadian and American economies compared
• Economic history of Canada
• Economy of Ontario
• Economy of Quebec
• Economy of Alberta
• History of the petroleum industry in Canada
• List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product

The economies of Canada and the United States are extremely similar because they are both developed countries, which have mixed economies and are each others largest trading partners. ... Canadian historians until the 1960s tended to focus on economic history, including labour history. ... The Toronto-Dominion Centre in Toronto The Economy of Ontario is a rich and diversified economy. ... The economy of Quebec, Canada is diversified and post-industrial with an average potential for growth. ... // Albertas economy is one of the strongest in Canada, supported by the burgeoning petroleum industry and to a lesser extent, agriculture and technology. ... The Canadian petroleum industry arose in parallel with that of the United States, but developed in quite a different way. ... BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU This article lists Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product. ...

External links

• OECD's Canada country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of Canada

Notes

^[2]

v • d • e North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Canada • Mexico • United States

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History	Timeline: New France (to 1763) · Under British Control (1763-1867) · Post-Confederation (1867-1914) · World Wars and Interwar Years (1914-1945) · 1945-1960 · 1960-1981 · 1982-1992 · 1992-Present Topics: Military history · Economic history · Constitutional history · Current Events
Politics	Law (Constitution) · The Crown · Governor General · Parliament (Senate - House of Commons) · Prime Minister (List) · Elections · Courts (Supreme Court) · Military
Geography	Regions: Coast Mountains · Rockies · Prairies · Western Canada · Northern Canada · Canadian Shield · Great Lakes · Central Canada · St. Lawrence River · Appalachian Mountains · Arctic Cordillera · Atlantic Canada · Maritimes Topics: Animals · Cities · Extreme communities · Islands · Mountains · National parks · Plants · Regions · Rivers · Volcanoes
Economy	Agriculture · Banking · Bank of Canada · Canadian dollar · Companies · Health care · Stock Exchange · Taxation · Transportation
Demographics	Topics: Immigration · Languages · Religion · 2001 Census · 2006 Census · List of population of Canada by years Top 100: Metro areas  · Urban areas  · Municipalities
Culture	Architecture · Art · Cinema · Famous Canadians · Holidays · Identity · Literature · Music (Blues - Celtic - Classical - Hip hop - Rock) · Nationalism · Protection of · Social Programs  · Sport · Theatre
Symbols	Coat of Arms · Flags · National Flag · Provincial and territorial · Royal symbols

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This is a list of Canada-related topics. ... Canada is a country of 32 million inhabitants that occupies the northern portion of the North American continent, and is the worlds second largest country in area. ... This is a brief timeline of the history of Canada. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... // Main article: Province of Quebec (1763-1791) In North America, Seven Years War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. ... // Confederation Main article: Canadian Confederation Fathers of Confederation meet in Quebec City In the 1860s, in the wake of the American Civil War, the British were concerned with possible American reprisals against Canada for Britains tacit support of the Confederacy. ... A Canadian WWI recruiting poster // World War I Main article: Military History of Canada during WWI On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, setting off a chain of events leading to World War I. By August 4, Britain had declared war on Germany and, as... // The Second World War brought many changes to Canada; the government was necessarily more centralized during the war, and it remained so afterwards. ... // Main article: Great Flag Debate Diefenbaker was succeeded by Pearson in 1963, at a time of increasing political unrest in much of the Western world. ... // The New constitution Main article: Patriation In 1982 Britain passed the Canada Act, repatriating the Constitution of Canada. ... // Chretien years and the 1995 referendum Jean Chrétien became prime minister in the 1993 election, pledging to repeal the GST, which proved to be unfeasible due to the economic circumstances at the time. ... Canadian soldiers advancing behind a tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, one of Canadas greatest military victories. ... Canadian historians until the 1960s tended to focus on economic history, including labour history. ... The constitutional history of Canada begins with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, in which France ceded most of New France to Great Britain. ... The politics of Canada function within a framework of constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions. ... The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the British common law system, inherited from being a part of the Commonwealth. ... Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth Realm with Queen Elizabeth II as its reigning monarch and head of state. ... The Governor General of Canada (French (feminine): Gouverneure générale du Canada or (masculine) Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative in Canada of the Canadian monarch, who is the head of state; Canada is one of sixteen Commonwealth realms, all of which share the... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The Senate Chamber of Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ... The Senate of Canada (French: Le Sénat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the House of Commons. ... The House of Commons (French: Chambre des communes) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Canada since Confederation. ... The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada) has two chambers. ... The Court system of Canada is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. ... The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. ... // Canadian provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following regions (generally from west to east): Northern Canada (The North) Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut Western Canada British Columbia Prairies Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Eastern Canada Central Canada Ontario Quebec Atlantic Canada Maritimes New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and... The Coast Mountains are the westernmost range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the south western shore of the North American continent, extending south from the Alaska Panhandle and covering most of coastal British Columbia. ... The Canadian Rockies comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains range. ... Map of the Canadian Prairie provinces, which include boreal forests, taiga, and mountains as well as the prairies (proper). ... This article is about the region in Canada. ... Northern Canada, defined politically Northern Canada is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. ... Canadian Shield The Canadian Shield— also called the Precambrian Shield, Laurentian Shield, Bouclier Canadien (French), or Laurentian Plateau— is a large shield covered by a thin layer of soil that forms the nucleus of the North American craton. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Central Canada, defined politically. ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ... Template:Geobox Mountain Range PIRRI WAZ NOT HERE AND DOESNT HAVE PS3 The Arctic Cordillera, sometimes called the Arctic Rockies, are a vast deeply dissected mountain range in northeastern North America. ... The four Canadian Atlantic provinces. ... This article is about the Canadian region. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This is a list of incorporated cities of Canada in alphabetical order by province. ... This is a list of the extreme communities in Canada. ... Mount Logan in the Yukon is the highest peak of Canada. ... The Canadian National Parks system encompasses over forty protected areas, including National Parks, National Park Reserves and National Marine Conservation Areas. ... The flora of Canada is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. ... // Canadian provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following regions (generally from west to east): Northern Canada (The North) Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut Western Canada British Columbia Prairies Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Eastern Canada Central Canada Ontario Quebec Atlantic Canada Maritimes New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and... The list of rivers in Canada is organized by drainage basin (new format) and province (old format to be removed). ... The north face of Mount Garibaldi rises above The Table and Garibaldi Lake Black Tusk viewed from the southeast Mount Fee as seen from its north side Mount Edziza in the Stikine Volcanic Belt as seen from the Stewart-Cassiar Highway Mount Garibaldi in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt as seen... Banking in Canada is one of the most efficient and safest banking systems in the world. ... For the defunct commercial bank, see Bank of Canada (commercial). ... “C$” redirects here. ... This is a list of companies from Canada. ... Canadas health care system is a publicly funded health care system, with most services provided by private entities. ... Demographics of Canada, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. ... The Canada 2001 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. ... The Canada 2006 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. ... A list of population of Canada by years 1867 - 3,463,000 1868 - 3,511,000 1869 - 3,565,000 1870 - 3,625,000 1871 - 3,689,000 1872 - 3,754,000 1873 - 3,826,000 1874 - 3,895,000 1875 - 3,954,000 1876 - 4,009,000 1877 - 4... The table below lists the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population, using data from the Canada 2001 Census[1] and the Canada 2006 Census. ... The urban areas identified below are defined by Statistics Canada with reference to continuous population density, ignoring municipal boundaries. ... The table below lists the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population, using data from the Canada 2006 census for census subdivisions. ... Bonhomme Carnaval, mascot of the Quebec winter carnival. ... The Gothic Revival Parliament Buildings are some of Canadas best known structures The architecture of Canada is, with the exception of that of the First Nations, closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in Europe and the United States. ... The following is a list of some important Canadian artists and groups of artists: Individuals Ran Andrews, 1956-, painter Robert Bateman, 1930-, painter Emily Carr, 1871-1945, painter Alex Colville, 1920-, painter Ken Danby, 1940-, painter Charles Daudelin, 1920-2001, sculptor and painter Paterson Ewen, 1925-2002, painter Marcelle Ferron... This is a list of well-known Canadians. ... Canadian national holidays (with provincial exceptions): Each province of Canada has its own provincial holiday or holidays. ... Skating on the Rideau Canal in Ottawa. ... Canadian literature may be divided into two parts, based on their separate roots: one stems from the culture and literature from France; the other from Britain. ... The history of music of Canada has mirrored the history and evolution of the country. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Celtic music is primarily associated with the folk traditions of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as well as the popular styles derived from folk culture. ... The term classical music in this article refers to the western or European classical music tradition. ... Canadian hip hop developed much more slowly than the rock music scene. ... Canada has been a source of rock and roll music for decades, beginning with Paul Anka who in 1957 went to New York City where he recorded his own composition, Diana. The song brought him instant stardom and went to No. ... The Flag of Canada Canadian nationalism is a loose term which has been applied to ideologies of several different types which highlight and promote specifically Canadian interests over those of other countries, notably the United States. ... Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid 20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production and limit the effect of foreign, largely American, culture on the domestic audience. ... Social programs in Canada include all government programs designed to give assistance to citizens outside of what the market provides. ... The contemporary theatre scene in Canada revolves around companies and summer festivals based at facilities in Canadian cities. ... Coat of Arms of Canada (since 1994) The Coat of Arms of Canada, formally known as The Arms of Her Majesty in Right of Canada, is the official coat of arms of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity... This is a list of flags used in Canada. ... The National Flag of Canada, popularly known as the Maple Leaf and lUnifolié (French for the one-leafed), is a base red flag with a white square in its centre featuring a stylized, 11-pointed, red maple leaf. ... This is a list of the symbols of Canadian provinces and territories. ... There are many symbols reflecting Canadas status as a constitutional monarchy, including those of the Monarch, or the vice-regal representatives. ...