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This article is about the economy of Peru, a country in South America. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links Sanisidro. ... ISO 4217 Code PEN User(s) Peru Inflation 2. ... According to the Gregorian calendar, the calendar year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. ... GDP is an acronym which can stand for more than one thing: (in economics) an abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ... The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper Variabilità e mutabilità. It is usually used to measure income inequality, but can be used to measure any form of uneven distribution. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... This article is about mineral extractions. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... A typical steel fabrication shop Fabrication, when used as an industrial term, applies to the building of machines and structures by cutting, shaping and assembling components made from raw materials. ... An oil well is seen in Texas. ... Refining is the process of purification of a substance, usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ... For the computer security term, see Phishing. ... Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting In fishing industry, fish processing or fish products industry refers to processing fish delivered by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. ... Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for consumption by humans or animals. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Latin petrus – rock and oleum – oil), mineral oil, or crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earths... Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. ... For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... For the botanical genus, see Asparagus (genus). ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... For other uses, see Guinea pig (disambiguation). ... United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... Petro redirects here. ... Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. ... For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ... A machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. ... Vehicles are non-living means of transport. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... For other uses, see Paper (disambiguation). ... United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... USD redirects here. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

History

Main article: Economic history of Peru

Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the last decades, the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms which included an agrarian reform, the expropriation of several foreign companies, the introduction of a planning system and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve the objectives set by the regime, mainly the end of economic dependency and massive income redistribution.^[1] Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed after the fall of Velasco. // Inca economy was mainly agricultural, although it reached some animal husbandry and mining development. ... Not to be confused with Political economy. ... Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government. ... Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land (see land reform) or can refer more broadly to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures. ... Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act by which a nation takes possession of assets without requiring the owners consent, with or without payment of compensation. ... Economic interventionism is a term used to describe activity undertaken by a central government to affect a countrys economy in an attempt to increase economic growth and/or standards of living. ... A government corporation or government-owned corporation is a legal entity created by a government to exercise some of the powers of the government. ... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic... Income redistribution, or the redistribution of wealth, is a political policy usually promoted by members of the political left, and opposed, or less strongly supported, by members of the political right. ...

In the 1980s, a lukewarm liberalization attempt by the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry failed in the context of the Latin American debt crisis. His successor, Alan García, applied heterodox policies through the expansion of public expenditure and limitations on external debt payments.^[2] This ended in budget deficits, hyperinflation, and negative GDP growth.^[3] In the 1990s, the government of Alberto Fujimori undertook a process of liberalization which put an end to price controls, discarded protectionism, eliminated restrictions on foreign direct investment and privatized most state companies.^[4] Reforms have allowed sustained economic growth since 1993 except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.^[5] In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. ... Fernando Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). ... The Latin American debt crisis refers to a period in the early 1980s (and for some countries starting in the 1970s) where countries in the region reached a point where their foreign debt exceeded their earning power and they were not able to repay it. ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. ... Heterodox economics [1] refers to approaches or schools of economic thought that do not conform to mainstream economics, which has largely developed from neoclassical economics in the late 19th century. ... Government spending or government expenditure consists of government purchases, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding, at a heavy price of high inflation and other possibly devastating consequences), taxes, or government borrowing. ... A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ... In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is out of control, a condition in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value. ... Alberto Kenya Fujimori (Spanish IPA: , Japanese IPA: ) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28, 1938), also known as Kenya Fujimori ) was President of Peru from July 28, 1990 to November 17, 2000. ... In economics, incomes policies are wage and price controls, most commonly instituted as a response to inflation. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... This article is about economics. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... World GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the industrial revolution. ... The East Asian Financial Crisis was a period of economic unrest that started in July 1997 in Thailand and South Korea with the financial collapse of Kia, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered Four Asian Tigers. ...

Since 1990, the Peruvian economy has undergone considerable free market reforms, from legalizing parts of the informal sector to significant privatization in the mining, electricity and telecommunications industries. Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the Fujimori government and the IMF and World Bank, growth was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998, El Niño's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. 1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Niño and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Lima did manage to complete negotiations for an Extended Fund Facility with the IMF in June 1999, although it subsequently had to renegotiate the targets. This article is about the year. ... In economics the informal economy is the system of exchange used outside state-controlled or money-based economic activities. ... The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... Chart of ocean surface temperature anomaly [°C] during the last strong El Niño in December 1997 El Niño and La Niña (also written in English as El Nino and La Nina) are major temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ...

Peru's per-capita growth rates have diverged from overall growth rates over the last quarter century. Peru’s GDP per capita peaked in 1981 and is only now returning to that level. In other words, income per person in Peru – the most basic economic measure of living standards – is currently about the same as it was 25 years ago. Meanwhile, poverty has decreased but remains high, as does unemployment.^[6]

Greater depth

From 1994 through 1997, under the government of Alberto Fujimori, the economy recorded robust growth driven by foreign direct investment, almost 46% of which was related to the privatization program.^{[citation needed]} The economy stagnated from 1998 through 2001, the result of the century’s strongest El Niño weather phenomenon, global financial turmoil, political instability, a stalled privatization program, increased government intervention in markets^{[citation needed]}, and worsening terms of trade. President Alejandro Toledo implemented a recovery program after taking office, maintained largely orthodox economic policies, and took measures to attract investment, including restarting the privatization program. Nonetheless, political uncertainty led to GDP growth of 0.2% in 2001.^{[citation needed]} The Lima Stock Exchange general index fell 34.5% in 2000 and 0.2% in 2001.^{[citation needed]} Inflation remained at record lows, registering 3.7% in 2000.^{[citation needed]} Chart of ocean surface temperature anomaly [°C] during the last strong El Niño in December 1997 El Niño and La Niña (also written in English as El Nino and La Nina) are major temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. ... Alejandro Toledo (Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique) (born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian politician. ...

The year 2001 saw deflation of 0.1%. The government's overall budget deficit rose sharply in 1999 and 2000 to 3.2% of GDP, the result of hikes in government salaries, expenditures related to the 2000 election campaign, higher foreign debt service payments, and lower tax revenues.^{[citation needed]} The government brought the deficit down to 2.5% of GDP in 2001, and set a target of 1.9% of GDP for 2002. Peru's stability brought about a substantial reduction in underemployment, from an average of 74% from the late 1980s through 1994 to 43% in the 1995-96 period, but the rates began climbing again in 1997-2002 to over half the working population. The poverty rate remained at 54% in 2001, with 24% of Peruvians living in extreme poverty. In 2005 the numbers changed, nowadays 18% Peruvians live in extreme poverty and the poverty rate is now at 43%.^{[citation needed]} “Deflation” redirects here. ... In economics, the term underemployment has at least three different distinct meanings and applications. ...

Foreign trade and balance of payments

In 2001 the current account deficit dropped to about 2.2% of GDP (US$1.17 billion)--from 3.1% in 2000--while the trade balance registered a small deficit. Exports dropped slightly to $7.11 billion, while imports fell 2.1% to $7.20 billion. After being hit hard by El Niño in 1998, fisheries exports have recovered, and minerals and metals exports recorded large gains in 2001 and 2002, mostly as a result of the opening of the Antamina copper-zinc mine. By mid-2002, most sectors of the economy were showing gains. After several years of substantial growth, foreign direct investment not related to privatization fell dramatically in 2000 and 2001, as well as in the first half of 2002. Net international reserves at the end of May 2002 stood at $9.16 billion, up from $8.6 billion (2001), $17 billion at the end of 2006 and over $20 billion in 2007. Peru has signed a number of free trade agreements, including the 2007 United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement. It is currently negotiating the China–Peru Free Trade Agreement, which is expected to be signed in November 2008. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The United States - Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (Spanish: ) is a bilateral free trade agreement, whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade, consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and between the United States and Peru. ...

Foreign investment

The Peruvian government actively seeks to attract both foreign and domestic investment in all sectors of the economy. International investment was spurred by the significant progress Peru made during the 1990s toward economic, social, and political stability, but it slowed again after the government delayed privatizations and as political uncertainty increased in 2000. President Alejandro Toledo has made investment promotion a priority of his government. While Peru was previously marked by terrorism, hyperinflation, and government intervention in the economy, the Government of Peru under former President Alberto Fujimori took the steps necessary to bring those problems under control. Democratic institutions, however, and especially the judiciary, remain weak.

The Government of Peru's economic stabilization and liberalization program lowered trade barriers, eliminated restrictions on capital flows, and opened the economy to foreign investment, with the result that Peru now has one of the most open investment regimes in the world. Between 1992 and 2001, Peru attracted almost $17 billion in foreign direct investment in Peru, after negligible investment during the 1980s, mainly from Spain (32.35%)^[7], the United States (17.51%), the Switzerland (6.99%), Chile (6.63%), and Mexico (5.53%). The basic legal structure for foreign investment in Peru is formed by the 1993 constitution, the Private Investment Growth Law, and the November 1996 Investment Promotion Law. Although Peru does not have a bilateral investment treaty with the United States, it has signed an agreement (1993) with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) concerning OPIC-financed loans, guarantees, and investments. Peru also has committed itself to arbitration of investment disputes under the auspices of ICSID (the World Bank's International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) or other international or national arbitration tribunals. The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is an agency of the U.S. government established in 1971 that helps U.S. businesses invest overseas and promotes economic development in new and emerging markets. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), an institution of the World Bank group, was founded in 1966 pursuant to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID or Washington Convention). ...

Economic outlook

Forecasts for the medium- and long-term remain highly positive. Peru’s real GDP growth in 2008 will likely be among the highest in the region, expected to be over 6.3%.^{[citation needed]} Inflation is likely to remain low, at about 3%, while the budget surplus is expected to remain at about 1% of GDP.^{[citation needed]} Private investment should keep growing at a rate of 15% a year.^{[citation needed]} Exports and imports are expected to keep rising.^{[citation needed]} The unemployment and underemployment indexes (7.2% and 54%, respectively, in Lima) should keep coming down as the economy grows^{[citation needed]}, other cities in Peru like Cajamarca, Ica, Cuzco and Trujillo are starting to show less unemployment nowadays.^{[citation needed]} Peru's economy grew by 8.03% in 2006 and 8.3% in 2007.^{[citation needed]} Over the next few years, the country is likely to attract both domestic and foreign investment in the tourism, agriculture, mining, petroleum and natural gas, power industries and financial institutions.^{[citation needed]}

The government has signed an agreement with the IMF in which the perspectives of the economic growth are excellent. The GDP will grow at 7% for the next 6 years;^{[citation needed]} private investment will reach 25% of the GDP in 2007,^{[citation needed]} with perspectives of reaching up to 30% of the GDP by 2009; and inflation is under control at 2% per year for the next 5 years.^{[citation needed]} International Debt will reach 20% of the GDP by 2010, down from 35% in 2006, and will be only 12% of the GDP by 2015.^{[citation needed]} The International Monetary Reserves of the National Reserve Bank (Dollars, Euros, Yens, Gold, and other currencies) will reach US$ 27 billion by the end of 2007, reaching US$ 45 billion by 2010, which will be twice the amount of international debt by then.

Exports are growing at a pace of 25% and will reach US$ 28 billion by the end of 2007 and US$ 50 billion by the end of 2010.^{[citation needed]} High technological investment is growing fast in Peru, and will be 10% of the GDP by 2010.^{[citation needed]}

Narcotics

The fight against narcotics trafficking in Peru has resulted in an unprecedented 70% reduction since 1995 in the area of illegal coca leaf under cultivation. The impact of this illicit industry to the national economy is difficult to measure, but estimates range from $300-$600 million. An estimated 200,000 Peruvians are engaged in the production, refining, or distribution of the narcotic. Many economists believe that large flows of dollars into the banking system contribute to the traditional depression in the dollar exchange rate vis-a-vis the sol, and create a climate in which money-laundering can flourish. The Central Bank engages in open market activities to prevent the price of the sol from rising to levels that would otherwise hurt Peruvian exports. The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word for stupor, originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). ...

Hurt economically by successful Peruvian Air Force interdiction efforts in the mid-1990s,^{[citation needed]} drug traffickers are now using land and river routes as well as aircraft to transport cocaine paste and, increasingly, cocaine hydrochloride (HCL) around and out of the country. The airbridge denial interdiction program was suspended in April 2001 after the Peruvian Air Force misidentified a U.S. aircraft as a drug trafficker and shot it down, killing two American citizens on board. Aerial interdiction of drug traffickers may resume once adequate training and safety measures have been instituted by the U.S. and Peruvian Governments. Peru continues to arrest drug traffickers and seize drugs and precursor chemicals, destroy coca labs, disable clandestine airstrips, and prosecute officials involved in narcotics corruption. The Peruvian Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea del Perú, abbreviated FAP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with defending the nation and its interests through the use of air power. ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...

Working with limited aid of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Peruvian Government carries out alternative development programs in the leading coca-growing areas in an effort to convince coca farmers not to grow that crop. Although the government previously eradicated only coca seed beds, in 1998 and 1999 it began to eradicate mature coca being grown in national parks and elsewhere in the main coca growing valleys. In 1999 the government eradicated more than 150 km² of coca; this figure declined to 65 km&sup2 in 2000, due largely to political instability. The government agency "Contradrogas," founded in 1996, facilitates coordination among Peruvian Government agencies working on counter narcotics issues. Limited terrorist groups, such as Sendero Luminoso have pledged their willingness to continue the armed fight against the Peruvian government in what Sendero Luminoso has deemed the "guerra de la coca"^[8] The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid. ... Shining Paths Flag Sendero Luminoso or Shining Path is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru; it calls itself the Communist Party of Peru (Partido Comunista del Perú). ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Abimael Guzmán Óscar Ramírez Comrade ArtemioVíctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru...

Statistics

GDP: purchasing power parity - $202.8 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: 8.03% (INEI - 2006), preliminary reports expect GDP to grow 8.2% for 2007, and 7% for the next 3 years.

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $7,300 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 8%
industry: 25%
services: 67% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line: 43% (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.14% (2006 est.)

Labor force: 20 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 9%, industry 18%, services 73% (2001)

Unemployment rate: 7.2%

Budget:
revenues: $26 billion (2007 est.)
expenditures: $25 billion, including long-term capital expenditures of $3.2 billion (2007 est.)

Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing and seafood industry, textiles, clothing, food processing, vegetables, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication and transformation, wood industry, oil refinery. This article is about metallic materials. ... Petro redirects here. ... For other uses, see Cement (disambiguation). ... Car redirects here. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ship (disambiguation). ... This article is about metallic materials. ...

Industrial production growth rate: 12% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production: 36,500 GWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 24.53%
hydro: 74.79%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.68% (1998)

Electricity - consumption: 33,000 GWh (2002)

Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2004)

Agriculture - products: coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... This article is about the fruit. ... For other uses, see Coca (disambiguation). ... Ducks amongst other poultry The Poultry-dealer, after Cesare Vecellio Poultry is the category of domesticated birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers. ... For other uses, see Beef (disambiguation). ... A dairy farm near Oxford, New York in the United States. ... For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ...

Exports: 27.5 billion f.o.b. (2007) of goods and products. 3.5 billion f.o.b. (2007) of services.

Exports: fish and fish products, copper, zinc, gold, molybdenum, iron, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead; coffee, asparagus, artichokes, paprika, sugar, cotton, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, manufactures, machinery, services. For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Petro redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... For the botanical genus, see Asparagus (genus). ... Artichokes are three types of vegetables, two in the daisy family Asteraceae, and one in the deadnettle family Lamiaceae. ... Capsicum fruit which comes in various shapes and colours can be used to make paprika. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article is about devices that perform tasks. ...

Exports - partners: United States 30%, Mainland China 11%, Japan 6%, Chile 5% Switzerland, Germany, United Kingdom, Brazil (2006) ...

Imports: $20 billion f.o.b. (2007)

Imports - commodities: machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics. This article is about devices that perform tasks. ... Petro redirects here. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...

Imports - partners: US 19%, Colombia 6%, Venezuela 5%, Chile 4%, Brazil 4% (1997) For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

Debt - external: $28 billion (2007 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $491 million (2002)

Currency: 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos

Exchange rates: nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.98 (Dec 2007), 3.20 (Dec 2006), 3.303 (Oct 2004), 3.45 (December 31, 2003), 3.51 (December 31, 2002), 3.63 (2001), 3.50 (2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996), 2.253 (1995) Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Fiscal year: calendar year

See also

v • d • e Major topics in Peru History Timeline (Ancient civilizations · Inca Empire · Spanish conquest · Viceroyalty · War of Independence · Guano era · War of the Pacific · Colombia-Peru War · Ecuadorian-Peruvian war · Internal conflict)  · Demographic · Economic · Military Geography Cities · Earthquakes · Fauna · Flora · Mountains · Natural regions · Protected areas · Rivers Government Constitution · Regions and provinces · Foreign relations · Military · Law · Law enforcement · Nationality law · Electoral system Politics Political parties (APRA, Union for Peru, National Unity, Alliance for the Future, Popular Action, Peru Possible, Peruvian Nationalist Party) · Elections Economy Agriculture · Central Bank · Communications · Companies · Currency · Electricity · Stock Exchange · Transport · Water supply and sanitation Culture Architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Demographics · Education · Languages · Literature · Media · Music · Public holidays · Religion · Sport Other List of Peruvians · Human rights · International rankings · Llama  · Macchu Pichu See also Portal:Peru

Image File history File links Flag_of_Peru_(state). ... The history of Peru spans several millennia. ... 3000 BC - 1800 BC: Norte Chico 900 BC - 200 BC: Chavín 300 BC - AD 1480 Moche, Chimu 300 BC - AD 800 Nazca_culture 300 - 1100 Tiwanaku 500 - 1000 Huari 1100 - 1572: Inca Empire 1532 - 1572: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1542 - 1821: Viceroyalty of Peru 1836 - 1839: Peru-Bolivian... The map of the Tahuantinsuyo An Andean bronze bottle made by Chimú artisans from circa 1300 A.D. The Stele from the Chavin Culture, Ancash, Peru Moche pottery, Lambayeque, Peru (Image © PROMPERU, used with permission) The Tiahuanaco Gate of the Sun, Puno, Peru An Andean bronze bottle made by Chim... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ... For the conflict between Japan and the Allied powers in Asia and the Pacific Ocean from 1937 to 1945, which included World War II campaigns, see Pacific War. ... Colombia-Peru War theater of operations. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Ecuador Commanders Gen. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Abimael Guzmán Óscar Ramírez Comrade ArtemioVíctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru... The demographic history of Peru can be reconstructed through the population censuses carried out throughout the history of Peru. ... // Inca economy was mainly agricultural, although it reached some animal husbandry and mining development. ... This is a list of cities in Peru. ... Safe zone in case of an earthquake. ... This is a list of mountains in Peru. ... Peruvian Physiographic Regions When the Spanish arrived, they divided Peru (because of political reasons) in three main regions: the Coastal region, that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean; the Highlands, that is located on the Andean Heights, and the Jungle, that is located on the Amazonian Jungle. ... This is a list of rivers that are at least partially in Peru. ... The Subdivisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. ... In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. ... The Judicial System of Peru usually known as the Judicial Power in Peru, is an organism of the government of the Republic of Peru composed of a hierarchic organization of institutions, that excersice equal justice to all people. ... The national police force in Perú is called Policía Nacional del Perú or PNP. They are the state police force, but serve many of the same roles in the cities that local police forces assume in other countries, such as traffic control at intersections. ... According to the Peruvian Constitution and nationality legislation passed in 1996 as well as an executive order declared in 1997, Peruvian nationality can be passed by birth via jus soli or by registration if born overseas and duly registered at a Peruvian embassy or consulate before the child reaches 18... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Electoral system Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties APRA List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Provincial Municipalities Districtal Municipalities Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Politics... Political parties in Peru lists political parties in Peru. ... The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) also known as the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ... Union for Peru (Spanish: Unión por el Perú) was originally a liberal or centrist political party in Peru. ... National Unity (Spanish: Unidad Nacional) is a Peruvian political party. ... A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. ... Peru Possible (Spanish: Perú Posible) is a Peruvian political party. ... Judicial System Supreme Court of the Republic Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace Elections Presidential elections National elections Peruvian Constituent Assembly elections, 1978 Political Parties A.P.R.A. List of political parties in Peru Region & Local government Regional Governments Governors Provinces, Cities, and Districts... Elections in Peru provides information pertaining to the election process and the results of Peruvian presidencial elections. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... Ajegroup Alicorp Banco de Credito del Peru Cementos Lima Cemento Pacasmayo Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru Wong (supermarket) Saga Falabella Telefonica del Peru Category: ... The electricity sector in Peru has experienced impressive improvements in the past 15 years. ... The Culture of Peru was shaped by the relationship between Hispanic and Amerindian cultures. ... Machu Picchu is a worldwide known example of peruvian architecture. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Peruvian cuisine is considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese, and Indian cuisine. ... Almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. ... In the history of Peruvian literature, the oral indigenous tradition and the technical resources of writing (incorporated by Spaniards) converge in each other. ... Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on the Perus Andean musical roots and Spanish musical influences. ... This is an incomplete list of public holidays in Peru. ... This is a list of famous Peruvians. ... The following are international rankings of Peru. ... For other uses, see Llama (disambiguation). ... View of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu (sometimes called the Lost City of the Inca) is a well preserved Pre-Columbian town located on a high mountain ridge (at an elevation of about 6,750 feet) above the Urubamba valley in modern-day Peru. ...

Notes

is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Mark Weisbrot, Background on Peruvian Economy, Center for Economic and Policy Research, April 2006
• CIA factbook

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Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... WTO redirects here. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 370 pixelsFull resolution (1357 × 628 pixel, file size: 19 KB, MIME type: image/png)World map of World Trade Organization (WTO) members/non-members, 2005; based on Image:BlankMap-World-v2. ... Economy - overview: Antigua and Barbudas economy is service-based, with tourism and government services representing the key sources of employment and income. ... The Asian financial crisis in 1997 and 1998, coupled with fluctuations in the price of oil have created uncertainty and instability in Bruneis economy. ... Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world with an average income per capita of €250 (US$300). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... All text and figures relate to mainland China only, unless stated. ... Sparsely populated in relation to its area, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to a vast potential of natural resources and mineral wealth, yet the economy of the DROC has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The economy of Costa Rica heavily depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports. ... The Ivorian economy is largely market based and depends heavily on the agricultural sector. ... The Dominican Republic is a middle-income developing country primarily dependent on agriculture, trade, and services, especially tourism. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... If it is considered as a single state, the economy of the European Unions twenty-seven member states is the worlds largest economy. ... Economy - overview: The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 deprived F.Y.R.O.M. (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), then its poorest republic (only 5% of the total federal output of goods and services), of its key protected markets and large transfer payments from the center. ... Economy - overview: The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a limited agricultural base. ... This article needs to be updated. ... The Economy of Hong Kong is widely believed, and some argue incorrectly, to be the most economically free in the world. ... Currency 1 South Korean Won (W) = 100 Jeon(Chŏn) (theoretical) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations APEC, WTO and OECD GDP ranking 10th by volume (at nominal) (2006); 11th by volume (at PPP) (2006); GDP (Nominal) $981. ... The Economy of New Zealand is a small but prosperous free market economy, which is greatly dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the United States of America and Japan. ... Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing infrastructure. ... The economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis has traditionally depended on the growing and processing of sugar cane; decreasing world prices have hurt the industry in recent years. ... Saint Lucias economy depends primarily on revenue from banana production and tourism with some input from small-scale manufacturing. ... The St. ... Economy - overview: Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... A per capita GDP of $340 ranks Solomon Islands as a lesser developed nation. ... South Africa has a two-tiered economy; one rivaling other developed countries and the other with only the most basic infrastructure. ... With an economy of $27. ... Republic of China (ROC) has a dynamiccapitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by the government. ... Trinidad and Tobago experienced a real growth rate of 3. ... // The United Arab Emirates has a highly industrialized economy that makes the country one the most developed in the world, based on various socioeconomic indicators such as GDP per capita, energy consumption per capita, and the HDI. At $168 billion in 2006, the GDP of the UAE ranks second in... The economy of the United States has been the worlds largest national economy since the late 1890s;[1] its gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated as $13. ... All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria • Belgium • Bulgaria • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Latvia • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands and Netherlands Antilles • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • United Kingdom. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Designated name for the Republic of China (Chinese Taipei)

v • d • e Economy of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama* · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago* · Uruguay · Venezuela Of the emerging democracies in central and eastern Europe, Czechia has one of the most developed industrialized economies. ... Tourism, petroleum transshipment, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the Netherlands Antillean economy, which is closely tied to the outside world. ... The United Kingdom has the fifth largest economy in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). ... A Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China is an administrative division of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... The economy of South America comprises about 500 million people living in 14 states and territories. ... This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged, gives an overview of states around the world with information on the extent of their sovereignty. ... Dependencies Aruba* (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands (UK) · French Guiana (France) · Netherlands Antilles* (Netherlands) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) Image File history File links South_America. ... World map of dependent territories. ... * Territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas (North America).