Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making. It was this industry that established it as one of Englands main industrial cities during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. This industry used Sheffield's unique combonation of local Iron, Coal and the use of water power supplied local rivers. This fueled a massive growth in the city population that expanded from 60,995 in 1801 to a peak of 577,050 in 1951. However, due to increasing competition from imports it saw a decline in industry since the 1960s which has forced the major industry to streamline its operations and lay off the majority of the local employment. This article is about the city in England. ... The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: England Inter. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by deep mining, coal mining (open-pit mining or strip mining). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ...

Today the city is trying to regenerate itself as modern sports and technology based city. Although there are signs that this is now happening, it remains lagging behind other regional centres such as Leeds and Manchester. The steel industry now concentrates in more specialist steel-making and despite appearences it currently produces more steel per year than at any other time in its history^[1]. However, the industry is now less noticeable as it has become highly automated and employs far fewer staff than in the past. Today the economy is worth over £7 billion a year^[2] This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Leeds is a city in the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire in the north of England. ... Manchester is a city in the North West of England. ...

History

The steel industry dates back to at least the 14th century. In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique for steel manufacture, at his workshop in the district of Handsworth. This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel production and was only made obsolete, a century later, in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter which allowed the true mass production of steel. Bessemer had moved his Bessemer Steel Company to Sheffield to be at the heart of the industry. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper), in the early 18th century. A more recent major Sheffield steel invention was that of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in 1912, and the work of Profs. F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high strength low alloy steels. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right}. It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... Benjamin Huntsman (1704 - 1776), English inventor and steel-manufacturer, was born in Lincolnshire. ... Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling iron and carbon (typically in the form of charcoal) in a crucible. ... Handsworth is a suburb of south eastern Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, England. ... Sir Henry Bessemer (January 19, 1813 – March 15, 1898), English engineer, was born at Charlton near Hitchin in Hertfordshire. ... Bessemer Converter, Schematic Diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. ... Thomas Boulsover (1705–1788), Sheffield cutler and the inventor of Sheffield Plate, was born in what is now the Ecclesfield district of the city and died at his home at Whiteley Wood Hall, on the River Porter. ... Sheffield plate is a layered combination of silver and copper that was used for many years to produce larger silver goods such as serving trays and teapots. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... In metallurgy, stainless steel (inox) is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10. ... Harry Brearley (February 18, 1871 – [july 14th]],1948) was the discoverer of rustless (later to be called stainless) steel. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... Frederick Brian Pickering is a leading British metallurgist. ...

The Sheffield Assay Office, which opened in 1773, stamps precious metals with the city's crown mark. The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire was created in 1624 to promote the city's steel industry around the world. The head of this company (the Master Cutler) is held in equal regard as the city's lord mayor and it has powers over the trademarking of steel with the Sheffield area. The Sheffield Assay Office is one of the four remaining Assay Offices in the UK. In 1773, after joint petitioning with Birmingham silversmiths, an Act of Parliament was passed to allow Sheffield the right to assay silver. ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Crown (headgear) - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire is a trade guild of steelworkers based in Sheffield. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ...

While iron and steel have always been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has been a major feature of the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston. Wyoming coal mine Coal mining is the extraction of coal from the Earth for use during combustion. ... The Palace of Westminster, known also as the Houses of Parliament, is where the two Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (the House of Lords and the House of Commons) conduct their sittings. ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... A small cinder quarry A dimension stone quarry A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. ... The villages of North Anston and South Anston are the principal constituents of the civil parish of North and South Anston, in the metropolitan borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. ...

The Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust, a partnership between Sheffield City Council, Sheffield Hallam University and The Cutlers Company of Hallamshire, has preserved key sites associated with the city's industrial heritage, some of which actually still operate ancient equipment for the public, such as the Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and the Kelham Island Museum. Northwest of the city lies Wortley Top Forge, which was a heavy ironworks of international renown. It is a site of historical and industrial importance, contributing to Sheffield's reputation for manufacturing high-quality, precision steel goods, though actually it is located within the boundaries of neighbouring Barnsley. Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet in Sheffield, England is a steel working site with a very long history. ... The Kelham Island Industrial Museum occupies the site of a former steelworks on an island in the River Don in Sheffield, England. ... Wortley Top Forge is an historic former ironworks originally dating back to the seventeenth century, although evidence suggests iron working took place in the vicinity as early as the fourteenth century. ... The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... Barnsley is a metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. ...

Today's Economy

The city once spearheaded the knowledge advances which gave it preeminence in steel and cutlery production, today the transfer of technology from Sheffield's universities is guaranteeing Sheffield's continuing industrial and commercial evolution, creating cutting-edge enterprises across the city. High technology businesses such as the US company Fluent, Inc., for example, have chosen Sheffield as the centre for their international operations and so has Jennic, specialists in semiconductor design for the Internet. Zoo Technology -- produces DVD extras and computer games Seams -- optimization algortihms for natural resource management Industrial Control Systems Limited (ICS) -- machine vision software IBM technology consulting Fluent Jennic Medis Diagnostics -- medical diagnostic systems ... Fluent, Inc. ... A semiconductor is a material with an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of an insulator and a conductor. ...

Insight Enterprises will invest £50m in a new European headquarters in the city resulting in 1700 jobs over the 2005-2008 period, while Boeing, through its collaboration with the University of Sheffield will be at the centre of an advanced manufacturing park on the edge of the City, home to a cluster of businesses in the advanced manufacturing sector. Other areas of employment include call centres, the City Council, universities and hospitals. The University of Sheffield is a leading university, located in Sheffield, UK. // History The University of Sheffield was originally formed by the merger of three colleges. ... A call centre (Commonwealth English) or call center (AmE) is a centralized office of a company that answers incoming telephone calls from customers(often for the purposes of product support) , or that makes outgoing telephone calls to customers (telemarketing). ... A council is a group of people who usually possess some powers of governance. ... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ...

After many years of decline there are now signs that the Sheffield economy is seeing a revival. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study^[4] revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. An survey by Knight Frank ^[5] revealed that Sheffield was the fastest growing city outside of London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. Barclays plc (LSE: BARC, NYSE: BCS, TYO: 8642 ) is the fourth largest bank in the United Kingdom. ... Sheffield Hallam is a Parliamentary constituency covering the south west portion of the City of Sheffield, England. ... This article is about the city in England. ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ...

Regeneration and development

Two major orginisations have been created in the past 20 years with the purpose of regenerating Sheffield's ecconomy. The Sheffield Development Corporation was established in 1988 in order to regenerate Lower Don Valley. The location of much of the city's former industry. In its 11 year existence it replaced much of the derelict land with new business ventures. The most famous project being the creation of Meadowhall shopping centre. Currently Sheffield one has been assigned the task of resurrecting the prospect of the neglected city centre. The Sheffield Development Corporation was created in 1988 to oversee the urban regeneration of the Lower Don Valley area of Sheffield. ... Meadowhall is a large shopping centre located three miles northeast of central Sheffield, England. ...

Like other major cities in the United Kingdom, Sheffield is undergoing large-scale redevelopment. Some of the projects proposed or currently under construction in Sheffield are the improvement of Sheffield Midland station, the new Retail Quarter, Victoria Quays and Riverside Exchange, and the redevelopment of The Moor shopping district. Sheffield Midland Station, now called simply Sheffield, is the railway station in central Sheffield, England. ... Riverside Exchange is a neighbourhood in central Sheffield, England, situated by the River Don right next to the city centre. ... The southern part of The Moor, with the Bank of Scotland in sight. ...

As well as these large-scale projects, there are lots of other public works buildings and luxury accommodation being built in the city. The city centre population is expected to increase from 5,000 in 2005 to 15,000 by 2015. £250 million pounds has also been invested in the city during the first half of 2005.

References

1. ^ Govenment News Network (Accessed 23 October 2005)
2. ^ Make It in Sheffield Economy worth (Accessed 26 October 2005)
3. ^ Labour profile (Accessed 4 December [[2005])
4. ^ "Wealth hotspots 'outside London'". BBC News. (Accessed 7 July 2004)
5. ^ Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment BBC News (Accessed 17 October 2005)

October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 4 is the 338th day (339th on leap years) of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Sheffield one
• Sheffield City Council