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Encyclopedia > Economy of Turkey
Economy of Turkey
Currency New Turkish lira (YTL)
Fiscal year calendar year
Trade organisations G-20 industrial nations, OECD, WTO, EU Customs Union, ECO, BSEC, D-8
Statistics
GDP (PPP) $941.6 billion[1] (2008 est.) (15)
GDP growth 5.4%[2] (2008 est.)
GDP per capita $13,511[3] (2008 est.)
GDP by sector agriculture: 8.9%, industry: 30.8%, services: 59.3%[4] (2007 est.)
Inflation (CPI) 6%[5] (2008 est.)
Population
below poverty line		 20%[6] (2002)
Labour force 25.27 million[7] (2007 est.)
Labour force
by occupation		 agriculture: 35.9%, industry: 22.8%, services: 41.2%[8] (3rd qtr. 2004)
Unemployment 9.7% plus underemployment of 4%[9] (2007 est.)
Main industries textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
External
Exports $110.5 billion f.o.b.[10] (2007 est.)
Export goods textiles, foodstuffs, metal manufactures, transport equipment, electronics, home appliances
Main export partners Germany 11.3%, United Kingdom 8%, Italy 7.9%, United States 6%, France 5.4%, Spain 4.4%[11] (2006)
Imports $156.9 billion f.o.b.[12] (2007 est.)
Import goods machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Main import partners Russia 12.8%, Germany 10.6%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.2%, France 5.2%, United States 4.5%, Iran 4%[13] (2006)
Gross External Debt $226.4 billion[14] (30 June 2007)
Public finances
Public debt 58.2% of GDP[15] (2007 est.)
Revenues $137.8 billion[16] (2007 est.)
Expenses $151.9 billion[17] (2007 est.)
Economic aid recipient: $464 million[18] (2005)
Main data source: CIA World Factbook
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars
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Turkey's economy is a complex mix of traditional craftsmanship and modern industries, increasingly dominated by the latter. The country's large agriculture sector, which ranked 7th in the world in terms of production output in 2005, accounted for 11.2% of the employment in 2006.[19] Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in industry, banking, transport, and communications. In recent years, the Turkish economy has expanded strongly, registering growth rates of 8.9% and 7.4% for the 2004 and 2005 fiscal years, respectively. TRY banknotes and coins The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... This article is about the G-20 of industrial nations. ... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... For other uses of the initials WTO, see WTO (disambiguation). ... On 31 December 1995 the customs union between Turkey and the European Union came into effect. ... Map of the ECO member states The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an intergovernmental international organization involving ten Asian nations. ... The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation is an organization created on June 25, 1992, to promote cooperation between its members, hoping to transform the BSEC into a regional economic organization. ... The official D-8 logo. ... GDP is an acronym which can stand for more than one thing: (in economics) an abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... USD redirects here. ... An artisan, also called a craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. ... For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Communication (disambiguation). ...

Contents

Macro-economic trends

The CIA classifies Turkey as a developed country.[20] Turkey is often classified as a newly industrialized country by economists and political scientists, and is a founding member of the OECD and the G20 industrial nations. Turkey's per-capita GDP places it among the upper-middle income countries. According to Forbes magazine, Istanbul, Turkey's financial capital, had a total of 35 billionaires as of March 2008 (up from 25 in 2007), ranking 4th in the world behind Moscow (74 billionaires), New York City (71 billionaires) and London (36 billionaires), while ranking above Hong Kong (30 billionaires), Los Angeles (24 billionaires), Mumbai (20 billionaires), San Francisco (19 billionaires), Dallas (15 billionaires) and Tokyo (15 billionaires).[21] The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... Countries considered NICs as of 2007 The category of newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. ... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... This article is about the G-20 of industrial nations. ... For other uses, see Forbes (disambiguation). ... Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey Coordinates: , Country Turkey Region Province Istanbul Founded 667 BC as Byzantium Roman/Byzantine period AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantines reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantines death in 337) Ottoman period 1453... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... , Bombay redirects here. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Dallas redirects here. ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ...


Agricultural sector

Turkey ranked seventh worldwide in terms of agricultural production output in 2005. Agricultural output in January 2008 Industrial output in January 2008 Service output in January 2008 This is a list of countries by GDP sector composition based on nominal GDP estimates and sector composition ratios provided by the CIA World Fact Book at market or government official exchange rates with figures...


As of March 2007, Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnut, fig, apricot, cherry, quince and pomegranate; the second largest producer of watermelon, cucumber and chickpea; the third largest producer of tomato, eggplant, green pepper, lentil and pistacchio; the fourth largest producer of onion and olive; the fifth largest producer of sugar beet; the sixth largest producer of tobacco, tea and apple; the seventh largest producer of cotton and barley; the eighth largest producer of almond; the ninth largest producer of wheat, rye and grapefruit, and the tenth largest producer of lemon.[22] Binomial name Corylus avellana L. The Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a shrub native to Europe and Asia. ... Species About 800, including: Ficus altissima Ficus americana Ficus aurea Ficus benghalensis- Indian Banyan Ficus benjamina- Weeping Fig Ficus broadwayi Ficus carica- Common Fig Ficus citrifolia Ficus coronata Ficus drupacea Ficus elastica Ficus godeffroyi Ficus grenadensis Ficus hartii Ficus lyrata Ficus macbrideii Ficus macrophylla- Moreton Bay Fig Ficus microcarpa- Chinese... Binomial name Prunus armeniaca L. For other uses, see Apricot (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Mill. ... Binomial name L. The Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–8 m tall. ... For the political designation, see Eco-socialism. ... This article is about the fruit. ... Binomial name Cicer arietinum L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... For other uses, see Tomato (disambiguation). ... Aubergine redirects here. ... Species   (incl. ... This article is about the species Lens culinaris. ... Binomial name L. The pistachio (Pistacia vera L., Anacardiaceae; sometimes placed in Pistaciaceae) is a small tree up to 10 m tall, native to mountainous regions of Iran, Turkmenistan and western Afghanistan. ... For other uses, see Onion (disambiguation). ... Binomial name L. 19th century illustration The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Syria and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. ... Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ... Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ... For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ... This article is about the fruit. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Almond (disambiguation). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... Binomial name Macfad. ... This article is about the fruit. ...


Turkey has been self-sufficient in food production since the 1980s. The agricultural output has been growing at a respectable rate. However, since the 1980s, agriculture has been in a state of decline in comparison to the total economy. Agricultural loans are issued with negative interest rates. Today, many of the institutions established between 1930 and 1980 continue to play important roles in the practices of farmers. Historically Turkey's farmers have been fairly fragmented. According to the 1990 Census "85% of agricultural holdings were under 10 hectares and 57% of these were fragmented into four or more non-contiguous plots."[23] Many old agricultural attitudes remain widespread, but these traditions are expected to change with the EU accession process. Turkey is dismantling the incentive system. Fertiliser and pesticide subsidies have been curtailed and remaining price supports have been gradually converted to floor prices. The government has also initiated many planned projects, such as the Southeastern Anatolia Project (G.A.P project). The advent of the G.A.P promises a very prosperous future for the southeastern agriculture. A hectare (symbol ha) is a metric unit of surface area, equal to 100 ares (the name is a contraction of the SI prefix hecto + are). ... Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal The Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish: Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people[1] living in a region. ...


Given all the efforts of the government, agricultural extension and research services are, in relative terms, inadequately organized in Turkey. This has been attributed to shortages of qualified advisers, transportation, and equipment. Agricultural research is distributed among nearly 100 government institutions and universities. The inability to spread the use of new technologies has been attributed to a reluctance of trained personnel to work in the field. The pay disparity in this sector is traditionally very high and incentives to train people do not cover this gap. Research is organized by commodity, with independent units for such major crops as cotton, tobacco, and citrus fruit. Observers note that coordination of the efforts of different research units and links between extension services are inadequate. This is a list of universities in Turkey. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ... For other uses, see Citrus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...


The livestock industry, compared to the initial years of the Republic, showed little improvement in productivity, and the later years of the decade saw stagnation. However livestock products, including meat, milk, wool, and eggs, contributed to more than ⅓ of the value of agricultural output. Fishing is another important part of the economy. For the computer security term, see Phishing. ...


Industrial sector

Devrim (1961) was Turkey's first car
Devrim (1961) was Turkey's first car
Anadol A1 (1966-1975) makes its international debut at the London Motor Show in Earls Court, 1968
Anadol A1 (1966-1975) makes its international debut at the London Motor Show in Earls Court, 1968
Anadol STC-16 (1973-1975) was Turkey's first sports car
Anadol STC-16 (1973-1975) was Turkey's first sports car
Etox is a new Turkish sports car brand, based in Ankara

Turkey ranked twenty-first worldwide in terms of industrial production output in 2005. Its industrial sector had a 19% share in employment, 29% share in national production, and 94% share in total exports. Devrim was the first ever automobile designed and produced in Turkey. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Anadol was Turkeys first domestic mass-production passenger vehicle, and the second Turkish car after Devrim. ... The British Motor Show is an automobile show held bi-annually in the United Kingdom. ... Earls Court is a place in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Anadol was Turkeys first domestic mass-production passenger vehicle, and the second Turkish car after Devrim. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Etox Zafer from behind Etox Zafer prototype Etox is the first Turkish automobile manufacturer dedicated exclusively to building sports cars. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Agricultural output in January 2008 Industrial output in January 2008 Service output in January 2008 This is a list of countries by GDP sector composition based on nominal GDP estimates and sector composition ratios provided by the CIA World Fact Book at market or government official exchange rates with figures...


The largest industry is textiles and clothing (16.3% of total industrial capacity in 2005 according to the State Institute of Statistics), followed by oil refinery (14.5%), food (10.6%), chemicals (10.3%), iron and steel (8.9%), automotive (6.3%), and machinery (5.8%). Textiles and clothing also constitutes the largest share in total exports (19% in 2005), followed by automotive (18%), iron and steel (13%), white goods (10%), chemicals and pharmaceuticals (9%), and machinery (7%). Turkish companies made clothing exports worth $13.98 billion in 2006; more than $10.67 billion of which (76.33%) were made to the EU member states.[24] This article is about the type of fabric. ... A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. ... A major appliance is a large machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as cooking, food preservation, or cleaning, whether in a household, institutional, commercial or industrial setting. ... A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. ...


Turkey's Vestel Electronics is the largest TV producer in Europe, accounting for a quarter of all TV sets manufactured and sold on the continent.[25] By January 2005, Vestel and its rival Turkish electronics and white goods brand BEKO accounted for more than half of all TV sets manufactured in Europe.[26] Another Turkish electronics brand, Profilo-Telra, was Europe's third largest TV producer in 2005.[27] EU market share of Turkish companies in consumer electronics has increased significantly in the last 15 years - in color TVs from 5% in 1995 to 45% in 2005, in digital devices from 3% to 15%, and in white goods from 3% to 18%. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Consumer electronics is a term used to describe the category of electronic equipment intended for everyday use by people, the consumers. ...


Turkey also has a large and growing automotive industry, which produced 1,024,987 motor vehicles in 2006[28], ranking as the 6th largest automotive producer in Europe; behind Germany (5,819,614), France (3,174,260), Spain (2,770,435), the United Kingdom (1,648,388), and Italy (1,211,594), respectively.[29] The automotive industry is an important part of the economy since the late 1990s. The companies in the sector are mainly located in the Marmara Region. Existing motor vehicle production capacity of the automotive industry in Turkey is 1,024,987 units per year, as of 2006. The combined capacity of the 6 companies producing passenger cars stood at 726,000 units per year in 2002, reaching 991,621 units per year in 2006[30]. In 2002, FIAT/Tofas had 34% of this capacity, Oyak/Renault 31%, Hyundai/Assan and Toyota 14% each, Honda 4%, and Ford/Otosan 3%. With a cluster of car-makers and parts suppliers, the Turkish automotive sector, the 17th largest producer of passenger cars (991,621 units) in the world in 2006[31], has become an integral part of the global network of production bases and now exporting over USD 14 billion (2002) worth of motor vehicles and components. Industrial robots welding a car body in the white section of a production line. ... Car redirects here. ...


Construction and contracting sector

The Turkish construction and contracting industry is one of the leading, most competitive and dynamic construction/contracting industries in the world. A total of 22 Turkish construction/contracting companies were selected for the Top International Contractors List prepared by the Engineering News-Record in 2007; which made the Turkish construction/contracting industry the world's 3rd largest in that year, ranking behind those of the USA and China.[32] Engineering News-Record (widely known as ENR) is a weekly magazine that provides news, analysis, data and opinion for the construction industry worldwide. ...


Service sector

TCDD high speed train
TCDD high speed train

Telecommunications were liberalised in 2004 after the creation of the Telecommunication Authority. Private sector companies operate in mobile telephony and Internet access. There were 19 million fixed phone lines, 36 million mobile phones, and 12 million Internet users by the August, 2005. Turkish State Railways network - High speed tracks under construction and in plan Turkey has started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. ...

For more details on this topic, see Communications in Turkey.

The road network was an estimated 382,397 km in 1999, including 95,599 km of paved roads and 1,749 km of motorways. The rail network was 8,682 km in 1999, including 2,133 km of electrified track. There are 1,200 km of navigable waterways. There were 118 airports in 1999, including six international airports in Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Trabzon, Dalaman and Antalya. Turkey has one of the most developed telecommunication network in the region. ... Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey Coordinates: , Country Turkey Region Province Istanbul Founded 667 BC as Byzantium Roman/Byzantine period AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantines reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantines death in 337) Ottoman period 1453... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Ä°zmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the countrys largest port after Ä°stanbul. ... Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond (Greek: ), is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. ... Coast near Dalaman Dalaman is a district, as well as the central town of that district, situated on the southwestern coast of Turkey, in the MuÄŸla Province. ... This article is mostly about the Antalya City; for the province, see Antalya Province. ...

For more details on this topic, see Transport in Turkey.

// The TCDD - Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish Republic Railways) possess 8,607 km of 1435 mm gauge, of which 1,524 km are electrified (1999). ...

Tourism sector

Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest developing sectors in Turkey. According to travel agencies TUI AG and Thomas Cook, 11 of the 100 best hotels of the world are located in Turkey.[33][34] In 2005, there were 24,124,501 visitors to the country, who contributed $18.2 billion to Turkey's revenues, with an average expenditure of $679 per tourist.[35] In 2007, the number of visitors rose to 27,214,988, who contributed $18.5 billion to Turkey's revenues.[36] Over the years, Turkey has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans, often competing with Greece, Italy and Spain. Resorts in provinces such as Antalya and Muğla (which are located in the Turkish Riviera) have become very popular among European tourists. TUI AG (Touristik Union International) (ISIN: DE000TUAG000) is a German based company. ... For other uses, see Thomas Cook (disambiguation). ... — Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of archaeological and historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. ... Antalya Province is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean sea. ... Shows the Location of MuÄŸla province MuÄŸla province is in southwestern Turkey, along the Aegean Sea. ... Map showing the Turkish Riviera The Turkish Riviera (also known as The Turquoise Coast) is a popular term used to define an area of southwest Turkey encompassing Antalya, MuÄŸla and to a lesser extent Aydın and Ä°zmir provinces. ...


Financial sector

The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası) was founded in 1930, as a privileged joint-stock company. It possesses the sole right to issue notes. It also has the obligation to provide for the monetary requirements of the state agricultural and commercial enterprises. All foreign exchange transfers are exclusively handled by the central bank. The bank has 25 domestic branches, as well as branches in New York, London, Frankfurt, and Zurich. It has been suggested that Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası be merged into this article or section. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the state. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Location within Switzerland   Zürich[?] (German pronunciation IPA: ; usually spelled Zurich in English) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. ...

Maslak financial district in Istanbul
Maslak financial district in Istanbul

In 1998 there were 72 banks. In late 2000 and early 2001 a growing trade deficit and weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis. There was a recession followed by the floating of the lira. This financial breakdown brought the number of banks to 31. Currently more than 34% of the assets are concentrated in the Agricultural Bank (Ziraat Bankasi), Housing Bank (Yapi Kredi Bankasi), IsBank and Akbank. There are also Middle Eastern Trading Banks, which practice an Islamic type of trading. The five big state-owned banks restructured during 2001. Political involvement was minimized and loaning policies were changed. However, over-staffing remains a problem. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 286 pixelsFull resolution (897 × 321 pixel, file size: 324 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Skyline of Maslak financial district in Istanbul on June 23, 2005 File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 286 pixelsFull resolution (897 × 321 pixel, file size: 324 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Skyline of Maslak financial district in Istanbul on June 23, 2005 File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at... Skyline of Maslak business district at sunset Maslak is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located in the northern European part of the city. ... Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey Coordinates: , Country Turkey Region Province Istanbul Founded 667 BC as Byzantium Roman/Byzantine period AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantines reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantines death in 337) Ottoman period 1453... As of September 2006, the size of the banking industry is 88. ... Lira is the name of the monetary unit of a number of countries, as well as the former currency of Italy, San Marino and the Vatican City. ...


The Istanbul Stock Exchange opened in 1985 and Istanbul Gold Exchange in 1995. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Turkey was valued at $161,537 million in 2005 by the World Bank.[1] The Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE)[1] ( Turkish: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, İMKB) is the only corporation in Turkey for securities exchange established to provide trading in equities, bonds and bills, revenue-sharing certificates, private sector bonds, foreign securities and real estate certificates as well as international securities. ... Market capitalization, often abbreviated to market cap, mkt. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ...


Government regulations passed in 1929 required all insurance companies to reinsure 30% of each policy with National Reinsurance Corp. In 1954, life insurance was exempted from this requirement. The insurance market is officially regulated through the Ministry of Commerce.

Levent financial district in Istanbul
Levent financial district in Istanbul

After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), in 2007 Turkey succeeded in attracting $21.9 billion in FDI and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years.[37] A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment. Turkey has taken steps to improve its investment climate through administrative streamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and tax treaties, including with the United States, that guarantee free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation. Levent financial district View from Sporcular Park A double decker commuter bus on Taksim Square, running between the European and Asian districts of Istanbul, with a Turkcell advertisement showing Levent financial district and the Bosphorus Bridge, as seen from NakkaÅŸtepe Hill on the Asian side of the Bosphorus Levent... Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey Coordinates: , Country Turkey Region Province Istanbul Founded 667 BC as Byzantium Roman/Byzantine period AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantines reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantines death in 337) Ottoman period 1453... This article is about economics. ...


In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which in 2001 accounted for more than 50% of central government spending - while inflation has remained in the high double digit range. Since 2003, the inflation has lowered to single digits, and the economy is showing an average growth of 7.8%, between 2002-2005. Fiscal deficit is benefiting (though in small amount) from large industry privatizations. Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... < [[[[math>Insert formula here</math>The public sector is that part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the [[government </math></math></math></math> Direct administration funded through taxation; the delivering organisation generally has no specific requirement to meet commercial... GDP redirects here. ...


For a time, the lira was synonymous with low-valued currency. Recently, the "New Turkish lira" was introduced, worth 1 million old lira. (In essence, they "slashed off six zeroes".) This was meant to be a symbol of a stronger currency, after a long period of high inflation that had devalued the currency so greatly. TRY banknotes and coins The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ...


External trade and investment

Turkish exports in 2006
Turkish exports in 2006

Turkey is one of the largest sources of foreign direct investment in central and eastern Europe and the CIS, with more than $1.5 billion invested. Of this, 32% has been invested in Russia, primarily in the natural resources and construction sectors, and an additional 46% in Turkey’s Black Sea neighbours, Bulgaria and Romania. In addition, Turkish firms have sizeable recorded FDI stocks in Poland ($100 million).


The Turkish Construction/Contracting Industry has been a significant player (e.g. Enka, Tekfen, Gama and Üçgen İnşaat, etc) as well as the three industrial groups, namely Anadolu Efes Group, ŞişeCam Group and Vestel Group. Enka Insaat ve Sanayi A.S. is a Turkish construction conglomerate based out of Istanbul. ...


Turkey's exports reached $110.5 billion in 2007, but imports rose to $156.9 billion, mostly due to the country's rising demand for energy resources like natural gas and crude oil.[38] Turkey targets exports of $200 billion in 2013, and a total trade volume of at least $450 billion.[39] Turkish export mix has changed considerably in the last two decades. Share of natural gas decreased from 74% in 1980 to 30% in 1990 and 12% in 2005. Share of mid/high technology products has increased from 5% in 1980 to 14% in 1990 and 43% in 2005.


Turkey's main trading partners are the European Union (59% of exports and 52% of imports as of 2005),[40] the United States, Russia and Japan. Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.[41] On 31 December 1995 the customs union between Turkey and the European Union came into effect. ...


Natural resources

Turkey ranks tenth in the world in terms of the diversity of minerals produced in the country. Around 60 different minerals are currently produced in Turkey. The richest mineral deposits in the country are boron salts and Turkey’s reserves amount to 72% of the world’s total.


Turkey is an oil producer, but the level of production isn't enough to make the country self sufficient. As a result, it is a net oil and gas importer.


The pipeline network in Turkey included 1,738 km for crude oil, 2,321 km for petroleum products, and 708 km for natural gas in 1999. Several major new pipelines are planned, especially the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline for Caspian oilfields, the longest one in the world, which recently opened in 2005. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (sometimes abbreviated as BTC pipeline) transports crude petroleum 1,776 km from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ...


According to the CIA World Factbook, other natural resources include coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, uranium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestine (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower, and geothermal power. The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Fe redirects here. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... This article is about the element. ... This article is about the element. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Baryte with Cerussite from Morocco Baryte with Galena and Hematite from Poland Barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. ... Borates in chemistry are chemical compounds containing boron bonded to three oxygen atoms written as B(OR)3. ... Celestine or celestite[1] (SrSO4) is a mineral consisting of strontium sulfate. ... General Name, Symbol, Number strontium, Sr, 38 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 5, s Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 87. ... Emery is a very hard rock type used to make abrasive powder. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... Magnesite is magnesium carbonate, MgCO3. ... -1... Expanded Perlite Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content. ... Specimen of highly porous pumice from Teide volcano on Tenerife, Canary Islands. ... The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron disulfide, FeS2. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... For other uses, see Clay (disambiguation). ... Undershot water wheels on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria Saint Anthony Falls Hydropower or hydraulic power is the force or energy of moving water. ...


The ore borax, from which boron is extracted is very abundant in Turkey. Turkey is by far the world's largest producer of boron. Borax from Persian burah. ... For other uses, see Boron (disambiguation). ...


Energy

To cover the increasing energy needs of its population and ensure the continued raising of its living standard, Turkey plans several nuclear power plants. Nuclear power proposals were presented as early as in the 1960s, but plans were repeatedly canceled even after bids were made by interested manufacturers because of high costs and safety concerns. Turkey has always chosen Candu nuclear reactors because they burn natural uranium which is cheap and available locally and because they can be refueled online. This has caused uneasy feelings to Turkey's neighbors because they are ideal for producing weapons grade plutonium. Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ... The CANDU reactor is a pressurized-heavy water, natural-uranium power reactor designed in the 1960s by a partnership between Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario as well as several private industry participants. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... This article is about the radioactive element. ...


Turkey has the 5th highest direct utilization and capacity of geothermal power in the world.[42]


Labor

Turkey's workforce is flexible, with a wide spectrum of skills from the unskilled to highly qualified. Turkey is obliged to apply EU (European Union) employment and social laws to qualify for membership. In January 2007, Eurostat calculated the minimum wage in Turkey as €298, which was larger than the minimum wage in nine European Union member states, namely Bulgaria (€92), Romania (€114), Latvia (€172), Lithuania (€174), Slovakia (€217), Estonia (€230), Poland (€246), Hungary (€258) and the Czech Republic (€288); while lower than the minimum wage in Portugal (€470).[43] Average wages in 2007 hover around $32-39 per day.[citation needed] Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: European Union The European Union On-Line Official EU website, europa. ... The Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) is the statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union and promoting harmonisation of statistical methods across the member states. ...


Environment

With the establishment of the Turkish Environment Ministry in 1991, Turkey began to make significant progress addressing some of its most pressing environmental problems. The most dramatic improvements were significant reductions of air pollution in Istanbul and Ankara. The most pressing needs are for water treatment plants, wastewater treatment facilities, solid waste management and conservation of biodiversity. On average, the environmental performance of private corporations is much better than the large number of state owned enterprises. Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey Coordinates: , Country Turkey Region Province Istanbul Founded 667 BC as Byzantium Roman/Byzantine period AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantines reign) and later Constantinople (following Constantines death in 337) Ottoman period 1453... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ...


References and notes

  1. ^ IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008 Gross Domestic Product based on Purchasing-Power-Parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP. Data for 2007 and 2008.
  2. ^ The World Bank: Regional Economic Prospects
  3. ^ IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008 Gross Domestic Product based on Purchasing-Power-Parity (PPP) valuation of per capita GDP. Data for 2007 and 2008.
  4. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  5. ^ IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008. Inflation, end of period consumer prices. Data for 2006, 2007 and 2008.
  6. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  7. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  8. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  9. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  10. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  11. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  12. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  13. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  14. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  15. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  16. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  17. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  18. ^ CIA World Factbook 2008: Turkey - Economy
  19. ^ NTVMSNBC: Turkish agricultural production in 2006
  20. ^ CIA World Factbook: Developed Countries (DCs)
  21. ^ Forbes list of "Billionaire Cities" in The Sunday Times article "Turkey’s new rich find the Midas touch". March 9, 2008.
  22. ^ NTVMSNBC: Turkish agricultural production in 2006
  23. ^ Ray, I., Gul, S. (2000). [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/erg/documents/waterscarcity.pdf More from less: policy options and farmer choice under and Drainage Systems 13:363-383.
  24. ^ ITKIB: "The Export Performance of the Turkish Clothing Industry in 2006"
  25. ^ BusinessWeek: The Unknown TV Giant
  26. ^ CNN World Business: Turkey switches on to TV market
  27. ^ Europe's No. 3 TV Manufacturer, a Private Company: PROFILO-TELRA
  28. ^ Turkish Automotive Producers' Association: Turkish Automotive Production
  29. ^ Today's Zaman: Turkey Europe's sixth largest auto producer
  30. ^ Hürriyet: Otomotiv üretiminde 17’nciliğe yükseldik, Belçika’yı da geçtik
  31. ^ Hürriyet: Otomotiv üretiminde 17’nciliğe yükseldik, Belçika’yı da geçtik
  32. ^ Turkish contractors rank at top three
  33. ^ Turkish Weekly: "British TUI: 11 of the 'world's best 100 hotels' are in Turkey". Published July 10, 2007.
  34. ^ Today's Zaman: "11 of the 'world's best 100 hotels' in Turkey". Published July 10, 2007.
  35. ^ Anadolu Agency (AA). "Tourism statistics for 2005", Hürriyet, 2006-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-12-10. 
  36. ^ Ntvmsnbc.com. ""Turizm geliri 2007’de rekor kırdı"", NTV-MSNBC, 2008-01-30. Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 
  37. ^ Hürriyet (2008). Yabancı sermayede rekor. Hürriyet. Retrieved on 2008-02-21.
  38. ^ Reuters: Turkey sees 2007 imports at $160 billion
  39. ^ Reuters: Turkey sees 2007 imports at $160 billion
  40. ^ Turkish Statistical Institute (2006-11-30). Foreign Trade Statistics as of October 2006. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved on 2006-12-11.
  41. ^ Bartolomiej Kaminski; Francis Ng (2006-05-01). Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets. World Bank. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
  42. ^ Lund, J. W., Freeston, D. H., & Boyd, T. L. (2005). Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 Worldwide review. Geothermics, 34, 691-727. http://dx.doi.org/ doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.003
  43. ^ Eurostat: Minimum Wages 2007

Anadolu Agency (AA) (Turkish: Anadolu Ajansı) is the Turkish state news agency commissioned with producing news releases pertaining to the country. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Hürriyet (in English means as Liberty) is a secular, high-circulation broadsheet daily Turkish newspaper. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Turkish Statistical Institute (Turkish: Devlet Istatistik Enstitusu) is the Turkish government bureau commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Turkey, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ...

See also

The economy of Europe comprises more than 710 million people in 48 different states. ...

External links

  • TAIK (Turkish- U.S. Business Council) website
  • OECD's Turkey country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of Turkey
  • Deutsche Bank Research
  • Turkey: Automobile Exports Reach US $10.6 Billion Between Jan-Sep 2006
  • A Guide on Doing Business in Turkey
  • Invest in Turkey
v • d • e
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Australia · Austria · Belgium · Canada · Czech Republic · Denmark · Finland · France · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Japan · South Korea · Luxembourg · Mexico · Netherlands · New Zealand · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Slovakia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... This is a list of Turkey-related articles. ... // Güllü Agop Tarık Akan - Actor Azra Akın - Model, Miss World 2002 Barış Akarsu Filiz Akın – Actress Fatih Akın, film director Bülent Akinci, actor Metin Akpınar – Actor Derya Alabora‎ – Actress Mazhar Alanson Sadri Alışık Emre AltuÄŸ Müjde Ar – Actress Thomas Arslan, film... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... For other uses of Turkish, see Turkish (disambiguation). ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... For other uses, see Ä°nönü. Mustafa Ä°smet Ä°nönü (September 24, 1884–December 25, 1973) was a Turkish soldier, statesman and the second President of Turkey. ... Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (May 28, 1925–November 5, 2006; pronounced ), was a Turkish politician, poet, writer and journalist. ... Halil Turgut Özal (October 13, 1927–April 17, 1993) was a Turkish political leader, prime minister and the 8th president of Turkey. ... Turkey is a successor state of the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic empire consolidated by gradual conquest during medieval and early modern times (1300-1700). ... A graphical timeline is available here: History of the Republic of Turkey This is a timeline of Turkish history. ... Sultanate controlling virtually all of Anatolia Capital Ä°znik Konya Political structure Empire Sultans  - 1060-1077 Kutalmish  - 1303-1308 Mesud II History  - Division from the Great Seljuk Empire 1077  - Internal struggles 1307 The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was the Seljuk Turkish sultanate that ruled in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307... Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) were small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities (beylik) governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia as of the end of the 13th century. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... In the late 13th century the Seljuq empire had collapsed and Anatolia was divided into many small states. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ... Graphical timeline Decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the military and political events between 1828 to 1908. ... This article describes the process of dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in particular its final years in the early part of the 20th century. ... History of Turkey redirects here. ... Combatants   Turkish Revolutionaries United Kingdom Greece France Italy Armenia Ottoman Empire Georgia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ä°smet Ä°nönü Kazım Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Fevzi Çakmak George Milne Henri Gouraud Papoulas Georgios Hatzianestis Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan Süleyman Åžefik Pasha The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: KurtuluÅŸ Savaşı or... Atatürk, modern Turkeys founder and first President The history of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923 (the Republic was declared on January 20, 1921), with Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) as its first president. ... // Over the centuries, Turkey has had many constitutions and can be caracterized by the steady establishment of a nation-state, democratization and internationalisation. ... At the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire (see Economy of the Ottoman Empire) during World War I, the Turkish economy was underdeveloped: agriculture depended on outmoded techniques and poor-quality livestock, and the few factories producing basic products such as sugar and flour were under foreign control. ... Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Presidential flag of Turkey. ... This is a chronological list of every government formed by the Prime Ministers of the Republic of Turkey. ... The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... The cabinet (Council of Ministers) of Turkey comprises the heads of the major ministries. ... Political parties in Turkey lists political parties in Turkey. ... Elections in Turkey gives information on election and election results in Turkey. ... Foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey refers to the policies pursued by the Turkish government in its external relations with the international community. ... Secularism in Turkey was introduced with the Turkish Constitution of 1924 and later the Atatürks Reforms set the administrative and political requirements to create a modern, democratic, secular state aligned with the Kemalist ideology. ... // Overview Part Four, Section Two of the Turkish Constitution has established the Constitutional Court of Turkey that statutes on the conformity of laws and decrees to the Constitution, and it can be seized by the President of the Republic, the government, the members of Parliament or any judge before whom... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... — Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of archaeological and historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ... Below each region you will find associated Cities with the region. ... Provinces of Turkey are called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i). ... The provinces of Turkey are divided into 923 districts (ilçeler; sing. ... This is a list of cities in Turkey by population (according to the 2000 census). ... The main Environmental issues in Turkey water pollution from the dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; and the corperation {| class=wikitable |- Insert non-formatted text here |} the potential for spills from the 5,000 oil- and gas-carrying ships that pass through the Bosporus... Map showing the Turkish Riviera The Turkish Riviera (also known as The Turquoise Coast) is a popular term used to define an area of southwest Turkey encompassing Antalya, MuÄŸla and to a lesser extent Aydın and Ä°zmir provinces. ... // The TCDD - Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish Republic Railways) possess 8,607 km of 1435 mm gauge, of which 1,524 km are electrified (1999). ... Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal This is a list of companies from Turkey. ... As of September 2006, the size of the banking industry is 88. ... On 31 December 1995 the customs union between Turkey and the European Union came into effect. ... Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal The Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish: GüneydoÄŸu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people[1] living in a region. ... TRY banknotes and coins The Turkish new lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... As of 2005, the population of Turkey stood at 72. ... Turkish ( IPA ) is a language spoken by 65–73 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. ... The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul, built in 1616 The Suleiman Mosque (Süleymaniye Camii) in Istanbul was built on the order of sultan Suleiman the Magnificent by the great Ottoman architect Sinan in 1557 The region comprising modern Turkey has a long and rich Islamic tradition stretching back to the... The term Turkish diaspora refers to the estimated population of Turkish people in the world living outside of Turkey. ... It has been suggested that Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey be merged into this article or section. ... Traditional Turkish coffee The culture of Turkey is a diverse one, derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, European, and the Islamic traditions. ... Turkey has a vibrant free press with a large selection of media with different viewpoints. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Turkish art is a term referring to the visual arts and plastic arts (often including architecture, woodwork, textiles and ceramics) originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey. ... Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic, Arabic, Greek, Armenian and Persian cuisines. ... Turkish dances include Halay, Zeybek, Horon, and Karsilama. ... More than 100 festivals are held in Turkey every year. ... Ahi Evren Ahriyan Al Basti Alaturbi Ancomah Bardi Cazi Germakoçi Karakoncolos Karakura Kolot Tavara // Breaking vine In Trabzon region folklore (ÇarşıbaÅŸi town) For testing whether the new bride is propitious, when she comes to the house, she is asked to break a vine from three points and... The official holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 19, 1981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27, 1935. ... A page from the Dîvân-ı Fuzûlî, the collected poems of the 16th-century Ottoman poet Fuzûlî Turkish literature (Turkish: Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını) is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or... Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Awards Kral MV, MÃœ-YAP, MGD Charts Billboard Charts Music Festivals Istanbul International Music Festival, Istanbul International Jazz Festival, Izmir European Jazz Festival, Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival Media Rolling Stone (Türkiye), MTV (T... Turkish theatre can be observed under two main titles: Traditional Turkish theatre and Westernized Turkish theatre. ... This is a list of radio stations in Turkey. ... List of television stations in Turkey // Actionmax (Digiturk) Akdeniz TV Alo Arkadas (Chat) Animal Planet Turkey Aquavision ART (Avrasya Radyo Televizyonu) ASTV [1] ATV (owned by Turgay Ciner, who also owns the newspaper, Sabah) ATV Avrupa BJK TV[2] (Channel of BeÅŸiktaÅŸ J.K. sports club) Çay TV (Regional... Logo used by several Turkish institutions Coat of Arms of Turkey designed in 1925, never approved The Republic of Turkey is one of the states that do not have an official coat of arms. ... The flag of Turkey consists of a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. ... The Ä°stiklâl Marşı (i. ... The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques; OCDE) is an international organisation of thirty countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... Of the emerging democracies in central and eastern Europe, Czechia has one of the most developed industrialized economies. ... Currency 1 South Korean Won (W) = 100 Jeon(Chŏn) (theoretical) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations APEC, WTO and OECD GDP ranking 10th by volume (at nominal) (2006); 11th by volume (at PPP) (2006); GDP (Nominal) $981. ... The Economy of New Zealand is a small but prosperous free market economy, which is greatly dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the United States of America and Japan. ... The economy of the United Kingdom is the fifth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). ... The economy of the United States has been the worlds largest national economy since the late 1890s;[1] its gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated as $13. ...

v • d • e
Economy of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma (Myanmar) · Cambodia · China ( People's Republic of China · Republic of China (Taiwan)) · Cyprus · East Timor1 · Egypt1 · Georgia1 · Hong Kong2 · India · Indonesia1 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · Korea (North Korea · South Korea) · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Macau2 · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Northern Cyprus3 · Oman · Pakistan · Palestinian territories4 · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Taiwan · Tajikistan · Thailand · Tibet2 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen1 The economy of Asia comprises more than 4 billion people (60% of the world population), living in 46 different states. ... Economy of Korea may refer to: Economy of South Korea Economy of North Korea Category: ... Economy - overview: Tourism, Maldives largest industry, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 60% of the Maldives foreign exchange receipts. ... The Palestinian economy refers to the economy of the Palestinian territories, including the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza strip. ... The Tibetan yak was an integral part of Tibetan life. ...

1 Transcontinental country · 2 Administered by the People's Republic of China · 3 Only recognised by Turkey · 4 Not fully independent.
v • d • e
Economy of Europe
Sovereign
states

Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark4 · Estonia · Finland · France4, 5, 6 · Georgia2 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Republic of Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain6 · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey3 · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... The economy of Europe comprises more than 710 million people in 48 different states. ... This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged, gives an overview of states around the world with information on the extent of their sovereignty. ... Economy - overview: The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 deprived F.Y.R.O.M. (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), then its poorest republic (only 5% of the total federal output of goods and services), of its key protected markets and large transfer payments from the center. ... GDP (purchasing power parity): $ 3. ... This article deals with the economy of the Serbian part of the European state of Serbia and Montenegro. ... The Economy of England is the largest of the four economies of the United Kingdom. ... The economy of Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four Home Nations economies of the United Kingdom. ... The headquarters of the Bank of Scotland, located on the Mound in Edinburgh. ... The Economy of Wales ranks as the smallest of the four economies of the United Kingdom in terms of GDP(2002). ...

Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories

Abkhazia 2 · Adjara1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Crimea · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Greenland7 · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Kosovo · Isle of Man · Madeira8 · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Nakhchivan1 · Northern Cyprus1 · South Ossetia 2 · Svalbard · Transnistria World map of dependent territories. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... Anthem Aiaaira Capital Sukhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Russian1 Government  -  President Sergei Bagapsh  -  Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab De facto independence from Georgia  -  Declared 23 July 1992   -  Recognition none  Currency Russian ruble (RUB) Russian has co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions. ... For the garment with this name, see guernsey. ... The economy of Kosovo is one of the poorest in Europe, with Kosovo having a per capita income estimated at 1,565 Euro (2004). ... Motto Das ilhas, as mais belas e livres(Portuguese) Of all islands, the most beautiful and free Anthem A Portuguesa(national) Hino da Região Autónoma da Madeira(local) Capital (and largest city) Funchal Official languages Portuguese Government Autonomous region  -  President Alberto João Jardim Establishment  -  Settled 1420   -  Autonomy...

Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Entirely in Southwest Asia.  2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions.  3 / 4 / 5 / 6 Has part of its territory in Asia / North America / South America / Africa.  7 / 8 Entirely on the North American Plate / African Plate.
The list of unrecognized countries enumerates those geo-political entities which lack general diplomatic recognition, but wish to be recognized as sovereign states. ...  Southwest Asia in most contexts. ... The borders of the continents are the limits of the several continents of the Earth, as defined by various geographical, cultural, and political criteria. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... North American redirects here. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...  The North American plate, shown in brown The North American Plate is a tectonic plate covering most of North America, extending eastward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and westward to the Cherskiy Range in East Siberia. ...  The African plate, shown in pinkish-orange The African Plate is a tectonic plate covering the continent of Africa and extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ...

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Turkey is believed to be rich in a wide variety of mineral deposits which are mostly governed by the state sector.
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