República del Ecuador  (Spanish) Republic of Ecuador
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Dios, patria y libertad"  (Spanish) "Pro Deo, Patria et Libertate"  (Latin) "God, homeland and liberty"
Anthem: Salve, Oh Patria  (Spanish) We Salute You, Our Homeland
Capital		Quito 00°9′S 78°21′W / -0.15, -78.35
Largest city		Guayaquil
Official languages		Spanish
Demonym		Ecuadorian, Ecuadorean
Government		Presidential republic
-	President	Rafael Correa
-	Vice-President	Lenín Moreno
Independence
-	from Spain	May 24, 1822
-	from Gran Colombia	May 13, 1830
Area
-	Total	256,370 km² (73rd) 98,985 sq mi
-	Water (%)	8.8
Population
-	2007 estimate	13,755,680 (65th)
-	Density	53.8/km² (147th) 139.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2006 estimate
-	Total	$61.7 billion (70th)
-	Per capita	$4,776 (111th)
Gini		42 (medium)
HDI (2007)		▲ 0.772 (medium) (89th)
Currency		U.S. dollar2 (USD)
Time zone		(UTC-5 (-63))
Internet TLD		.ec
Calling code		+593
1	Quichua and other Amerindian languages spoken by indigenous communities.
2	Sucre until 2000, followed by the U.S. dollar and Ecuadorian centavo coins
3	Galápagos Islands.

Ecuador (IPA: /ˈɛkwədɔər/), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, literally, "Republic of the equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands (Archipiélago de Colón) in the Pacific, about 965 kilometers (600 miles) west of the mainland. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 256,371 square kilometers (98,985 mi²). Its capital city is Quito; its largest city is Guayaquil. Image File history File links Flag_of_Ecuador. ... State flag and ensign, ratio: 1:2 Civil flag and ensign, ratio: 1:2 The flag of Ecuador, which consists of horizontal bands of yellow (double width), blue and red, was adopted on September 26, 1860. ... The coat of arms of Ecuador (Spanish: Escudo de armas del Ecuador) in its current form was established in 1900 based on an older version of 1845. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Salve, Oh Patria! (We Salute You, Our Homeland) is the national anthem of Ecuador. ... Image File history File links LocationEcuador. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Juan José Flores 1830-1834 Vicente Rocafuerte 1834-1839 Juan José Flores 1839-1845 José Joaquín de Olmedo 1845 Vicente Ramón Roca 1845-1849 Manuel de Ascásubi 1849-1850 Diego Noboa 1850-1851 José María Urbina 1851-1856 Francisco Robles 1856-1859 Gabriel García 1859... Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1]is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. ... Lenín Moreno is the Vice-President elect of Ecuador. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Gran Colombia Capital Bogotá Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic History  - Established December 17, 1819  - Disestablished November 19, 1831 Gran Colombia (Spanish for Greater Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... USD redirects here. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .ec is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ecuador. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... PLEASE IMPROVE , compare Category:Telephone numbering by country Country Code: 593 The Numbering Plan as defined by the national regulator can be found in: Fundamental Numbering Plan. ... Quechua (also Runasimi language of people) is a Native American language of South America. ... Amerindian languages are the native languages of the Americas. ... The sucre was the currency of Ecuador between 1884 and 2000. ... Ecuadorian centavo coins were introduced in 2000 when Ecuador converted its currency from the sucre to the US dollar. ... Galápagos redirects here. ... World map showing the equator in red In tourist areas, the equator is often marked on the sides of roads The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Galápagos redirects here. ... World map showing the equator in red In tourist areas, the equator is often marked on the sides of roads The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ...

History

Main article: History of Ecuador

Evidence of human cultures in Ecuador exists from c. 3500 B.C. [2] Many civilizations rose throughout Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus (near present day Quito) and the Cañari (in present day Cuenca). Each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. After years of fiery resistance by the Cañari and other tribes, as demonstrated by the battle of Yahuarcocha (Blood Lake) where thousands of resistance fighters were killed and thrown in the lake, what is now Ecuador fell to the Incan expansion and was assimilated loosely into the Incan empire. This is the history of Ecuador. ... The Valdivia Culture thrived in the coast of Ecuador, in a small hill next to the town of Valdivia, between 3500 and 1800 B.C. The discovery of this culture was done in 1956 by the Ecuadorian archeologist Emilio Estrada. ... The Machalilla were a prehistoric people in Ecuador, in southern Manabí and the Santa Elena Peninsula. ... The Quitu were the aboriginal occupants of the now capital of Ecuador, Quito. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... List of cities called Cuenca: Cuenca, Ecuador Joara, la Florida, Native American settlement renamed Cuenca by Spanish Cuenca, Spain, the capital of Cuenca province. ...

The Inca Empire

Through a succession of wars and marriages among the nations that inhabited the valley, the region became part of the Inca Empire. Atahualpa, one of the sons of the Inca emperor Huayna Capac, could not receive the crown of the Empire since the emperor had another son, Huascar, born in Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire. Upon Huayna Capac's death, the empire was divided in two: Atahualpa received the north, with his capital in Quito; Huascar received the south, with its capital in Cusco. In 1530, Atahualpa defeated Huascar and conquered the entire Empire for the crown of Quito. For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Lifetime portrait of Atahuallpa, the last sovereign Inca emperor Atahualpa or Atawallpa (c. ... Huayna Capac (Quechua Wayna Qhapaq splendid youth) was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1493 - 1527) of the Inca Empire, and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. ... Alternate meaning: Huáscar (warship) Huascar, in full Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar (“Sun of Joy”) (died 1532). ... This article is the city in Peru. ... Huayna Capac (Quechua Wayna Qhapaq splendid youth) was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1493 - 1527) of the Inca Empire, and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. ... This article is the city in Peru. ... June 25 - Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ...

Colonization by Spain

Old downtown Cuenca.

Barely a year later, in 1531, the Spanish conquistadors, under Francisco Pizarro, arrived to find an Inca empire torn by civil war. Atahualpa wanted to reestablish a unified Incan empire; the Spanish, however, had conquest intentions and established themselves in a fort in Cajamarca, captured Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca, and held him for ransom. The Incas filled one room with gold and two with silver to secure his release. Despite being surrounded and vastly outnumbered, the Spanish executed Atahualpa. To escape the confines of the fort, the Spaniards fired all their cannons and broke through the lines of the bewildered Incans. In subsequent years, the Spanish colonists became the new elite, centering their power in the vice-royalties of Nueva Granada and Lima. January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake - thousands die. ... Conquistador (Spanish: kōn-kē-stŏ-dōr) (meaning Conqueror in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas and Asia Pacific under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro González should not be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined Hernán Cortés to conquer the Aztecs. ... This article is about the city of Cajamarca. ... Combatants Aragon and Castille Inca Empire Commanders Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa Strength 106 infantry 62 cavalry 3 guns 80,000 soldiers of Atahualpas personal army Casualties 5 dead[1], 2 wounded 7,000 The Battle of Cajamarca was a surprise attack on the Inca royal entourage orchestrated by Francisco Pizarro. ... The Viceroyalty of New Granada was the name given to a group of colonial provinces in northern South America, corresponding mainly to modern Colombia. ... For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation). ...

Old downtown Quito, first world heritage by UNESCO.

The indigenous population was decimated by disease during the first decades of Spanish rule — a time when the natives also were forced into the "encomienda" labor system for Spanish landlords. In 1563, Quito became the seat of a royal audiencia (administrative district) of Spain and part of the Vice-Royalty of Lima, and later the Vice-Royalty of Nueva Granada. The encomienda[1] system was a trusteeship labor system employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines in order to consolidate their conquests. ... Events February 1 - Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia February 18 - The Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orléans March - Peace of Amboise. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... Real Audiencia de Quito, Real Cédula de 1563 The Royal Audience of Quito or Audiencia Real de Quito (1563-1822) was created August 29, 1563 by the King Philip II of Spain in the city of Guadalajara. ... The Viceroyalty of New Granada was the name given to a group of colonial provinces in northern South America, corresponding mainly to modern Colombia. ...

After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito still was a small city of only 10,000 inhabitants. It was there, on August 10, 1809 (the national holiday), that the first call for independence from Spain was made in Latin America ("Primer Grito de la Independencia"), under the leadership of the city's criollos like Carlos Montúfar, Eugenio Espejo and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Quito's nickname, "Luz de América" ("Light of America"), comes from the idea that this first attempt produced the inspiration for the rest of Spanish America, creating a domino effect that would ultimately lead to the expulsion of Spain from the continent. For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo (born Luis Chuzhig) (Royal Audience of Quito, 1747-1795) was a medical pioneer, writer and lawyer of mestizo origin in colonial Ecuador. ... The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1809, but only in 1822 did Ecuador gain independence as part of the Federation of Gran Colombia, from which it withdrew in 1830. ... The domino effect refers to a small change which will cause a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change, and so on in linear sequence, by analogy to a falling row of dominoes standing on end. ...

The independence

On October 9, 1820, Guayaquil became the first city in Ecuador to gain its independence from Spain. It was not until May 24, 1822, that the rest of Ecuador gained its independence after Field Marshal Antonio José de Sucre defeated the Spaniard Royalist forces at the Batalla de Pichincha (Battle of Pichincha) near Quito. Following the battle, Ecuador joined Simón Bolívar's Republic of Gran Colombia, only to become a republic in 1830. is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... Capital Bogotá Created 1819 Dissolved 1830 Demonym Colombian Departments of the Republic Great Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, was a short-lived republic in South America consisting of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

The 19th century for Ecuador was marked by instability, with a rapid succession of rulers. The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan born Juan José Flores, who was ultimately deposed, followed by many authoritarian leaders such as Vicente Rocafuerte, José Joaquín de Olmedo, José María Urbina, Diego Noboa, Pedro José de Arteta, Manuel de Ascásubi and Flores's own son, Antonio Flores Jijón, among others. The conservative Gabriel Garcia Moreno unified the country in the 1860s with the support of the Roman Catholic Church. In the late 19th century, world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast. Juan José Flores (July 19, 1800–October 1, 1864), called The founder of the Republic, was a military general who became the first president of Ecuador in 1830, and later served two more terms, from 1839 to 1843 and from 1843 to 1845. ... Vicente Rocafuerte (1783-05-01 – 1847-05-16) was an influential figure in Ecuadorian politics and President of Ecuador from 1834-09-10 to 1839-01-31. ... José Joaquín de Olmedo (1780 1847) was President of Ecuador from June 6, 1845, to June 18, 1845, and a second time from June 18, 1845, to December 8, 1845. ... Diego Noboa was President of Ecuador 8 December 1850 to 26 February 1851 and 26 February 1851 to 17 July 1851. ... Manuel de Ascásubi was President of Ecuador 16 May 1869 to 10 August 1869. ... Antonio Flores Jijón Antonio Flores Jijón (1833 1915) was President of Ecuador 17 August 1888 to 1 July 1892. ... Gabriel García Moreno (1821 — 1875) was an Ecuadorian statesman who twice served as President of that country (1859-1865 and 1869-1875). ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ...

The liberal revolution

A coastal-based liberal revolution in 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners of the highlands, and this liberal wing retained power until the military "Julian Revolution" of 1925. The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians such as five-time President José María Velasco Ibarra. Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Eloy Alfaro Eloy Alfaro Delgado (June 25, 1842-January 28, 1912) was president of Ecuador from 1895 to 1901 and from 1906 to 1911. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ~~José Maria Velasco Ibarra (1893 - 1979) was an Ecuadorian political figure. ...

War with Peru

Control over territory in the Amazon basin led to a long-lasting dispute between Ecuador and Peru. In 1941, amid fast-growing tensions between the two countries, war broke out. Peru claimed that Ecuador's military presence in Peruvian-claimed territory was an invasion; Ecuador, for its part, claimed that Peru had invaded Ecuador. In July 1941, troops were mobilized in both countries. Peru had an army of 11,681 troops who faced a poorly-supplied and inadequately-armed Ecuadorean force of 2,300, of which only 1,300 were deployed in the southern provinces. Hostilities erupted on July 5, 1941, when Peruvian forces crossed the Zarumilla river at several locations, testing the strength and resolve of the Ecuadorean border troops. Finally, on July 23, 1941, the Peruvians launched a major invasion, crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorean province of El Oro. Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... El Oro is a province of Ecuador. ...

During the course of the war, Peru gained control over some part of the disputed territory and some part of province of El Oro, and some parts of the province of Loja, demanding that the Ecuadorean government give up its territorial claims. The Peruvian Navy tried to block the port of Guayaquil, almost cutting supplies to the Ecuadorean troops. After a few weeks of war and under pressure by the U.S. and several Latin American nations, all fighting came to a stop. Ecuador and Peru came to an accord formalized in the Rio Protocol, signed on January 29, 1942, in favor of hemispheric unity against the Axis Powers in World War II. As a result of its victory, Peru was awarded the disputed territory. Map of El Oro Province in Ecuador. ... Loja is a province in Ecuador. ... Peruvian Navy Jack The Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Perú) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles from the peruvian littoral. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... The Rio Protocol of 1942 temporarily settled a border war between Peru and Ecuador. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Black: Zenith of the Axis Powers Capital Not applicable Political structure Military alliance Historical era World War II  - Tripartite Pact September 27, 1940  - Anti-Comintern Pact November 25, 1936  - Pact of Steel May 22, 1939  - Dissolved 1945 This article is about the independent countries (states) that comprised the Axis powers. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Due to the fact that a small river in the conflict region was not cataloged in the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, Ecuadorean governments believed the Rio Protocol was not valid. It would take two more undeclared wars before a peace agreement was finally reached in October 1998 to end hostilities. (See Paquisha Incident and Cenepa War.) The Rio Protocol of 1942 temporarily settled a border war between Peru and Ecuador. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Ecuador Commanders Fernando Belaúnde Terry Jaime Roldós Aguilera The Paquisha Incident, also known as Paquisha War in Ecuador, and as Falso Paquisha War in Peru, was a brief 7-days military clash that took place in 1981. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Ecuador Commanders President Alberto Fujimori President Sixto Durán Ballén The Cenepa War (January 26 – February 28, 1995), also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of a disputed area...

Recession and popular unrest led to a return to populist politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s, while foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorean Amazon. In 1972, construction of the Andean pipeline was completed. The pipeline brought oil from the east side of the Andes to the coast, making Ecuador South America's second largest oil exporter. Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Military governments (1972-1979)

That same year a "revolutionary and nationalist" military junta overthrew the government of Velasco Ibarra. The coup d'etat was led by General Guillermo Rodríguez and executed by a navy commander named Jorge Queirolo G. The new president exiled José María Velasco to Argentina remaining in power until 1976, when he was removed by another military government. It was a military junta led by Admiral Alfredo Poveda, who was declared chairman of the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council had two other members as well, general Guillermo Durán Arcentales and general Luis Leoro Franco. After the country stabilized, socially and economically, this Supreme Council proceeded to hold democratic elections and stepped down to hand presidential duties over to the newly democratically elected president. A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara was the dictator of Ecuador from February 6, 1972 to January 11, 1976. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alfredo Poveda was President of Ecuador 11 January 1976 to 10 August 1979. ...

Return to a new democracy

Elections were held in 1979 under a new Constitution. Jaime Roldós Aguilera was elected President, governing until May 24, 1981, when he died in a plane crash. By 1982, the government of Osvaldo Hurtado faced an economic crisis, characterized by high inflation, budget deficits, a falling currency, mounting debt service, and uncompetitive industries, leading to chronic government instability. Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Jaime Roldós Aguilera (b. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Osvaldo Hurtadowas President of Ecuador 24 May 1981 to 10 August 1984. ...

The 1984 presidential elections were narrowly won by León Febres Cordero Rivadeneira, of the Social Christian Party (PSC). During the first years of his administration, Febres-Cordero introduced free-market economic policies, took a strong stand against drug trafficking and terrorism, and pursued close relations with the United States. His tenure was marred by bitter wrangling with other branches of Government and his own brief kidnapping by elements of the military. A devastating earthquake in March 1987 interrupted oil exports and worsened the country's economic problems. This article is about the year. ... León Febres Cordero (born March 9, 1931) was President of Ecuador for a four-year term 10 August 1984 to 10 August 1988. ... Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... Terrorist redirects here. ... This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ...

Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática or ID) party won the presidency in 1988, running in the runoff election against Abdalá Bucaram of the PRE. His government was committed to improving human rights protection and carried out some reforms, notably an opening of Ecuador to foreign trade. The Borja government concluded an accord leading to the disbanding of the small terrorist group, "¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!" ("Alfaro Lives, Dammit!") named after Eloy Alfaro. However, continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the ID, and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 1990. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (born 19 June 1935) was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz (born February 20, 1952 in Guayaquil) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician, He was also a sprinter in the 1972 Olympic team, the police chief of Guayas and the president of Barcelona Sporting Club, a soccer team from his hometown. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo! (roughly translated Alfaro Lives, Dammit! and named after Eloy Alfaro) was a clandestine leftwing group in Ecuador founded on August 12, 1983. ... Eloy Alfaro Eloy Alfaro Delgado (June 25, 1842-January 28, 1912) was president of Ecuador from 1895 to 1901 and from 1906 to 1911. ... This article is about the year. ...

Many years of mismanagement, starting with the mishandling of the country's debt during the 1970s military regime, had left the country essentially ungovernable. Since the mid 1990s, the government of Ecuador has been characterized by a weak executive branch that struggles to appease the ruling classes represented in the legislative and judiciary. The three democratically elected presidents during the period 1996-2006 all failed to finish their terms. // List of Heads of State of Ecuador and its precursor states (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Affiliations:- Sources http://www. ...

The emergence of the indigenous population (approximately 25 percent) as an active constituency has added to the democratic volatility of the country in recent years. The population have been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform, lower unemployment and provision of social services, and historical exploitation by the land-holding elite.

Their movement, along with the continuing destabilizing efforts by both the Elite and Leftist movements, have led to a deterioration of the executive office. The populace and the other branches of government give the president very little political capital, as illustrated by the most recent ouster of a president. In April 2005, Ecuador's congress ousted President Lucio Gutiérrez. Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa (born March 23, 1957), Ecuadorian soldier and politician. ...

The vice-president, Alfredo Palacio, took his place and remained in office until the presidential election of 2006, which did not produce a conclusive winner until a runoff election on 26 November elected Rafael Correa over Alvaro Noboa.^[1] Teachers campaign outside of Palacios presidential palace in August 2005 Luis Alfredo Palacio González (born January 22, 1939) is the current President of Ecuador. ... On 15 October 2006, Ecuador held a general election. ... Runoff voting is a voting system used in single-seat elections. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1]is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. ... Álvaro Noboa (born November 1, 1950 in Guayaquil) is an Ecuadorian businessman and politician. ...

Politics

Current president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa.

Main articles: Politics of Ecuador and Foreign relations of Ecuador

The constitution provides for concurrent four-year terms for the president, vice president, and members of Congress. Presidents may be re-elected after an intervening term, while legislators may be re-elected immediately. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 487 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1045 × 1287 pixel, file size: 859 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 487 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1045 × 1287 pixel, file size: 859 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1]is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. ... This article was imported from the CIA World Factbook and needs to be rewritten and/or reformatted in accordance with Wikipedia styles. ... Ecuador always has placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international problems. ...

The executive branch includes 25 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors (mayors, aldermen, and parish boards) are directly elected. Congress meets throughout the year except for recesses in July and December. There are 69 seven-member congressional committees. Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the Congress for indefinite terms.

On September 30, 2007 Ecuador elected a constituent assembly, dominated by President Rafael Correa's PAIS Alliance, charged with rewriting the Constitution of Ecuador. is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... On 30 September 2007 an election for a Constituent Assembly was held in Ecuador following the referendum on this issue successfully held on 15 April 2007. ... On 30 September 2007 an election for a Constituent Assembly was held in Ecuador following the referendum on this issue successfully held on 15 April 2007. ... Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1]is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. ... PAIS Alliance (Proud and Sovereign Fatherland) (Spanish: ; país also means country) is a political party in Ecuador led by the incumbent President of Ecuador Rafael Correa. ...

Ecuador has often placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international issues. Ecuador is a member of the United Nations (and most of its specialized agencies) and a member of many regional groups, including the Rio Group, the Latin American Economic System, the Latin American Energy Organization, the Latin American Integration Association, and The Andean Pact.

Provinces and cantons

Main articles: Provinces of Ecuador and Cantons of Ecuador

Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces (provincias), each with its own administrative capital: Provinces of Ecuador Ecuador is divided into 22 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular - provincia): Province (Capital) Azuay (Cuenca) Bolívar (Guaranda) Cañar (Azogues) Carchi (Tulcán) Chimborazo (Riobamba) Cotopaxi (Latacunga) El Oro (Machala) Esmeraldas (Esmeraldas) Galápagos (Puerto Baquerizo Moreno) Guayas (Guayaquil) Imbabura (Ibarra) Loja (Loja) Los Ríos (Babahoyo... A canton is a tertiary subdivision of Ecuador, below provinces. ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ...

The provinces are divided into 199 cantons and subdivided into parishes (parroquias). A canton is a tertiary subdivision of Ecuador, below provinces. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ...

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Ecuador

Map of Ecuador

Ecuador has three main geographic regions, plus an insular region in the Pacific Ocean: Map of Ecuador Ecuador is a country in Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator (for which the country is named), between Colombia and Peru. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 491 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1019 × 1245 pixel, file size: 253 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Map of Ecuador produced by the CIA ..corn popz lubbin carlos File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 491 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1019 × 1245 pixel, file size: 253 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Map of Ecuador produced by the CIA ..corn popz lubbin carlos File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this...

• La Costa, or the coast, comprises the low-lying land in the western part of the country, including the Pacific coastline.
• La Sierra ("the highlands") is the high-altitude belt running north to south along the center of the country, its mountainous terrain dominated by the Andes mountain range.
• El Oriente ("the east") comprises the Amazon rainforest areas in the eastern part of the country, accounting for just under half of the country's total surface area, though populated by under 5 percent of the population.
• The Región Insular is the region comprising the Galápagos Islands, some 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) west of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean.

Ecuador's capital is Quito, which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region. Its largest city is Guayaquil, in the province of Guayas on the Coast. Cotopaxi, which is just south of Quito, features one of the world's highest active volcanoes. The top of Mount Chimborazo (6,310-m above sea level) is considered to be the most distant point from the center of the earth, given the ovoidal shape of the planet (wider at the equator). This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF. Yellow line encloses the Amazon rainforest. ... Galápagos redirects here. ... “Miles” redirects here. ... Quito is the capital city of Ecuador. ... Pichincha is an active volcano in the country of Ecuador whose capital Quito wraps around its eastern slopes. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... Guayas is the most populated province in Ecuador. ... Cotopaxi is a volcano located about 50 km south of Quito, Ecuador. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... Mount Chimborazo is an extinct volcano located in the Andes mountains of central Ecuador, 150 kilometres south-southwest of the capital Quito. ... An oval or ovoid was originally an egg shape (from Latin OVVM); it is now usually used to refer to ellipses, but can also mean any similar shape, such as egg shapes or race-course shapes (a semicircle on either side of a quadrilateral). ...

Although the country is not particularly large (the size of the U.S. state of Colorado), there is great variety in the climate, largely determined by altitude. The Pacific coastal area has a tropical climate, with a severe rainy season. The climate in the Andean highlands is temperate and relatively dry; and the Amazon basin on the eastern side of the mountains shares the climate of other rain forest zones.

Because of its location at the equator, Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course of a year.

Biodiversity

Galápagos turtle

Ecuador is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world according to Conservation International.^[2] With 1600 bird species (15 percent of the world's known bird species) in the continental area, and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos. In addition to 25,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly. The Galápagos Islands are well known as a region of distinct fauna, famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[3] Despite being on the UNESCO list, the Galapagos islands are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects, threatening the existence of this exotic ecosystem.^[4] The Megadiverse countries are a group of countries in which less than the 10% of the global surface has more than the 70% of the biodiversity. ... Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ... Orders  Crocodilia - Crocodilians scary crocodiles. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Galápagos redirects here. ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life of any particular region or time. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... This article is about biological evolution. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Galápagos redirects here. ... For other uses, see Ecological Systems Theory. ...

Economy

Main article: Economy of Ecuador

Skyline of downtown Quito.

Ecuador has substantial petroleum resources and rich agricultural areas. Because the country exports primary products such as oil, bananas, flowers and shrimp, fluctuations in world market prices can have a substantial domestic impact. Industry is largely oriented to servicing the domestic market, and some exports to the Andean Common market. Deteriorating economic performance in 1997-98 culminated in a severe economic and financial crisis in 1999. The crisis was precipitated by a number of external shocks, including the El Niño weather phenomenon in 1997, a sharp drop in global oil prices in 1997-98, and international emerging market instability in 1997-98. These factors highlighted the Government of Ecuador's unsustainable economic policy mix of large fiscal deficits and expansionary money policy and resulted in a 7.3 percent contraction of GDP, annual year-on-year inflation of 52.2 percent, and a 65 percent devaluation of the national currency, the Sucre, in 1999, which helped precipitate a default on external loans later that year. The economy of Ecuador is based on Noah Krussows wonderful leadership, money transfers from nearly a million Ecuadorian emigrants employed abroad, and exports of bananas, shrimp, and other primary agricultural products. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 798 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2832 × 2128 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 798 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2832 × 2128 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... Petro redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Superfamilies Alpheoidea Atyoidea Bresilioidea Campylonotoidea Crangonoidea Galatheacaridoidea Nematocarcinoidea Oplophoroidea Palaemonoidea Pandaloidea Pasiphaeoidea Procaridoidea Processoidea Psalidopodoidea Stylodactyloidea True shrimp are swimming, decapod crustaceans classified in the infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Chart of ocean surface temperature anomaly [°C] during the last strong El Niño in December 1997 El Niño and La Niña (also written in English as El Nino and La Nina) are major temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

On January 9, 2000, the administration of President Jamil Mahuad announced its intention to adopt the U.S. dollar as the official currency of Ecuador to address the ongoing economic crisis. The formal adoption of the dollar as currency on September 10, 2000, as opposed to merely pegging the Sucre to the dollar as Argentina had done, theoretically meant that the benefits of seigniorage would accrue to the U.S. economy. Subsequent protests related to the economic and financial crises led to the removal of Mahuad from office and the elevation of Vice President Gustavo Noboa to the presidency. is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Jamil Mahuad Witt (born 1949) was President of Ecuador from August 10, 1998 to January 21, 2000. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Sucre, the constitutional capital of Bolivia Sucre (population 247,300 in 2006) is the constitutional capital of Bolivia, seat of the Supreme Court (Corte Suprema de Justicia), and capital of the Chuquisaca department. ... Seigniorage, also spelled seignorage or seigneurage, is the net revenue derived from the issuing of currency. ... Gustavo Noboa Bejarano (born in Guayaquil, Ecuador on 21 August 1937-). Politician and the President of Ecuador (22 January 2000 to 15 January 2003) and was notable for being accused of mishandling the countrys foreign debt [1] by former president, León Febres Cordero. ...

However, the Noboa government confirmed its commitment to dollarize as the centerpiece of its economic recovery strategy. The government also entered into negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), culminating in the negotiation of a 12-month standby arrangement with the Fund. Additional policy initiatives include efforts to reduce the government's fiscal deficit and to implement structural reforms to strengthen the banking system and regain access to private capital markets. IMF redirects here. ...

Buoyed by high oil prices, the Ecuadorean economy experienced a modest recovery in 2000, with GDP rising 1.9 percent. However, 70 percent of the population was estimated to live below the poverty line that year, more than double the rate in 1995. Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ...

In April 2007, after winning a referendum on constitutional reform, President Correa announced that he no longer intended that the country would make repayments to the IMF nor deal with the World Bank.^{[citation needed]} Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ...

Demographics

Chimborazo volcano seen from a highway.

Main article: Demographics of Ecuador

Ecuador's population is ethnically diverse. The largest ethnic group (as of 2007) is the Mestizos, who are the mixed descendants of Spanish colonists and indigenous Indians and who constitute 62 percent of the population. Amerindians account for around 25 percent of the current population. Whites, mainly criollos, the unmixed descendants of early Spanish colonists, as well as immigrants from other European countries, account for about eight percent. The small Afro-Ecuadorian minority, including Mulattos and zambos, largely based in Esmeraldas and Imbabura provinces, make up five percent. Chimborazo is a province in Ecuador. ... Ecuadors population is ethnically diverse. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Mestizo is a Spanish term that was formerly used in the Spanish Empire to designate people of mixed European (Spaniard) and Amerindian ancestry living in the region of Latin America. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... Criollo, in the Spanish colonial Casta system (caste system) of Latin America, was a person born in the Spanish colonies deemed to have purity of blood in respect to the individuals European ancestry. ... The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found in the northwest coastal region of Ecuador. ... Mulatto (Spanish mulato, small mule, person of mixed race, mulatto, from mulo, mule, from Old Spanish, from Latin mūlus. ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ...

Las Peñas neighbourhood, emblematic district of Guayaquil.

There are sizable expatriate Ecuadorean communities in Spain, the United Kingdom (Ecuadorian Britons), and Italy, as well across Europe, the United States, Canada, Chile, Venezuela, Mexico and Japan. It is estimated^{[citation needed]} that 700,000 people emigrated from Ecuador following the 1999 economic crisis, and that the expatriate Ecuadorean population totals 2.5 million. This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ...

The tropical forest region to the east of the mountains (El Oriente) remains sparsely populated and contains only about three percent of the population.

The public education system is free at the point of delivery, and attendance is mandatory from ages five to 14. Provision of public schools falls far below the levels needed, and class sizes are often very large, and families of limited means often find it necessary to pay for education. However, the Ministry of Education reports that only 76 percent of children finish six years of schooling. In rural areas, only 10 percent of the children go on to high school. Ministry statistics give the mean number of years completed as 6.7.

Ecuador has 61 universities, many of which offer graduate degrees, although only 87 percent of the faculty in public universities possess graduate degrees. About 300 higher institutes offer two to three years of post-secondary vocational or technical training.

Guayaquil, the largest city of the country

Largest Cities 2001 [3] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 324 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographer: Martin Zeise, Berlin Date: 08. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 324 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographer: Martin Zeise, Berlin Date: 08. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

• Guayaquil 1,986,000
• Quito 1,400,000
• Cuenca 277,000
• Machala 205,000
• Santo Domingo de los Colorados 200,000
• Manta 183,000
• Eloy Alfaro 175,000
• Portoviejo 172,000
• Ambato154,000
• Riobamba 125,000
• Loja 125,000

This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cuenca. ... Machala is a city in south-west Ecuador, capital of the El Oro Province. ... Santo Domingo de los Colorados is a town of Santo Domingo de los Colorados Canton at Pichincha Province, Ecuador. ... Manta is a mid size city of Ecuador, in the Manabí Province. ... Durán also known as Eloy Alfaro is a city located in the province of Guayas, Ecuador, near the junction between the Daule & Babahoyo rivers, and where the Guayas River forms. ... Portoviejo is a city of Ecuador, and the capital the Province of Manabí, situated a few kilometers from the Pacific coast. ... Monument of Juan Montalvo in Ambato, Ecuador Ambato (full form, San Juan de Ambato) is a city in the centre of Ecuador, lying on the banks of the Ambato River. ... Riobamba is a city in Ecuador, capital of the Chimborazo Province. ... Loja, Ecuador is the capital of Loja province. ...

Religion

Main article: Religion in Ecuador

Cuenca's cathedral

Approximately 70 percent of Ecuadoreans are Roman Catholic. In the rural parts of Ecuador, indigenous beliefs and Christianity are sometimes syncretized. There also are Mormon and Protestant denominations as well as a small Muslim minority numbering in the low hundreds. The Jewish community numbers just below a thousand and is mostly of German and Italian origin. There also are some few Sephardic Jews (Judeo-Spanish Jews). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal: ספרד, Standard Hebrew Səfárad, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄áraḏ / Səp̄āraḏ), or whose ancestors were among the Jews expelled from...

Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ecuador

Basílica del Sagrado Voto Nacional on street Venezuela

Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its mestizo majority and, like their ancestry, is a mixture of European and Amerindian influences infused with African elements inherited from enslaved ancestors. Ecuador's indigenous communities are integrated into that mainstream culture to varying degrees, but some may also practice their own autochthonous cultures, particularly the more remote indigenous communities of the Amazon basin. The majority of the Ecuadorian population is mestizo, a mixture of both European and Amerindian ancestry, and much like their ancestry, the national culture is also a blend of these two sources, along with influences from slaves from Africa. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... Mestizo is a Spanish term that was formerly used in the Spanish Empire to designate people of mixed European (Spaniard) and Amerindian ancestry living in the region of Latin America. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Slave redirects here. ... Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ...

The Panama hat is of Ecuadorean origin, and is known there as "Sombrero de paja toquilla", or a Jipijapa. It is made principally in Montecristi (Pile, Pampas, Cruces) in the Province of Manabi. Its manufacture (particularly that of the Montecristi superfino) is considered a great craft. Panama Hat made for Harry Truman Panama hats sold on a street market in Ecuador A Panama hat or just Panama is a traditional brimmed hat that is made from the plaited leaves of the panama-hat palm (Carludovica palmata). ... Jipijapa may refer to: Cyclanthaceae, a palm tree Panama hat, a hat made from the leaves of that tree Jipijapa as a place name: Jipijapa, Ecuador, a town in Ecuador Category: ... Montecristi is a town in the Manabí province of Ecuador and the capital of the canton by the same name. ... Manabí is a province in Ecuador. ...

Notable people born in Ecuador include painters Tábara, Guayasamín, Kingman, Rendón, Arauz, Constanté, Viteri, Molinari, Maldonado, Gutierrez, Endara Crow, Villacís, Egas, Villafuerte and Faini; animator Mike Judge; poet and statesman José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri, scholar Benjamín Urrutia, and tennis player Pancho Segura. Tábara in his studio showing some of his Bocetos. ... Oswaldo Guayasamín (July 6, 1919 – March 10, 1999) was an Ecuadorian modern artist. ... ņOne of Ecuadors greatest 20th century artists, Eduardo Kingman (1913 - 1998) first studied under Victor Mideros at the Escuela de Bellas Artes, in Quito. ... Rendóns , oil on canvas, 1955. ... ... Constantés, Series: Forms Constantés, Pintura No. ... Oswaldo Viteri (b. ... Guido Molinari was a Canadian artist. ... Estuardo Maldonado Maldonados, El Campo de Los Toros, Pastel and Ink on paper, 1960. ... Judith Gutiérrez Gutierrezs, Cantando con Barbarito Diez, oil on linen, 1998. ... Endara Crows, Untitled, acrillic on canvas, 1982. ... Villacis may refer to: Eduardo Villacis (born 1979), a Major League Baseball pitcher Aníbal Villacís (born 1927), an artist from Ecuador This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Egass, Calle 14, Oil on Canvas, 1937. ... Villafuertes, Salvat Tomo IV Title Unknown JUAN VILLAFUERTE (b. ... Andrades, Flores en Fondo Ocre, watercolor on paper, 1994. ... Michael Craig Judge (born 17 October 1962 in Guayaquil, Ecuador) is an American animator, actor, voice actor, writer, director, and producer, best-known as the creator and star of the hit animated television series Beavis and Butt-head and King of the Hill. ... José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri (Guayaquil, March 20, 1780 - February 19, 1847) was President of Ecuador from June 6, 1845, to December 8, 1845 although on June 18 of that year there was an attempted coup. ... Benjamín Urrutia or Benjamin Urrutia (born 1950), international author and scholar, was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador. ... Pancho Segura hitting his famous two-handed forehand Pancho Segura, born Francisco Olegario Segura (June 20, 1921) was a leading tennis player of the 1940s and 1950s, both as an amateur and as a professional. ...

Sports

The most popular sport in Ecuador, as in most South American countries, is soccer (fútbol/football). Its best known professional teams include Barcelona S.C. and C.S. Emelec, from Guayaquil, Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito, Deportivo Quito and El Nacional (the Ecuadorean Armed Forces team) from Quito, Olmedo from Riobamba, and Deportivo Cuenca, from Cuenca. Barcelona Sporting Club is an Ecuadorian football team located in the countrys most populous city of Guayaquil. ... Club Sport Emelec is a famous sports club from Guayaquil, Ecuador. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... Liga Deportiva Universitaria (LDU) is a professional futbol club from the city of Quito, the capital of Ecuador. ... The Sociedad Deportivo Quito is a soccer club based in Quito, Ecuador. ... The Club Deportivo El Nacional is a professional football (soccer) team from Quito, the capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... The Centro Deportivo Olmedo is a soccer club based in Riobamba, Ecuador. ... Riobamba is a city in Ecuador, capital of the Chimborazo Province. ... The Club Deportivo Cuenca is a soccer club based in Cuenca, Ecuador. ... List of cities called Cuenca: Cuenca, Ecuador Joara, la Florida, Native American settlement renamed Cuenca by Spanish Cuenca, Spain, the capital of Cuenca province. ...

The matches of the Ecuador national football team are the most watched sports events in the country. In June 2007, FIFA adopted a resolution prohibiting international soccer games at or higher than 2,500 meters above sea level. Rafael Correa, and his presidential counterparts in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, issued a joint letter of protest against this ruling.^[5] Ecuador qualified for the final rounds of both the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. Ecuador finished ahead of Poland and Costa Rica to come in second to Germany in Group A in the 2006 World Cup. Futsal, often referred to as índor, is particularly popular for mass participation. First international Bolivia 1 - 1 Ecuador (Santiago, Bolivia; 8 August 1938) Biggest win Ecuador 6 - 0 Peru (Quito, Ecuador; 22 June 1975) Biggest defeat Argentina 12 - 0 Ecuador (Montevideo, Uruguay; 22 January 1942) World Cup Appearances 2 (First in 2002) Best result Round 2, 2006 Copa América Appearances 23... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article is about an international football organization. ... Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1]is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. ... 2002 World Cup redirects here. ... 2006 World Cup redirects here. ... The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football (soccer) competition contested by the mens national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA... Futsal in Germany Futsal is an indoor version of football (soccer). ...

Salinas beach, main touristy beach in Ecuador

There is considerable interest in tennis in the middle and upper classes in Ecuadorean society, and several Ecuadorean professional players have attained considerable international fame, including Francisco Segura and Andrés Gómez. Basketball also has a high profile, while Ecuador's specialties include Ecuavolley, a three-person variation of volleyball. Bullfighting is practiced at a professional level in Quito, during the annual festivities that commemorate the Spanish founding of the city. Bullfighting is found in smaller towns, notably El Chaco (east of Quito). For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ... Pancho Segura hitting his famous two-handed forehand Pancho Segura, born Francisco Olegario Segura (June 20, 1921), was a leading tennis player of the 1940s and 1950s, both as an amateur and as a professional. ... Andrés Gómez (born February 27, 1960, in Guayaquil, Ecuador) is a former professional tennis player from Ecuador. ... This article is about the sport. ... There are numerous variations of the basic rules of volleyball. ... For the ball used in this sport, see Volleyball (ball). ... Bullfighting, Edouard Manet, 1865–1866. ...

Rugby union is also found to some extent in Ecuador, and Quito has its own club [4] For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ...

Ecuador obtained its first Olympic gold medal in Atlanta's 1996 Olympic Games, through Jefferson Pérez, on the 20 km race-walk. There is flourishing activity in nontraditional sports such as mountain biking, motorbiking, surfing, and paintball. Since 2005, Ecuador has held the Guayaquil Marathon, which is an international foot race. Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920. ... Jefferson Pérez (born 1974) is an Ecuadorian track and field athlete. ... A woodsball player firing at opponents from behind cover. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Guayaquil Marathon is an annual marathon foot-race which takes place in Guayaquil, Ecuador, the first Sunday of October. ...

Some costal resorts, particularly Montañita and Ayampe, have been developed as surfing centres. Ecuador also hosted the 2007 Youth World Championship for Rock Climbing, held in Ibarra, becoming the first country outside of Europe or Asia to host the event..^[6] For other uses, see Surfing (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Climbers on Valkyrie at the Roaches. ...

Food

Guatita plate.

The food in Ecuador is diverse, varying with altitude and associated agricultural conditions. Pork, chicken, beef, and “cuy” (guinea pig) are popular in the mountain regions and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and corn) or potatoes. A popular street food in mountain regions of Ecuador consists of potatoes served with roasted pig (hornado). Fanesca, a fish soup including several types of bean, is often eaten during Lent and Easter. During the week before the conmemoration of the deceased or "día de los muertos", the fruit beverage "Colada Morada" is typical, accompanied by "Guaguas de Pan", which is stuffed bread shaped like children. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Guinea pig (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Binomial name L. Corn (Zea mays L. ssp. ... A bowl of Fanesca as served in Quito. ... For other uses, see Lent (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Christian festival. ...

Ecuadorian ceviche, made of shrimps, lemon and tomato sauce

The food is somewhat different in the southern mountain area, featuring typical Loja food such as "repe", a soup prepared with green bananas; "cecina", roasted pork; and "miel con quesillo" or "cuajada" as dessert.

A wide variety of fresh fruit is available, particularly at lower altitudes, including granadilla, passionfruit, naranjilla, several types of bananas, uvilla, taxo, and tree tomato. A granadilla is any of several species of plants of the genus Passiflora, e. ... The fruit of Passiflora edulis Passion fruit (Portuguese: Maracujá) comes from passion flower vines, plants of the genus Passiflora, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. ... Binomial name Solanum quitoense Lam. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Martius 1831 Amazon Grape (Pourouma cecropiaefolia) is a tropical fruit tree of the family Moraceae native to Central and tropical South America, in the nations of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. ... Binomial name Cyphomandra betacea Tamarillo or Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea; Solanaceae) is an egg-shaped fruit with a thin skin and a soft flesh (when ripe) with dark-coloured seeds occupying about one third of the interior. ...

Seafood is very popular at the coast, where prawns, shrimp and lobster are key parts of the diet. Plantain- and peanut-based dishes are the basis of most coastal meals, which are usually served in two courses. The first course is caldo soup, which may be aguado (a thin soup, usually with meat) or caldo de leche, a cream vegetable soup. The second course might include rice, a little meat or fish with a menestra (stew), and salad or vegetables. Patacones are popular side dishes with coastal meals. Superfamilies and families Penaeoidea Aristeidae Benthesicymidae Penaeidae Sicyoniidae Solenoceridae Sergestoidea Luciferidae Sergestidae Wikispecies has information related to: Dendrobranchiata Prawns are shrimp–like crustaceans, belonging to the sub-order Dendrobranchiata [1]. Prawns are distinguished from the superficially similar shrimp by the gill structure which is branching in prawns (hence the name... This article is about the fruit. ... This article is about the legume. ... For other uses, see Soup (disambiguation). ... Plantains A big load of plantains in Masaya, Nicaragua Plantains are bananas that are generally used for cooking, as contrasted with the soft, sweet banana varieties (which are sometimes called dessert bananas). ...

Some of the typical dishes in the coastal region are: ceviche, pan de almidón, corviche, guatita, encebollado and empanadas; in the mountain region: hornado, fritada, humitas, tamales, llapingachos, lomo saltado, and churrasco. Peruvian ceviche with lobster and shrimp Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche, seviche or cevice) is a Peruvian Dish, a form of citrus marinated seafood salad that originated in the northern region of Peru. ... [[Image: |thumb|300px|Typical EcuadorianEncebollado. ... In South America, particularly Argentina, and Spain, an empanada is essentially a stuffed pastry. ... For the city in Ghana, see Tamale, Ghana A tamale or tamal (from Nahuatl tamalli) is a traditional Mexican foodstuff that begins with corn (maize) flour mixed with water and lard. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Peruvian cuisine is usually considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French, Chinese and Indian cuisine. ... Typical Brazilian churrasco. ...

In the rainforest, a dietary staple is the yuca, elsewhere called cassava. The starchy root is peeled and boiled, fried, or used in a variety of other dishes. Many fruits are available in this region, including bananas, tree grapes, and peach palms. Yuca redirects here. ...

Aguardiente, a sugar cane-based spirit, is probably the most popular national alcohol. Drinkable yogurt, available in many fruit flavors, is extremely popular and is often consumed with pan de yuca, which is a light bread filled with cheese and eaten warm. Aguardiente is the Spanish generic name for alcoholic drinks between 29 and 45 percent alcohol, meaning fiery water, or, literally burning water [1] (as it burns the throat of the drinker). ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...

Art

Maldonado's, El Campo de Los Toros, Pastel and Ink on paper, 1960.

Museum of Anthropology and Contemporary Art (MAAC), near the breakwater in Guayaquil.

There are many contemporary Ecuadorean writers, including the novelist Jorge Enrique Adoum; the poet Jorge Carrera Andrade; the essayist Benjamín Carrión; the poet Fanny Carrión de Fierro; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist Jorge Icaza (author of the novel Huasipungo, translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio; the novelist Jorge Queirolo B.; the prominent author and essayist, Juan Montalvo, and U.S.-based, half Ecuadorean poet Emanuel Xavier. Image File history File links ElCampoDeLosToros_1960. ... Image File history File links ElCampoDeLosToros_1960. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 317 KB) Photographer: Martin Zeise, Berlin Date: 08. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 317 KB) Photographer: Martin Zeise, Berlin Date: 08. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... Jorge Enrique Adoum (1926 in Ambato, Ecuador - ) is an Ecuadorian writer of Lebanese ancestry. ... Jorge Carrera Andrade (1902-1978) is considered by many as the greatest Spanish Language poet of the 20th Century. ... Benjamín Carrión Mora (1897–1979) was an Ecuadorian writer and cultural promoter. ... Fanny Carrión de Fierro is a writer, literary critic, essayist and university professor. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Juan Montalvo (April 13, 1832 - January 17, 1889) was an Ecuadorian author and essayist, generally thought to be one of Ecuadors best writers of the period. ... Emanuel Xavier Granja (born May 3, 1971) known as Emanuel Xavier, is an openly gay American poet, spoken word artist, author[1], editor, events producer and actor born and raised in the Bushwick area of Brooklyn. ...

Ecuador has produced many world renowned master painters including: Oswaldo Guayasamín, Camilo Egas and Eduardo Kingman from the Indiginist Movement; and Manuel Rendon, Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís and Estuardo Maldonado from the Informalist Movement. Oswaldo Guayasamín (July 6, 1919 – March 10, 1999) was an Ecuadorian modern artist. ... Egass, Calle 14, Oil on Canvas, 1937. ... ņOne of Ecuadors greatest 20th century artists, Eduardo Kingman (1913 - 1998) first studied under Victor Mideros at the Escuela de Bellas Artes, in Quito. ... Rendóns , oil on canvas, 1955. ... Tábara in his studio showing some of his Bocetos. ... Villacís, Entonacion de Arcilla, Mixed Media, 1972. ... Estuardo Maldonado Maldonados, El Campo de Los Toros, Pastel and Ink on paper, 1960. ...

Further information: Ecuadorian painters

This is a list of Ecuadorian painters. ...

Film

• The Waorani tribe of Ecuador is portrayed in the 2006 theatrical release of The End of the Spear, the story of five missionaries speared to death, as told through the eyes of Christian movie makers.

• The 2006 film Qué Tan Lejos, written and directed by Tania Hermida, takes place in the rural sierras and Pacific coast of southern Ecuador. A workers' strike delays a bus from Quito to Cuenca and the story unfolds as two young women decide to complete the journey on their own, hitchhiking the rest of the way. Along the way they meet interesting characters who help them reevaluate the purpose of their journey. The movie contains beautiful scenic shots and Ecuadorean humor that sometimes gets lost in translation.

• The 2005 film Crónicas, written and directed by Ecuadorean Sebastián Cordero and starring John Leguizamo in his Spanish-language debut, is set and filmed entirely in Ecuador.

• Although set in Colombia, the 2004 film Maria Full of Grace was partially shot in Ecuador.

• The 2003 film The Dancer Upstairs, directed by John Malkovich and starring Javier Bardem, was filmed in Ecuador.

• Beyond the Gates of Splendor (2002), directed by Jim Hanon, is a documentary about five missionaries killed by the Huaorani Indians in the 1950s. He recycles the story in the 2006 Hollywood production The End of the Spear. Most of this film was shot in Panama.

• The film Proof of Life (2000), starring Meg Ryan and Russell Crowe, was filmed in Ecuador, although the story takes place in a fictitious South American country named Tecala. The guerrilla movement depicted in the film is reminiscent of Peru's Shining Path or Colombia's FARC.

• Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), written and directed by Sebastián Cordero, relates the story of an 18-year-old quiteño whose cousin, a thief from Ecuador's coastal city Guayaquil, embroils all those around him in his affairs. The film has been accused by several critics of painting an extremely distorted contrast between the coast (Guayaquil) and the highlands (Quito), which stems from the ever-present feelings of regionalism.^{[citation needed]}

• Entre Marx y una Mujer Desnuda (Between Marx and a Nude Woman, 1995), by Ecuadorean Camilo Luzuriaga, provides a window into the life of young Ecuadorean leftists living in a country plagued by the remnants of feudal systems and coup d'etats. It is based on a novel by Jorge Enrique Adoum.

• The 1991 film Sensaciones was shot in Ecuador and directed by Ecuadorean siblings Juan Esteban Cordero and Viviana Cordero. Viviana Cordero was subsequently involved in the production of Ratas, Ratones, y Rateros (see above) and later produced Un Titán en el Ring (2002).

• The 1980s film Vibes, starring Cyndi Lauper and Jeff Goldblum, was shot in Ecuador. Various Andean cities served as a backdrop for the film.

In addition to film, there are numerous books and novels based on Ecuador, including the science fiction novel by Rod Glenn, The King of America, and the science fiction novel Galápagos by Kurt Vonnegut. The Waorani (also spelled Huaorani or Waodani, and called Wao for short) are an indigenous people of Ecuador, living between the right bank of the Napo River and the left bank of the Curaray River. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the film. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Quito (disambiguation). ... List of cities called Cuenca: Cuenca, Ecuador Joara, la Florida, Native American settlement renamed Cuenca by Spanish Cuenca, Spain, the capital of Cuenca province. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sebastián Cordero Sebastián Cordero (Ecuador, may 23,1972) is filmmaker who has also work as a writer and editor, often recognized for his work in Ratas Ratones y Rateros, his debut film which portrays the life in a poverty-stricken Ecuador, his films have been exhibited in festivals... John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1964) is an Emmy-winning and Golden Globe Award-nominated American comedian, actor and producer. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Maria Full of Grace (2004, Spanish title: María llena eres de gracia, lit. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor, producer and director. ... Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem (born March 1, 1969) is an Academy Award-, four-time Goya Award-, BAFTA-, two-time European Film Award-, two-time Screen Actors Guild Award-, two-time Coppa Volpi- and Golden Globe-winning Spanish actor. ... The Huaorani, also known as Waorani, Waodani, or Auca (Quechua for savage), are an indigenous tribe of the Ecuadorian Oriente (in the Amazon region). ... Proof of Life is an American film released in 2000, directed by Taylor Hackford. ... Meg Ryan (born November 19, 1961) is an American actress who specializes in romantic comedies but has also worked in other film genres. ... Russell Ira Crowe (born April 7, 1964) is a New Zealand-Australian[1] actor. ... The Communist Party of Peru (Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú), more commonly known as the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru that launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980. ... The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–Peoples Army, in Spanish Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo, also known by the acronym of FARC or FARC-EP is a communist revolutionary and armed guerrilla organization in Colombia. ... Sebastián Cordero Sebastián Cordero (Ecuador, may 23,1972) is filmmaker who has also work as a writer and editor, often recognized for his work in Ratas Ratones y Rateros, his debut film which portrays the life in a poverty-stricken Ecuador, his films have been exhibited in festivals... Quiteño or quiteña, refers to a person borned in the city of Quito, capital of the southamerican country Ecuador. ... This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ... Regionalism is a term in international relations that refers to the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region. ... Jorge Enrique Adoum (1926 in Ambato, Ecuador - ) is an Ecuadorian writer of Lebanese ancestry. ... Ad for Vibes from 1988 Los Angeles Times Vibes is a comedy film released in 1988 starring pop icon and singer Cyndi Lauper, actor Jeff Goldblum, actor Julian Sands and legendary actor Peter Falk. ... Cynthia Ann Stephanie Cyndi Lauper (born June 22, 1953) is an American Grammy Award- winning singer, MTV VMA-winning video and Emmy Award-winning film, television and theatre actress. ... Jeffrey Lynn Goldblum (born October 22, 1952) is an Academy-Award nominated American actor. ... Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. ...

Transportation

Ecuador has a network of national highways maintained by the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones (Ministry of Public Works and Communication) government agency [5]. The Pan-American Highway connects the northern and southern portions of the country as well as connecting Ecuador with Colombia to the north and Peru to the south. The quality of roads, even on truck routes, is highly variable. There is an extensive network of intercity buses that use these mountain roads and highways. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Pan American Highway from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska to Ushuaia, Argentina. ...

See also

The Asociación de Scouts del Ecuador, the national Scouting organization of Ecuador, was founded in 1920, and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922. ... Telephones - main lines in use: 1,115,272 (1999) Telephones - mobile cellular: 384,000 (1999) Telephone system: general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) Radio broadcast stations: AM 276, FM 499 (plus 315 repeaters), shortwave 26... Map of the disputed territories The territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru was one of the most persistent and seemingly most resistant to resolution of any in the Western Hemisphere. ... Ecuadorian-United States relations The United States and Ecuador have maintained close ties based on mutual interests in maintaining democratic institutions; combating narcotrafficking; building trade, investment, and financial ties; cooperating in fostering Ecuadors economic development; and participating in inter-American organizations. ... This is a list of Ecuadorian painters. ... Ecuador always has placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international problems. ... Despite being a small country Ecuador has many National Parks and Nature reserves. ... This article was imported from the CIA World Factbook and needs to be rewritten and/or reformatted in accordance with Wikipedia styles. ... This is a list of famous Ecuadorians. ... This is a list of Ecuadorian Universities. ... Colegio Torremar, Guayaquil Colegio Delta, Guayaquil Liceo Panamericano, Guayaquil IPAC, Instituto Particular Abdón Calderón, Guayaquil Colegio Monte Tabor y Nazaret, Guayaquil Colegio Americano, Guayaquil Colegio Americano, Quito Colegio San Gabriel, Quito Colegio Nacional Mejia, Quito Colegio Montufar, Quito Colegio Javier, Guayaquil Colegio San Luís Gonzaga, Quito Colegio... Military branches: Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police (Policia Nacional) Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 3,468,678 (2002 est. ... // The Pacific coast of Ecuador is known for the amor fino, a kind of popular song, as well as a variety of dance music. ... Public holidays in Ecuador Categories: | | ... Railways: total: 812 km (single track) narrow gauge: 812 km 1. ... Ecuador’s water and sanitation sector is characterized by (i) low coverage levels, particularly in rural areas; (ii) low service quality and efficiency; and (iii) limited cost recovery and a high level of dependence on financial transfers from national and sub-national governments. ... Reporters Without Borders, or RWB (French: Reporters sans frontières, Spanish: Reporteros Sin Fronteras, or RSF) is a French origin international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press, founded by its current general-secretary, Robert Menard. ...

References

Bloomberg L.P. is the largest financial news and data company in the world, controlling 33% of market share. ...

External links

Ecuador Portal

Find more about Ecuador on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Dictionary definitions
	Textbooks
	Quotations
	Source texts
	Images and media
	News stories
	Learning resources

• President of Ecuador (Spanish)
• Ecuador at the Open Directory Project
• see TfDWikia has a wiki on this subject: Ecuador
• Ecuador travel guide from Wikitravel
• Wikimedia Atlas of Ecuador

Geographic locale

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International membership

v • d • e Latin Union Andorra · Angola · Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Holy See · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Sovereign Military Order of Malta · Spain · Timor-Leste · Uruguay · Venezuela Headquarters Paris, France , Official languages Catalan, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian Membership 37 (plus 3 observers) Leaders  -  General Secretariat Bernardino Osio Establishment 15 May 1954 Website http://www. ... Anthem: Independência total Capital (and largest city) São Tomé Official languages Portuguese Demonym Santomean Government Republic  -  President Fradique de Menezes  -  Prime Minister Tomé Vera Cruz Independence from Portugal   -  Date 12 July 1975  Area  -  Total 964 km² (183rd) 372 sq mi   -  Water (%) 0 Population  -  2005 estimate 157,000 (188th... Motto Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum(Latin) Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor Anthem (Latin) Hail, thou White Cross Capital Palazzo Malta, Rome Official languages Italian Government  -  Grand Master Fra Andrew Bertie Currency Scudo The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and... The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor, is an island nation in Southeast Asia, consisting of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, a political exclave of East Timor situated on the western side of... Official languages: Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ... v • d • e Member States of the Union of South American Nations Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela v • d • e Andean Community of Nations Members Bolivia · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru Pro Tempore Secretariat Brasília Official languages 4 Spanish Portuguese English Dutch Member states 12 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Leaders  -  President Rodrigo Borja  -  Tempore Secretary Jorge Taunay Filho Formation  -  Cuzco Declaration 8 December 2004  Area  -  Total 17,715,335 km² (1st2)  sq... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...  â€¢  â€¢ Seat of Secretariat Lima, Peru Official language Spanish Type Trade bloc Membership 10 South American states 2 Central/North American observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Freddy Ehlers Establishment  -  as the Andean Pact 1969   -  as the CAN 1996  Website http://www. ... Associate members Argentina · Brazil · Chile · Paraguay · Uruguay · Venezuela Observers Mexico · Panama v • d • e Mercosur · Mercosul  (Southern Common Market) Full Members Argentina · Brazil · Paraguay · Uruguay Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto (Spanish) (Portuguese) (Guaraní) Our North is the South  â€¢  â€¢ Pro Tempore Secretariat Montevideo, Uruguay Largest city São Paulo, Brazil Official languages 3 Portuguese Spanish Guaraní Membership 5 Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Leaders  -  Carlos Álvarez Establishment  -  Declaration of Foz do Iguaçu 30 December 1985   -  Treaty of Asunción... Becoming Full Members Venezuela Associate members Bolivia · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru Observers Mexico v • d • e Organization of American States (OAS) Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Bolivia · Brazil · Canada · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · St. Kitts and Nevis · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela