Edema (American English), or oedema (British English; alternatively œdema), formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of interstitial fluid in any organ — swelling. Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis, and increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause edema. Adema is five-member rock band from Bakersfield, California. ... A symptom is a manifestation of a disease, indicating the nature of the disease, which is noticed by the patient. ... In medicine, a sign is a feature of disease as detected by the doctor during physical examination of a patient. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // R00-R99 - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R09) Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00) Abnormalities of heart beat (R000) Tachycardia, unspecified (R001) Bradycardia, unspecified (R002) Palpitations (R008) Other and unspecified abnormalities of heart beat (R01) Cardiac murmurs and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... For other uses, see American English (disambiguation). ... British English (BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere in the Anglophone world. ... This list of words that may be spelled with a ligature in English encompasses words which have letters that may, in modern usage, either be rendered as two distinct letters or as a single, combined letter. ... Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid, or intercellular fluid) is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. ... Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος, homos, equal; and ιστημι, histemi, to stand lit. ...

Edema has five pathophysiologic causes. It can be due to increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, or inflammation.^[1] Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid due to its weight. ... In blood plasma, the dissolved compounds have an osmotic pressure. ... The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...

Mechanism

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Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the Starling equation of tissue fluid which states that it depends on the balance of osmotic pressure and of hydrostatic pressure which act in opposite directions across the semipermeable capillary walls. Consequently, anything that increases oncotic pressure outside blood vessels (for example, inflammation), or reduces oncotic pressure in the blood (states of low plasma osmolality, for example, cirrhosis) will cause edema. Increased hydrostatic pressure inside the blood vessel (for example, in heart failure) will have the same effect. If the permeability of the capillary walls increases, more fluid will tend to escape out of the capillary, which can happen when there is inflammation. Formulated in 1896 by the British physiologist Ernest Starling, the Starling equation illustrates the role of hydrostatic and oncotic forces (the so-called Starling forces) in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid due to its weight. ... Scheme of semipermeable membrane during hemodialysis. ... Blood flows from the heart to arteries, which narrow into arterioles, and then narrow further still into capillaries. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... In blood plasma, the dissolved compounds have an osmotic pressure. ... Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... When substances are dissolved, the number of distinct particles in solution is measured as Osmolality. ... Liver cirrhosis as seen on an axial CT of the abdomen. ... Fluid pressure is the pressure on an object submerged in a fluid, such as water. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...

Abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system. This may be due to, for example, pressure from a cancer or enlarged lymph nodes, destruction of lymph vessels by radiotherapy, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection (such as elephantiasis). The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ... Elephantiasis (Greek ελεφαντίασις, from ελέφαντας, the elephant) is a disease that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs and genitals. ...

There are two types: exudate and transudate. An exudate is any thick fluid that is actively secreted by cells as a result of disease. ... An extravascular fluid with low protein content and a specific gravity <1. ...

Organ-specific edema

Edema of specific organs (for instance: cerebral edema, pulmonary edema or macular edema) may also occur, each with different specific causes than peripheral edema, but all based on the same principles. Ascites is effectively edema within the peritoneal cavity, and pleural effusions are effectively edema in the pleural cavity. Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause peripheral edema, pulmonary edema, pleural effusions and ascites. Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intra- and/or extracellular spaces of the brain. ... Pulmonary edema is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs. ... Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula, causing it to thicken and swell. ... Peripheral edema ... Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. ... The lungs are surrounded by two membranes, the pleurae. ...

Common and usually harmless appearances of cutaneous edema are observed with mosquito bites and skin contact with certain plants (urticaria). For other uses, see Mosquito (disambiguation). ...

Edema may also be found in the eyes after corrective surgery or procedures of that nature.

Edema in plants

Edema in plants is the extended swelling in plant organs caused primarily by an excessive accumulation of water. This occurs since the cell walls are composed of flexible cellulose.

References

1. ^ Kumar, Abbas, Fausto (1999). Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition. China: Elsevier Saunders, 122. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1. 

• Cho S, Atwood J (2002). "Peripheral oedema". Am J Med 113 (7): 580–6. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01322-0. PMID 12459405. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• Edema - Swelling - causes, treatment and more details
• Medline Encyclopedia - Swelling