The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see discussion on the talk page.

Edgar Ansel Mowrer was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1933 for his reporting on the rise of Adolf Hitler. Mowrer had a very long and distinguished career in Journalism and no other American is known to have witnessed more great moments of 20th Century historical event. His understanding of War and Politics was unrivalled and his writings remain the clearest source for their understanding gained by this personal proximity as a Foreign Correspondent. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-04-13, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889–April 30, 1945) was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933, and Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and chancellor) of Germany from 1934, to his death. ... Journalism is a discipline of collecting, verifying, analyzing and presenting information gathered regarding current events, including trends, issues and people. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... An act of war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan during World War II War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians. ... The Elections and Parties Series Democracy Representative democracy History of democracy Referenda Liberal democracy Representation Voting Voting systems Ideology Elections Elections by country Elections by calender Electoral systems Politics Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Related topics Political parties Parties by country Parties by name Parties by... Foreign Correspondent is a 1940 film which tells the story of an American reporter who becomes involved in espionage in England during World War II. It stars Joel McCrea, George Sanders, Laraine Day, Herbert Marshall, Albert Bassermann and Robert Benchley. ...

The Revival of Militarism

Chapter VII of Germany Puts The Clock Back deals with this subject. The army as incarnate power of the state, seeks to increase its power and the German Imperial Army was the most powerful yet seen. Independent of the civil Government and answerable solely to the Kaiser whilst in fact dominating him. Thrice it destroyed Chancellors. Its war aims were for annexation of non-German territory and tribute therefrom. Its idea of peace was defined by the Treaty of Bucharest and that of Brest Litovsk, both being victor's oppression. Kaiser is a German title meaning emperor, derived from the Roman title of Caesar, as is the Slavic title of Czar. ... Five peace treaties were signed in Bucharest: Treaty of Bucharest, 1812 - May 28, 1812, at the end of the Russian-Turkish war, Romania losses Bessarabia Treaty of Bucharest, 1886 - March 3, 1886, at the end of the war between Serbia and Bulgaria Treaty of Bucharest, 1913 - August 10, 1913, at...

To this army, the ideal state was delineated by General Quarter-master Erich Ludendorff, intended, jests Mowrer in 1932 possibly as prize for winning the war to his victorious people :state and military control of everything from family, marriage,child-bearing,housing, health,amusements as one giant barracks, the heaven of a drill-sergeant, a new Sparta, which he and his like called a greater fatherland . General Erich Ludendorff Erich Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as Erich von Ludendorff) (April 9, 1865 – December 20, 1937, Tutzing, Bavaria, Germany) was a German Army officer, noted as a general during World War I. Ludendorff was born in Kruszewnia near Posen, Prussia (now PoznaÅ„, Poland). ... Sparta (Grk. ...

The generals by force hammered the people into an incomparable weapon that, upon its breaking, left the catastrophe encapsulated by Ludendorff's flight to Sweden behind a pair of blue-tinted spectacles.The sadler, then President, Fritz Ebert with the ex-tailor Phillip Schleidermann and carpenter Gustav Noske, snatched it from the street where the Communists were about to capture it and handed it back to the astonished generals. Patriotism and the fear of Communism, an abhorrence of disorder and a posture of social deference by Ebert.

Militarism is defined by the extent that the military forces are allowed to be the dominant ruling faction in a state, and Germany remained as militaristic in 1932 as in 1914. The littleReichswehr however had 100,000 men and no administration could exist without its support and Germany was more or less a veiled military-dictatorship and the Army a 'factor which no one could pass over in political decisions'(Wilhelm Groener, 1932). Having the last word is militarism of the purest from. The Reichswehr (literally National Defence or National Militia) formed the military organization of Germany from 1918 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ...

Mowrer analyses how such a rapid return to militarism followed the Revolution of 1919. The militarist chief, General Groener, believed Versailles itself to have stimulated the return of militarism. But Mowrer sees that it was the (1932 Chancellor) General Kurt von Schleicher, under Groener, who had persuaded Ebert to use 'volunteers' in suppressing the 1919 Communist rebellion and, that these self-same reactionary elements were then to become the largest element in the reconstituted (March 1919) Reichswehr. That Schleicher again in 1923 persuaded Ebert to declare martial-law (in a first misuse of article 48 of the Constitution) so that labour governments in Saxony and Thuringia, which had already formed worker's battalions, could be nipped in the bud. Schleicher who developed the apparatus of that which 'when practised by our enemies, we call espionage' until as Reichswehr Minister he could hear the clocks ticking in the offices and bedrooms of everyone in Germany. Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882–30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ... With an area of 18,413 km² and a population of 4. ... The Free State of Thuringia (German Freistaat Thüringen) lies in central Germany and is among the smaller of the countrys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 sq. ...

The return of the Army to such dominance was due to unforeseeable chance. Firstly, Allied insistence on only a small professional force, enabled its old Reichswehr leading personnel to cut the new Reichswehr off from the mass of more or less socialistic and democratic people in those early revolutionary days following World War I, to make it 'reliable and above parties'. Reliable, that is, in the hands of the Officers, not in those of Civil Government. Above parties in so far as Leftist political rebellion was confronted with a will as well as with Republican approbation, but Germany was riven into three parts - reactionary, democratic and communistic. But the Republic effected of itself as another party. After Ebert, two Reichswehr Ministers allowed the Army complete autonomy of choice for such action. But never did the Army face down its own mutineering, monarchistical elements, as in 1920 and the failed Kapp Putsch, nor in the Bavarian revolt. Used against communists or even democratic republicans, because none of the soldiers are democratic Republicans, but it must not be used against reationaries, because some of the soldiers, and most of the officers are reactionaries Mowrer imagined a candid general advising Ebert. Reactionary (sometimes: reactionist; the term Reaction is used as a general term for the informal political grouping of reactionaries) is an epithet often applied to those seen to be on the Right of the political spectrum. ... The word Putsch literally means a thrust or blow. ...

More than these factors helped the military revanche. Misplaced patriotism conniving at militarism needed additionally a special constitution. The very Weimar Constitution so cordially disliked by the generals, made the President of the Republic the Commander-in-chief of the Army. In times of crisis or urgent need, the President could abandon Parliament and the Constitution at the request of the Chancellor, and govern under military law. Reichswehr officers claiming independence of a Parliament which provided them with their funds, claimed the Army and the President to be 'indivisible'. The Reichswehr obeyed the President, not the Chancellor and not the Parliament. It represented power without and defended the Reich within but served the State, whose head was the President, not the Republic. The Weimar constitution (German: Weimarer Verfassung) was the document that governed the short-lived Weimar Republic (1919-1933) of Germany. ... Military law is a distinct legal system which members of armed forces are subject. ...

Early Weimar Germany

Mowrer is particularly clear in regard to the state of Germany between World war I and World War II and his analysis following bears the essence of the German situation in the years preceding the ascent to power of the Nazis, at which point Hitler had had him required to leave Berlin as his first act after the disastrous Enabling Act of March 1933. World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... The Enabling Act (in German: Ermächtigungsgesetz) was passed by the Reichstag on March 23, 1933. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Mowrer's analysis starts with an assertion that neither a foreigner nor a German himself in those days could understand the motives for any German actions but only what those motives might be. This began with the First World war defeat. The military leaders who had to the last shot fed their populace a false diet of victory talk, then of a sudden imposed both the withdrawal and ending of the royal House of Hohenzollern and the implementing of a new Republic. Aerial view of the castle, Hohenzollern, Germany. ... Broadly defined, a republic is a state or country that is led by principles established by the state for the benifit of its own populace, independent of the political power of outside influences. ...

Public expectations therefore were of a negotiation of the terms of the Versailles Treaty whereas the country faced in fact a complete Diktat of the terms. It was take-it-or-leave-it, and the German forces were beyond re-opening hostilities. Mowrer reports that in fact though, the terms of this diktat were less severe than the terms imposed by Germany herself upon Russia the previous year 1917 at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The German people however knew that Russia had been subject to German invasion after her defeat whereas in 1918 German soldiery were everywhere placed on foreign soil when its commanders petitioned for peace. Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russias exit from World War I. The treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year but is significant as a chief... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The following years of disappointment, of tribulation and continuous crises became a night-mare for Germany on top of the nationally wounding six million war-dead. Germany was prey to continuous partisan and political Insurrection as well as pressure from Belgium and France. Unrepentant nationalists created the legend that an undefeated Germany had been felled by a revolutionary dagger thrust at home. A new army and the Radical Right combined and fought against Poles, Communists and Left Socialists and against the self-same new Weimar Republic. The influential Oswald Spengler was the first to declare that in fact the new Republic was doomed. This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ... The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic (Pronounced Vy-mahr, and in German it is known as the Weimarer Republik). It is named after the city of Weimar where a national assembly convened to produce a new constitution after the German monarchy... Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (Blankenburg am Harz May 29, 1880 – May 8, 1936, Munich) was a German historian and philosopher, although his studies ranged throughout mathematics, science, philosophy, history, and art. ...

The Republic refused, as Mowrer language reports, to comply with Allied demands for handing over those accused of war crimes. The Berlin Government circumvented the agreed limitations upon the magnitude and character of its new armed forces inside Germany, until with the Rapallo Agreement, it began semi-secretly to develop prohibited Air and Tank forces inside Russia. Why disarm if no-one else does, Mowrers reflected.

Republican leaders (of the Establishment classes) who had throughout supported the Kaiser's War and aprobated territorial annexations in the good times, now contested their own government's technical admission of Germany's war guilt, correctly recognising its basis for the payment of damages done by their own invading Imperial armies in Belgium and France. Kaiser is a German title meaning emperor, derived from the Roman title of Caesar, as is the Slavic title of Czar. ... Imperial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Mowrer even-handedly wrote that they relied on the support of Washington because the U.S.A had removed itself from the Versailles Treaty apart from its desire for continuance of the payments of inter allied debts. Mowrer accuses these German Republicans of conniving more with Britain where all party leaders disapproved of the reparations (Britain itself not having been invaded he says), and favoured typically British further balancing of power machinations. State nickname: The Evergreen State Other U.S. States Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Governor Christine Gregoire (D) Official languages None Area 184,824 km² (18th)  - Land 172,587 km²  - Water 12,237 km² (6. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ...

The losing War was financed nearly exclusively with internal loans and currency inflation. The landed and industrial German Baronetcy now saw that these heavy internal loans would have to be repaid (having banked on the defeated Allies footing the bill} as well as them shouldering the promised reparations. Their pressure led to the democratic republic repudiating the payment schedule- and imperilling the German people further with the consequent franco-belgian takeover of the economic Ruhr heartland. Mowrer knew that the British had been encouraging the German government throughout reparation demands to simply export new printed Marks. When America's President Coolidge removed all occupying American forces open resistance against those remaining followed and Passive Resistance in the Ruhr prevented Franco-Belgian exploitation, as well as further debasing the German currency and destroying the small-savings of the next echelon of society. In January 1923 the Allied Reparations Commission formally accused Germany of breaking the terms of the peace treaty. The Ruhr in Essen-Kettwig The Ruhr is a large river in western Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia) starting near the town of Winterberg in Sauerland and ending in the Rhine in the city of Duisburg. ... Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of applying power to achieve socio-political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of physical violence. ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In the Ruhr the French used force by executing saboteurs and jailing industrialists, agitators and workers. They seized the railways and industries and against the British, organised a separatist movement for secession of the Rhineland.

Despite the Reichsbank discount rate reaching 30 per cent exports fell to nothing amidst general despair. Bavarian Monarchists combined with Fascists under General Erich von Ludendorff in overthrow of the republic. In Saxony and Thuringia, Communist-sympathising local authorities acted against the Republic. At which the German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann stopped the several billion dollar costs of Passive Resistance by negotiating with the French President Raymond Poincaré. Bavarian can either when used as an adjective, refer to the German state of Bavaria; or refer to the Bavarian or Austro-Bavarian language, a group of closely related Austria and the South Tyrol. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... General Erich Ludendorff Erich Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as Erich von Ludendorff) (April 9, 1865 - December 20, 1937) was a German officer, noted as a general during World War I. Ludendorff was born near Posen, Prussia (now Poznań, Poland). ... With an area of 18,413 km² and a population of 4. ... The Free State of Thuringia (German Freistaat Thüringen) lies in central Germany and is among the smaller of the countrys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 sq. ... Gustav Stresemann (May 10, 1878 - October 3, 1929) was a German politician and statesman during the Weimar Republic and the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. ... Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of applying power to achieve socio-political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of physical violence. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... Raymond Poincaré, President of the French Republic during the Great War. ...

With the use of force General Hans von Seekt neutralised the Black Reichswehr and Labour Commandos, moving the Prussian Army to the Bavarian border to stop the ReichSecession agitation. Proper financiers such as Helferich and Hjalmar Schacht were employed to repair the currency which had been debased to 6,000,000 Marks per Dollar on November 1923. Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity. ... Dr. Horace Greely Hjalmar Schacht (January 22, 1877 - June 3, 1970) was a German financial expert and Minister of Economics from 1935 until 1937. ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

This was an abandonment of the hitherto Catastrophe Policy and now German leaders settled into acceptance of the peace treaty. The French accepted discussions (the Franc had also fallen from 12 to 26 to the dollar during the Ruhr war) and the Americans promised to privately enter two commissions of study into the German problems.

In social terms the Mowrer reports are highly illustrative of the consequences of the defeat, inflation and robbery inflicted upon the German people, but he is firm in viewing the years of the treaty observance as showing no more than a scheme to eject the Allied forces and then default on payments. Mowrer remained convinced through later history that although the Weimar Republic was indeed the creation of Unilateral Disarmament following exclusivity of war guilt, that Weimar would have in fact survived and prospered were it not for the heavier, in Germany than elsewhere, effects of the 1929 Depression. Mowrer witnessed from 1923 onwards that the war-weary German population wanted no-more than a democratic republic so long as it brought the also universally desired restoration of status. 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Great Depression was a massive global economic recession (or depression) that ran from 1929 to 1941. ...

Period of Fulfillment

Germany acceded to the Dawes Plan of Reparations of 1924, accepting foreign financial supervision to achieve the franco-belgian removal from the Ruhr. Next was to evict the invaders from the Rhineland for which the first payment was the Locarno Pact, returned by the start of Rhineland withdrawal and acceptance of Germany into The League of Nations on a permanent council seat in 1926, and the dismantling of the Inter-Allied Military Control Commission in January 1927. This had controlled German armament expansion.The second evacuation from the Zone of the Rhineland 1929 and the removal of foreign fincancial oversight after Germany's reluctant acceptance of the Young Plan in 1930 led in that year to the complete removal of all foreign forces save from the Saar District. 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1927 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... With an area of 2570 km² and 1. ...

Mowrer summed the history in 1933: that now Germany paid up but retained its' politically unnatural tie to the USSR, its' armament parity demands, the return of the Polish Corridor, for the annexing of Austria, for Colonies. Against Poland Germany wielded the Lithuanians and brandished the Soviet threat. Propaganda was that the reparations would be beyond capacity yet institutional and corporate Germany availed of international goodwill to borrow themselves fat and hope to woo extremists with success. And profit themselves, (see later Rheinisch Westphalian Industrial Magnates) and snare themselves to their creditors abroad. A financially profligate modernisation on all levels led to permanently losing budgets at equally all' the institutional levels that was protested by the Americans' (controller) S.Parker Gilbert. All monies leant implied friendly completion of the over-all Treaty revision towards a placation of the French. 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ... Soviet redirects here. ...

In the 1960's Mowrer hardened his belief, if anything, that `Germany as a matter of policy abused international finance. American and some British financiers intoxicatedly, impervious to warnings, supplied what was a German desire 'for even unprofitable loans'. In his office in the finest site in all Berlin, the Kransler corner in the Friedrichstrasser, above the most famous cafe, Mowrer entertained all the American visitors and many bankers to a specific Chicago Daily News visitors bureau. Here came also David Friday, Henry Goldman, Harry Stuart, Otto Kahn and Samuel Insull. Friday argued that the Germans were now like us irrevocably democratic since abandoning the Kaiser. Goldman`that the war was Russian in inspiration( an untenable thesis put forward by Henry Elmer Barnes and Sidney Fay, Versailles a criminal act and that illicit re-armament, The Kapp Putsch (1919) and ritual Vehme murder 'by nationalists of republicans' all were results of French mistreatment towards peaceful gemuetlich Germany. Otto Kahn, that it was for the U.S. to save the world. The Chicago Daily News was an afternoon newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois which published between 1876 and 1978. ... Cover of Time Magazine (November 29, 1926) Samuel Insull (1859 – July 16, 1938) was a investor who was primarily known in Chicago, Illinois for purchasing utilities and railroads. ...

But from 1928 there was alarm at the borrowings. The Agent General warning of the unproductive loans, urging creditors to the fixing of final reparations whilst the Witness POV Mowrer returned a report to Chicago that 'All that one might ask is whether the Germans are not artificially doing all in their power to diminuish their capacities for payment'. Even in 1925, but only coming from a Communist, Ernst Thaelmann stated that the Americans would never recover their money invested in, or leant to, Germany. Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ...

Mowrer points to the artificiality of the affluence, how as if planned by Schacht, the dole queues increased as the loans slackened. How Hindenberg's Presidency was used as a warning in the negotiations that worse could follow (it was Hindenberg who coined the stab in the back and whose name could alone rally a whole people). It would have been Hindenberg who would have been secreted into the Presidency if the Kapp Putsch had paved the return of the Monarchy. Hindenburg may refer to: Paul von Hindenburg, president of Germany Carl Friedrich Hindenburg, mathematician Hindenburg in Oberschlesien the former name of the city of Zabrze the zeppelin, see Hindenburg disaster This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ...

The British come under good American scrutiny, as advising and assisting Stresemann's treaty negotiations. In his Harper's Peace Conference report he wrote the realistic British took their swag in cash - ships, colonies and German investments. Germans alluded to the British ambassador, Lord D'Abernon, as the 'lord protector' of Germany for his approbation of secret re-armament. This Witness POV even was in a group to whom D'Abernon personally explained that the British interest lay in the reduction of French Military preponderance. An issue of Harpers Magazine from 1905 Another issue, from November 2004 Harpers Magazine (or simply Harpers) is a monthly magazine of politics and culture. ...

That Chancellor Gustav Stresemann designed the Schaukelpolitik or 'See-saw', towards German equality of status by east-west rivalry, with D'Abernon and that the See-saw prospered in the division between 'east' and 'west' specialised diplomats in the German Foreign Office. Loud nationalism resided within the east section for whom dealings with the Soviets spelled the chance for earliest revival.

Mowrer knew and interviewed the actual Soviet diplomatic representatives to a Berlin which was a stopping-off point for both Soviets and Americans travelling for or from the USSR. Berlin was where the American Soviet reporters could come up for air. Men like H.R Knickerbocker( the most admired by the Witness), Frederick Kuh, Walter Duranty, Eugene Lyons, William Henry Chamberlain, author Maurice Hindus and Chicago academic Samuel Harper. Walter Duranty won a Pulitzer Prize in 1932 for a set of stories he wrote in 1931 as The New York Times Moscow correspondent, covering Joseph Stalins Five-Year Plan to industrialize the Soviet Union. ...

A dawning to Mowrer was to see how the equality of status issue percolated through to even the German left who required not only Allied withdrawal, but timely return to Germany's Fatherland embrace all who had been unjustly distanced by the Treaty of Versailles. Not for Alsaca-Lorraine after their 50 year preference for the French but for the Saarlanders, for the area of Eupen-Malmedy allotted to Belgium under subsequent plebiscite, and certainly for the Polish corridor and lost Upper Silesia. Fatherland is the nation of ones fathers or forefathers. ... Upper Silesia (Polish Górny Śląsk, German Oberschlesien, Czech Horní Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ...

Germany was impatient and France denied it the magnanimity of understanding when to support the prosperity of peace. Now the death of the Liberal German leader Gustav Streseman heralded the Great Crash and drove the impoverished people into the arms of more extreme Nationalists and more cynical agitators of all hue. The Period of Fulfillment led to the period of Samson Policy. In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism —an ideology espousing liberty. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ...

Samson Period

Having started as the big-business protege, howling for war and annexation, Stresemann had been a changed man in his final six years seeing Europe as too small to sustain local national strife. This imperialist monarchist yet realised that co-operation and internationalism provided Germany the best hope. Now his patrimony of fulfillment and withdrawal was besmirched, whereas he it was who removed the allied bivouack from Germanys throat. His early death at 51 almost immediately found Foreign Minister Julius Curtius nearly de-railing the Rhineland evacuation over minor mititary issues. The President of the Reichsbank, Hjalmar Schacht who had committed Germany in the Young Plan to the reparations, resigned for his governments' supposed denaturing of that agreement, thereafter this democrat bolstering the forces of reaction and of the Treaty revisers. The new Foreign Minister Bernhard von Bulow was symptomatic of distrust for the League of Nations. Stresemann's advances with the French Aristide Briand towards a closely United Europe only differed as to whether it be Paris or Berlin to lead. Streseman believed industrial might would favour Berlin. Aristide Briand, French politician Aristide Briand (March 28, 1862–March 7, 1932) was a French statesman. ... The United States of Europe is a name often given to one version of the possible future unification of Europe as a national and sovereign federation of states similar in formation to the United States of America. ...

Mowrer witnessed the final French evacuation, saw it followed by violent reprisal against the separatists and by Curtius baiting that power in the press, and in the Reichstag calling for immediate armament for everyone. In the worsening world crisis German intransigence grew. Blind Samson in the temple at Gaza threatening to bring down the roof on the heads of all within, including his own and came the street-speak that if Germany doesn't straight away receive all the demands, Boshevik they'd turn and it'd mean all Europe too. Curtius blew cold on Briand with we do not desire a new Europe to be built on the basis of our worst break-down. An abortive anti-treaty customs-union with Austria brought financial collapse a third time, endangering the continent. The French would and could have repaired this fall, but were countered with the increasing treaty intransigence. The city of Gaza is the principal city in the Gaza Strip. ...

Now 1931 was as Mowrer had himself predicted, A Chancellor Heinrich Bruning plucked by Hindenberg to rule under Hindenberg's own special decree of the constitution, wearing as if an Iron Cross at the end of his Catholic rosary. Emphatic for re-armament he announces that there could be no more payments. Mysteriously a Polish danger re-education campaign appears and in May a colossal Steel Helmet frontier rally flares Jingoism on the Polish border. Bruning has come to bury payments even at final risk to the entire German business system. The resistance which led to the French invading of the Ruhr cost Germany between one and four billion dollars then,impoverishing the whole middle-class and pushing forward the radicalism of Hitler. 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Dr. Heinrich Brüning (November 26, 1885–March 30, 1970) was a German politician who was Chancellor of Germany. ... The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. ...

Bruning's 1932 successors had no will for the suffering that Bruning's Samson policy anticipated and Hindenberg appointee Franz von Papen cajoled his cosmopolitan way, with vague and slight promises, to an official Revision of the Treaty. Even this milder Stresemann fulfillment- policy again brought on the post-war German howls of recrimination. The Cabinet veered again towards Samson policy demands for equal rights(Gleichberechtigung) in armament (Hindenberg called it the national task for 1932 ). Germany declared it would re-build the strength uni-laterally and regardless, or rather do it according to their interpretation of Versailles. Now the lead for treaty revision came from the street and from the Army. To Mowrer it was not ever revision which caused the disaster, it was revision at any cost. Blind, aggressive-selfish revision that furthered a Nationalist psychosis - the willingness to abandon self-government itself, rather than abandon the dreams of pre-war prestige and power. In 19333 this seemed, to the Witness POV, less a call against injustice than desire for lost privilege. Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen (October 29, 1879–May 2, 1969) was a German politician and diplomat associated with the Catholic Centre Party. ...

1931 : Warning

Bertholt Brecht's Bertolt Brecht (February 10, 1898 _ August 14, 1956) was an influential German dramatist, stage director, and poet of the 20th century. ...

Submerge us in filth,

And embrace the executioner'

but transform the world

coupled with better an end with terror than terror without end described the inexplicable surrender of the German people to the so-called "Bohemian corporal". Mowrer saw that bad as it was, yet the Germans suffered no worse from the crash than did Americans and reported that the 1931 German bank crash was deliberately fostered to achieve Versailles abrogation, a continuation of the 1924 abrogation blackmail. Now, at the moment the British withdrew from the Gold Standard, the foreign creditors withdrew in a second flight from the Reichsmark At the moment he raised emergency import duties, Bruning was commissioning a super-new modern armoured cruiser. The German courts imprisoned the pacifist whistle-blower of illegal re-armament Carl von Ossietzky. Warnings came to Mowrer thick and fast that democracy as well as Capitalism were dead now in the Reich and that the mentality had returned to the pre-war. Bohemians are inhabitants of Bohemia, Czech Republic. ... 1922 U.S. gold certificate The gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold. ... The Reichsmark (Symbol: RM) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. ... Capitalism has been defined in various ways (see Capitalism in Wikiquote). ...

The only spark of hope was the discussion for customs union with France, when Mowrer interviwed the visiting French President Pierre Laval and Foreign Minister Briand. But just as the French embraced rapprochement with Germany, this no longer satisfied the Germans. Resident French in Berlin were aghast as nothing but a repeat of the Rhineland occupation could have neutered the Treaty demands, and now was prevented by the Locarno Pact. Having failed to choose between Briand or Poincaré, the French vacillation was to cost them very dear. Pierre Laval, prime minister of Vichy France Pierre Laval (June 28, 1883 – October 15, 1945) was a French politician and thrice Prime Minister of France, the final time being under the Vichy government. ...

Americans in and visiting Europe felt apprehensions or were blithe in measure as to their politics. Harold Lasswell and Frederick Schuman returned to present an active alert as did Alexander Sachswho had presented Albert Einstein to Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Mowrer felt Europeans themselves to have less excuse for their blindnesss towards National Socialism and was very horrified by Carl Gustav Jung's strong approbation of the Nazi's to him in a Zurich interview. The famous French Pacifist Romain Rolland was completely carried away by Hitler and the iniquity of Versailles. Harold Dwight Lasswell (February 13, 1902 — December 18, 1978) was a leading political scientist and communications theorist. ... Albert Einstein, by Yousuf Karsh Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist of Swiss and American citizenship, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Carl Gustav Jung Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of the neopsychoanalytic school of psychology. ... General view showing Grossmünster church. ... Pacifist may mean: an advocate of pacifism. ... Romain Rolland (January 29, 1866 - December 30, 1944) was a French writer. ...

Inside Germany he noted the alarm of 'Europeans' like Emil Ludwig, Mowrer's friend Helmut von Moltke, like Rohan, Coudenhove-Kalergi and Stern-Rubarth, closest to being a government mouth-piece to the press, yet consistent for Franco-German reconciliation since 1924. Another friend was the Artist George Grosz who as consistently shook his head at every fresh Nazi outrage, saying the world had seen nothing yet in his mounting recognition for all he detested. for Emil Ludwig Fackenheim, see Emil Fackenheim. ... Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ... George Grosz (July 26, 1893 - July 6, 1959) was a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group. ...

Condemnatory analysis, though, for how reasonable, worried Germans were gradually swayed, is laid to such as Hans Zehrer, editor-founder of Die Tat Monthly and detractor of the outstandingly clear-sighted Konrad Adenauer. Zehrer successfully painted the palateable Nazi myth in an insidious campaign that sought politicians to strive towards a socialist, nationalist economy freed from world economic ties, counter to the decadent liberal West and looking to youthful eastern peoples. Konrad Adenauer (January 5, 1876 – April 19, 1967) was a conservative German statesman. ...

1932 : Betrayal

1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ...

Fair Use WPOV of Nazi Leaders

Toward the end of 1931 , Adolf Hitler felt sure enough of himself to make a first massive appeal for the support of the foreign press. Actually , I had already had one conversation with the self-styled leader in the party headquarters , the Brown House in Munich , and confirmed my 1924 impression of a slightly comical but dangerous man , brutal , guileful and wilful .

Now I had two further meetings with Hitler at the Kaiserhof Hotel in Berlin , which had become the headquarters of Nazi bigwigs in the capital .

During the longer interview , the Fuehrer at a question from me , rose from his chair , stared over my head into space , and launched into a five minute speech on his favourite text , Germany's "fourteen years of infamy ." At first I thought this sheer theater , then gradually realised that this voluble man believed what he was saying ,that, in fact , he was capable of believing whatever he wanted to believe , and intended by sheer will to make it come true . Thanks to this realisation , I predicted that he would endeavour to carry out literally the program he had out-lined in Mein Kampf (which I had recently read) . Führer (often written Fuehrer or Fuhrer in English when umlauts are not used; also written with the German definite article included, der Führer) is a proper noun meaning leader or guide in the German language. ... Cover of Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (German for My Struggle) is a book written by Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers political ideology of Nazism. ...

Mowrer goes on to speak of the Nazi press Chief ,Ernest Hanfstaengl , American by mother and by upbringing, one should have thought immune, turned on to the Mussolini -like nature of Hitler by Captain Truman Smith as early as 1922 . The Hanfstaengl's ,after the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch ,had saved Hitler not only by hiding him from justice , but alas from suicide too . Known as 'Putzi' , he amiably represented but the less repulsive side of Nazism to the visiting press, and Mowrer for the price of 'whiskey' in the Kaiserhof could glean advance information of the Party's plans from its' unwary imbibers . Categories: People stubs ... 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Beer Hall Putsch occurred in the evening of Thursday, November 8 to early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923 when the nascent Nazi partys Führer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in...

An unexpected source of information was a small cripple , Dr Paul Joseph Goebbels . Goebbels had nothing in common with Hanfstaengl except a dark complexion and a craze for women . unlike the other Nazi leaders , he was not a paranoiac , a pervert , a crackpot , or a brute. Except when deliberately lying , he always communicated something . This made him the only Nazi orator who could convince rather than hypnotise his auditors . Joseph Goebbels Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels (October 29, 1897 – May 1, 1945) was Adolf Hitlers Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium) in Nazi Germany. ...

He came to my attention of his own volition . Some time before 1930 I received a request for a job from an unknown writer . I might have known that , though a Rhinelander , Goebells was already a leader of the Berlin Nazis , but I did not . Therefore while refusing his offer , I suggested that he drop in to see me . Some time later the little man with the sharp face limped in , and for half an hour we discussed the world . Goebells soon revealed that he had become a follower of Hitler in order to remove the "Jewish blight " from Germany . 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

"Less than 1 per cent of the total population," I objected .

"Numerically yes, but dominant . just imagine , no Jewish theater producer would put on my last play . Too German . No , we shall get rid of them all."

So that was it : his Nazism was pure resentment . He was far too intelligent to believe Mein Kampf . For some time after Goebells became editor of the Berlin Nazi newspaper , the Angriff , we remained on speaking terms . Occasionally he phoned personally to offer news or to invite me to a Hitler rally in the huge Berlin Sportpalast at which thousands went wild and girls in the front row became delirious . ( from Triumph and Turmoil-A Personal History of our Times , 1969 , George Allen & Unwin) . Cover of Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (German for My Struggle) is a book written by Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers political ideology of Nazism. ...

Sources

• Germany Puts The Clock Back by Edgar Ansel Mowrer, February (rep. April,May, August ) 1933, London John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd

• Triumph and Turmoil :A Personal History of our Time by Edgar Ansel Mowrer, 1968, ISBN 04 920026 7

London. George Allen & Unwin (see pp 156 following for veracity of trans-iteration)

Categories : German history See also the category disambiguation page. ... The history of Germany is, in places, extremely complicated and depends much on how one defines Germany. ...