Edmund I of Scotland was king of Scotland between 1094 and 1097, in a joint rule with his uncle Donald III. He was the son of Malcolm III and his second wife St Margaret. In 1097, both he and Donald III were deposed by Edmund's brother Edgar. He then became a monk in Montacute Abbey in Somerset, where he died in an uncertain date.
In 1320 a remonstrance to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland (the Declaration of Arbroath) finally convinced Pope John XXII to overturn the earlier excommunication and nullify the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's sovereignty could be recognised by the major European dynasties.
Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the fifteenth century with the founding of the University of St Andrews in 1413, the University of Glasgow in 1450 and the University of Aberdeen in 1494, and with the passing of the Education Act 1496.
Scotland was to have 45 seats in the House of Commons, and a representation in the House of Lords.
Scotland's principal rivers are the Clyde, the Forth, the Dee, the Tay, and the Tweed.
In the reign of William the Lion Scotland became a fief of England by a treaty extorted (1174) from William by Henry II.
Scotland's legal, educational and judicial systems continue to be separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, and because of this it constitutes a discrete jurisdiction in public and in private international law.
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