St Edmund the Martyr
King of the East Angles
Detail from the Wilton Diptych.
Reign	25 December 855 – 20 November 869
Born	841
	Nuremberg, Germany
Died	20 November 869
	historical: Hoxne, Suffolk possible: Dernford, Cambridgeshire.
Buried	Bury St Edmunds
Predecessor	Æthelweard
Successor	Oswald
Father	Alcmund

Sainthood
King and Martyr
Venerated in	Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Communion
Major shrine	Bury St Edmunds, destroyed
Commemorated	20 November
Attributes	crowned and robed as a king; holding a scepter, orb, arrow, or a sword
Patronage	diocese of East Anglia, kings, pandemics, torture victims, wolves
Saints Portal

Edmund the Martyr (841–20 November 869) was a King of East Anglia.^[1] He succeeded to the East Anglian throne in 855, while still a boy.^[2] In or around 870, Edmund was defeated in battle by the Great Heathen Army, he was captured, tortured, and he died the death of a Catholic martyr.^[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Wilton Diptych (c. ... December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 6 days remaining in the year. ... Events Louis II succeeds Lothar as western emperor. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Western Emperor Louis II allies with eastern Emperor Basil I against the Saracens. ... Nuremberg (German: ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Western Emperor Louis II allies with eastern Emperor Basil I against the Saracens. ... Hoxne is a village in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, about five miles east of Diss. ... Suffolk (pronounced ) is a large historic and modern non-metropolitan county in East Anglia, England. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England. ... Æthelweard was of King of East Anglia in the middle of the 9th century. ... Oswald was king of East Anglia after the death of Edmund the Martyr. ... Veneration is a religious symbolic act giving honor to someone by honoring an image of that person, particularly applied to saints. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Eastern Orthodox Church (including Greek... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... The Anglican Communion uses the compass rose as its symbol, signifying its worldwide reach and decentralized nature. ... Eastern Orthodox shrine Buddhist shrine just outside Wat Phnom. ... Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England. ... dissolution see Dissolution. ... The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organising a liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more saints, and referring to the day as that saints day. ... Saint symbology was important to people who couldnt read because they can figure out what symbols mean. ... Saint Quentin is the patron saint of locksmiths and is also invoked against coughs and sneezes. ... Image File history File links Gloriole. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Western Emperor Louis II allies with eastern Emperor Basil I against the Saracens. ... The Kingdom of the East Angles (one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy) was founded in the 6th century. ... Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ... The Great Heathen Army, also known as the Great Army, was a Viking army which pillaged and conquered much of England in the late 9th century. ... Look up Martyr in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

He is seen as the patron saint of the Roman Catholic diocese of East Anglia, kings, pandemics, torture victims, wolves and Suffolk County.^[4][5] // The Diocese covers the counties of Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk and also Peterborough. ... Armenian king Tigranes the Great. ... This article is about outbreaks of disease. ... Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has... Wolves may refer to: Gray Wolf Other uses of Wolf: see Wolf (disambiguation) Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. Category: ...

Life

According to both Abbo of Fleury followed by John of Worcester, he came "ex antiquorum Saxonum prosapia," which when translated seems to means that St Edmund was of foreign origin and that he belonged to the Old Saxons of the continent.^[6] This is a very doubtful tradition, as there is no evidence that his alleged father, King Alcmund, ever existed. Never the less, the story was later expanded into a full legend which spoke of Edmund's Old Saxon parentage, his birth at Nuremberg to the otherwise unknown Alcmund, his adoption by King Æthelweard of East Anglia, his nomination as successor to the king, and his landing at Hunstanton to claim his kingdom.^[7] Abbo of Fleury (in Latin Abbo Floriacensis), also known as Abbon or Saint Abbo (c. ... King Henry Is Dream in the Chronicle. ... Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a Germanic language. ... Nuremberg (German: ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ... Æthelweard was of King of East Anglia in the middle of the 9th century. ... Hunstanton is a large seaside town in Norfolk, England, facing The Wash. ...

Other accounts state that his father was King Æthelweard.^[8] What is certain is that the king died in 854, and was succeeded by Edmund when the boy was only a fourteen year old. Edmund was said to have been crowned by St Humbert on 25 December 855.^[2] at "Burna" (probably Bures St Mary, Suffolk), which at that time functioned as the royal capital.^[7] December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 6 days remaining in the year. ... Events Louis II succeeds Lothar as western emperor. ... Bures St. ... Suffolk (pronounced ) is a large historic and modern non-metropolitan county in East Anglia, England. ...

Almost nothing is known of the life of Edmund during the next fourteen years. It was recorded that Edmund was a model king who treated all with equal justice and was unbending to flatterers. It was also written that he retired for a year to his royal tower at Hunstanton and learned the whole Psalter, so that he could recite it from memory.^[8] Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...

Death

In the year 869 or 870, the Danes who had wintered at York, marched through Mercia into East Anglia and took up their quarters at Thetford. Edmund engaged them fiercely in battle, but the Danes under their leaders Ubbe Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless had the victory, killed King Edmund, and remained in possession of the battlefield.^[9][10] The conquerors may have simply killed the king in battle, or in a later martyrdom episode. It is not known which account is correct. The more popular version of the story, which makes Edmund die as a martyr to Danish arrows when he had refused to renounce his Christian faith or hold his kingdom as a vassal from heathen overlords, dates from comparatively soon after the event.^[1] According to Abbo of Fleury, Edmund's earliest biographer, it came to Abbo by way of St Dunstan, who heard it from the lips of Edmund's own standard–bearer.^[6] Given accepted birth and death days, this is just chronologically possible.^[1] In Abbo of Fleury's alternative version of events Edmund refused to meet the Danes in battle himself, preferring to die a martyr's death: York is a city in North Yorkshire, England, at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss. ... The Kingdom of Mercia at its greatest extent (7th to 9th centuries) is shown in green, with the original core area (6th century) given a darker tint. ... Thetford is a market town and civil parish in the Breckland area of Norfolk, England. ... Ubbe, Ubba or Hubba Ragnarsson was a son of Ragnar Lodbrok. ... Ivar the Boneless (Ivar inn beinlausi) (c. ... cows Dunstan (909 – May 19, 988) was an Archbishop of Canterbury (960 – 988) who was later canonized as a saint. ...

"(Edmund) was all beset with their shots, as with a porcupine's bristles".

A page from the Anglo –Saxon Chronicle.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 1536 pixel, file size: 403 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 1536 pixel, file size: 403 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Peterborough Chronicle (also called The Laud Manuscript) is one of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles that contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman Conquest. ...

Date and location of death

The traditional date of his death, quoted by most reference works, is 870. ^[11] However recent research has led to the claim that he actually died in 869,^[12] and this date is now accepted as fact in most new histories.^[1]

This uncertainty arose because the compilers of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle dated the start of the year from September, so an event that took place in November 869 according to the modern calendar would be considered by them to take place in 870.^[9] The Great Heathen Army conquered the Kingdom of Northumbria in 866. They then invaded Wessex, the English kingdom whose history from that time is best documented, in December 870. The uncertainty raises the question of whether they did so within a few weeks of killing Edmund, or whether they spent a year pillaging and consolidating their position in East Anglia. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons and their settlement in Great Britain. ... The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons and their settlement in Great Britain. ... The Great Heathen Army, also known as the Great Army, was a Viking army which pillaged and conquered much of England in the late 9th century. ... Northumbria is primarily the name of an Anglian or Anglo-Saxon kingdom which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, and of the earldom which succeeded the kingdom. ... For the helicopter, see Westland Wessex. ...

One possible location for the battle is at Hoxne near Eye in Suffolk, some 20 miles east of Thetford.^[2] Another candidate is in Dernford, Cambridgeshire,^[13] while Bradfield St Clare, near Bury St Edmunds is also a possible site for the martyrdom.^[14] Hoxne is a village in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, about five miles east of Diss. ... Eye is a small town in the county of Suffolk, East Anglia, England, south of Diss, and on the River Dove. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... Bradfield St. ... Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England. ...

Legacy

The king's body was ultimately interred at Beadoriceworth, the modern Bury St Edmunds.^{[15] [2]} The shrine of Edmund soon became one of the most famous and wealthy pilrgimage locations in England and the reputation of the saint became universal.^[1] The date of his canonisation is unknown, although Archdeacon Hermann's Life of Edmund, written in the late eleventh century, seems to state that it happened in the reign of Athelstan (924–939). Churches dedicated to his memory are found all over England, including Christopher Wren's St Edmund the King and Martyr in London. There are a number of colleges named after St Edmund. His shrine at Bury St Edmunds was destroyed in 1539, during the English Reformation. His feast day in the Orthodox, Roman, and Anglican traditions is 20 November.^[2] This article discusses the process of declaring saints. ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... St Edmund the Martyr, in a historic engraving. ... There are a number of colleges named after Saint Edmund. ... King Henry VIII of England The English Reformation refers to the series of events in sixteenth century England by which the church in England broke away from the authority of the Pope and consequently the entire Catholic church; it formed part of the wider Protestant Reformation, a religious and political...

In 2006, a group that included BBC Radio Suffolk and the East Anglian Daily Times saw the failure of their programme to get St Edmund named as the patron saint of England. The Bury St Edmunds MP David Ruffley had taken up the cause and helped deliver a large petition to the government in London.^[5] BBC Radio Suffolk also called for a change of the English flag from the Cross of St George (Argent, a cross Gules or a red cross on a white field) to the Flag of St Edmund.^[16] This consists of three gold crowns on a field of blue (Azure, three crowns Or).^[17] This is an heraldic banner introduced during the Norman period.^[18] The British Broadcasting Corporation, which is usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion. ... The East Anglian Daily Times is a daily newspaper for Suffolk and Essex. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... David Laurie Ruffley (born 18 April 1962, Bolton) is a politician in the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... St Georges cross The St Georges Cross is a red cross on a white background. ...

Scott-Giles writes that St. Edmund's banner was borne in the Irish expedition of the Anglo-Normans. During the reign of Edward IV the three crowns came to be regarded as the Arms of Ireland and where introduced into the coinage. He goes on to write that at the funeral of Henry V, his image was draw by a chariot through the strees of London, the first comparisoned with his English lions, the second with the quartered arms of England and France, the third, with the French fleurs-de-lys, and the fourth with St. Edmunds three crowns for Ireland. Today, St. Edmund's banner is banner of the Irish province of Munster. Statistics Area: 24,607. ...

Prime Minister Tony Blair rejected the request, however the programme was successful on another level: A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency...

There are calls from some in the English community to again declare Edmund as the patron saint of England, suggesting that the current St George was a 13th century import by Norman-descended monarchs as a way of eradicating any trace of the English folk memory.^[19] However, Jocelin of Brakelond states: Saint-George is a municipality with 695 inhabitants (as of 2003) in the district of Aubonne in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Norman conquests in red. ...

W.G. Perrin also states, the prohibition of the veneration of saints Edmund and Edward (the Confessor) occurred during the Reformation ^[17], specifically, under the reign of Edward VI and the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer ^[17]. Indeed, when the Castle of Carlaverock was taken in 1300 the banners of SS Edmund and Edward were borne, as they were also at the battle of Agincourt (1415) ^[17], and the feasts of the saints are still venerated in the Catholic liturgical calendar. ^[21]. Clan Maxwell crest: Reviresco (I grow strong again) Clan Maxwell is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Events February 22 - Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII. March 10 - Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of Englanddo (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called creag being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. ... For other meanings of the term banner, see banner (disambiguation). ... Agincourt can refer to: an alternative name for Azincourt, a commune of the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France, and the site of the Battle of Agincourt Agincourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle a commune of the Meurthe_et_Moselle département in northeastern France Agincourt, Ontario The Battle of Agincourt, October... Events Friedrich I Hohenzollern (b. ...

Edmund in legend

Legend of Edmund's martyrdom

Edmund in The Little Lives of the Saints, illustrated by Charles Robinson in 1904.

According to legend, Edmund was killed by being tied to a tree shot to death with arrows and finally decapitated. His head was thrown into a nearby forest so that his entire body could not be buried.^[2][6] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

The legend continued, when his body was found, but without a head, eyewitnesses reported to the villagers that the head was lost in the forest.^[6] For several days they searched for the head in the brambles and bushes, calling out "Where are you, friend?" to which the head would answer, "Here, here, here." After almost a week of searching, they found Edmund's head in the possession of a grey wolf, clasped between its paws.^[6] “Gray Wolves” redirects here. ...

The wolf, sent by God to protect the head from the dangers of the forest, was starving but did not eat the head for all the days it was lost. After recovering the head the villagers marched back to the kingdom, praising God and the wolf that served him. The wolf walked beside them as if tame all the way to the kingdom, after which it turned around and vanished into the forest.^[6]

After giving the head and body a speedy burial, the kingdom rebuilt itself for several years before finally erecting a church worthy of Edmund's burial.^[1] Legend told that upon exhumation of the body, a miracle was discovered. All the arrow wounds upon Edmund's corpse were healed and his head reattached to his body. The only evidence of his previous decapitation was a thin, red line around his neck. Despite being buried for many years in a flimsy coffin, his skin was soft and fresh as if he were merely sleeping the entire time.^[6]

Legendary revenge

In Percy Dearmer's The Little Lives of the Saints, we are told of Edmund's posthumous revenge on the Danes:

Sweyn's son, King Canute, converted to Christianity and rebuilt the abbey at Bury St Edmunds. In the year 1020, he made a pilgrimage there and offered his own crown upon the shrine as atonement for the sins of his forefathers.^[7] Sweyn I, or Sweyn Forkbeard, (Danish: Svend Tveskæg, originally Tjugeskæg or Tyvskæg, Old Norse: Sveinn Tjúguskegg, Norwegian: Svein Tjugeskjegg), (??? – February 3, 1014), king of Denmark and England, a leading Viking warrior and the father of Canute the Great (Cnut I). ... Canute (or Cnut) I, or Canute the Great (Old Norse: Knútr inn ríki, Danish: Knud den Store, Norwegian: Knut den mektige, Swedish: Knut den store) (ca. ...

Legendary tree

Until the middle of the 19th century, an old tree stood in Hoxne Park and it was believed that it was the tree on which Edmund had been martyred. In the year 1849, the old tree fell down and was chopped up. According to the story, in the heart of the tree an arrow head was found. Pieces of the tree were kept and one of them was used to form part of the altar of a church which was dedicated to Edmund.^[7] Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Edmund in fiction

A realistic and possible account of Edmund's martyrdom is given in Bernard Cornwell's historical fiction novel, The Last Kingdom. There is also a description of Edmund just before his death in The Namesake, a juvenile historical novel by C. Walter Hodges. An alternative fictional version of Edmund's martyrdom is given in the short story, "November Saints", included in Alan Moore's novel/story collection, Voice of the Fire (2004). Bernard Cornwell OBE (born February 23, 1944) is a prolific and popular English historical novelist. ... The Last Kingdom is first book in The Saxon Stories trilogy by Bernard Cornwell. ... Walter Hodges (1909-2004) was an English illustrator and author. ... Alan Moore (born November 18, 1953, in Northampton) is an English writer most famous for his influential work in comics, including the acclaimed graphic novels Watchmen, V for Vendetta and From Hell. ... The hardcover version Voice of the Fire is the title of the first novel from Alan Moore, acclaimed comic book writer. ...

See also

• List of monarchs of East Anglia

The Kingdom of the East Angles (one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy) was founded in the 6th century. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} (13 March 1997) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition. USA: Oxford University Press, 428. ISBN 0–19–211655–X. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Bunson; Matthew, Margaret, & Stephen (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 212. ISBN 0–87973–588–0. 
3. ^ Churchill, Winston (1966). The Birth of Britain p.102. Dodd, Mead. 
4. ^ Edmund of East Anglia. Patron Saints Index. Catholic Community Forum. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
5. ^ ^{a b c} St Edmund, Patron Saint of Suffolk. St Edmund's day feature. BBC (25 April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Abbo of Fleury (1961). Life of St Edmund in Anglo – Saxon Primer 9th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Dearmer, Percy (1904). The Little Lives of the Saints. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co. 
8. ^ ^{a b} St Edmund the Martyr. Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company (1909). Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
9. ^ ^{a b} Swanton, Michael. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. xiv–xvi. 
10. ^ Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (2004). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0–140–44409–2. 
11. ^ (2000) Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo–Saxon England. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9780631224921. 
12. ^ Whitelock, Dorothy (1969). Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St Edmund in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology Volume 31, 217–233. 
13. ^ Scarle, R.D. Do you know where King Edmund died in 869 AD ?. The Good Grid Reference. Cambridge Archaeology. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
14. ^ (1983) Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History Volume 35 part 3, p223. 
15. ^ The conquest of Mercia: AD 867–870. In the footsteps of Ivarr the Boneless. Channel 4. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
16. ^ St Edmund. Where I Live: Suffolk. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Perrin, W.G. (1922). British Flags. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
18. ^ Scott–Giles, W.C. (1965). The Romance of Heraldry. London: J. M. Dent. 
19. ^ Edmund for England. Edmund for England. Retrieved on August 2007.
20. ^ Jocelin of Brakelond (1989). Chronicle Of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds. Oxford: Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 978-0-19283895-7. 
21. ^ The Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia http://www.catholiceastanglia.org/main/files/uplink/ordo07.pdf

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Further reading

• Grant, Judith, editor. La Passiun de Seint Edmund. London: Anglo–Norman Text Society, 1978. ISBN 0–905474–04–X
• Hervey, Francis. Corolla Sancti Eadmundi. London: J. Murray, 1907.

External links

• The history of the legend of Saint Edmund at the St Edmundsbury's website.
• A detailed example of Edmund's martyrdom legend.
• The Prime Minister's rejection letter to BBC Radio Suffolk