Mondlane on a Mozambican 1000 metical note.

Some regard Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane (1920-1969) as the father of Mozambican independence. The fourth of 16 sons of a chieftain of the Bantu-speaking Tsonga tribe, Mondlane was born in Portuguese East Africa in 1920. He worked as a shepherd until the age of 12. He attended several different primary schools before enrolling in a Swiss-Presbyterian school. Not being allowed to attend secondary schools in Mozambique, he attended the church school at Lemana in the Transvaal, South Africa. He then spent one year at the Jan Hofmeyer School of Social work before enrolling in Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg but was expelled from South Africa after only a year in 1949 following the rise of the Apartheid government. In 1951, at age 31, Mondlane enrolled at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, starting as a junior, and in 1953 he obtained a degree in anthropology and sociology. He continued his studies at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Mondlane earned a doctorate in sociology from Northwestern University and married a Janet Rae Johnson, a woman from Indiana who then lived in the Chicago suburbs. Image File history File links Mil_meticais. ... Image File history File links Mil_meticais. ... The metical (plural: meticais) is the currency of Mozambique. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu (dull yellow) vs. ... The Shangaan (Vatsonga) are a large group of people living mainly in southern Mozambique in the provinces of Gaza and Maputo. ... Mozambique is a country in Southern Africa, bordering South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... The University of the Witwatersrand is a leading South African university situated in Johannesburg. ... , City motto: Unity in Development Province Gauteng Mayor Amos Masondo Area  - % water 1,644 km² 0. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Oberlin College is a small, highly selective liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio, in the United States. ... Oberlin is a city located in Lorain County, Ohio, to the south and west of Cleveland. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... For other schools named Northwestern please see Northwestern College. ... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Indianapolis Indianapolis Area  Ranked 38th  - Total 36,418 sq. ... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ...

In 1962, Mondlane was elected president of the newly formed Mozambican Liberation Front (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique or FRELIMO), which was comprised of elements from smaller nationalist groups. In 1963, he settled FRELIMO headquarters outside of Mozambique in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Supported both by the West and the USSR, FRELIMO began a guerilla war in 1964 to obtain Mozambique's independence from Portugal. In 1969, a bomb was planted in a book then sent to him at the FRELIMO secretariat. It exploded, killing him. After Gladio "stay-behind" secret army's discovery in the 1990s, it was discovered that the Portuguese branch of Gladio had murdered him [1]. By the early 1970s, FRELIMO's 7,000-strong guerilla force had wrested control of much of the central and northern parts of the country from the Portuguese authorities and was engaging a Portuguese force of approximately 60,000 men. In 1975, Portugal and FRELIMO negotiated Mozambique's independence, which came into effect in June of that year. After this, a Marxist one-party state formed in the capital, Maputo, following a coup d'état. This situation rapidly degraded and the country sank into a civil war that ended only in 1992. 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO, pronounced fray-LEE-moo; Portuguese: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) is a political party that has ruled Mozambique since independence in 1975. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ... Map of Mozambique with Maputo highlighted Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. ... A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment that mostly replaces just the top power figures. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

Mondlane's death was mourned at a state funeral in 1969 which was officiated by his Oberlin classmate and friend the Reverend Edward Hawley, who said during the ceremonies that Mondlane "...laid down his life for the truth that man was made for dignity and self-determination."

In 1975, the Universidade Lourenço Marques, given the colonial name of the capital Lourenço Marques, was renamed Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, or Eduardo Mondlane University. It is still located in the capital, (now called Maputo). Lourenço Marques was a 16th century Portuguese trader. ... The Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (Portuguese, Eduardo Mondlane University) is the oldest and largest university in Mozambique. ...

See also

• Operation Gladio