Education in Japan is known for well-maintained educational system and excellent achievement. Japanese children consistently rank at or near the top in successive international tests of most mathematics (see TIMSS)^[1]. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is responsible for comprehensive educational administration of Japan. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of fourth- and eighth-grade students around the world. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of fourth- and eighth-grade students around the world. ... Office building The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ), also known as MEXT, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government. ...

History

Main article: History of education in Japan

Terakoya for girls in Edo period

Formal education in Japan began with the adoption of Chinese culture in the 6th century. Buddhist and Confucian teachings as well as sciences, calligraphy, divination and literature were taught at the courts of Asuka, Nara and Heian. Scholar officials were chosen through an Imperial examination system. But contrary to China, the system never fully took hold and titles and posts at the court remained hereditary family possessions. The rise of the bushi, the military class, during the Kamakura period ended the influence of scholar officials, but Buddhist monasteries remained influential centers of learning. The history of education in Japan dates back at least to the sixth century, when Chinese learning was introduced at the Yamato court. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Terakoya (寺子屋, which literally means temple schools) are private educational institutions that taught writing and reading to the children of Japanese commoners during the Edo era. ... The Edo period ), also called Tokugawa period, is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quốc ngữ: Hán tá»±: The art of calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian civilizations that use Chinese characters. ... For other uses, see Divination (disambiguation). ... Asuka is the name of the old Japanese capital of the 6th century, Asuka ). The capital gave the Asuka period its name. ... Nara ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. ... Kyoto )   is a city in the central part of the island of HonshÅ«, Japan. ... The Imperial examinations (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the states bureaucracy. ... Japanese samurai in armour, 1860 photograph. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Kamakura Period. ...

During the Edo period (1603-1867), the daimyō vied for power in the secluded and largely pacified country. Since their influence could not be raised through war, they competed on the economic field. Their warrior-turned-bureaucrat Samurai elite had to be educated not only in military strategy and the martial arts, but also agriculture and accounting. Likewise, the wealthy merchant class needed education for their daily business, and their wealth allowed them to be patrons of arts and science. But temple schools (terakoya) educated peaseants too, and it is estimated that at the end of the Edo period 50% of the male and 20% of the female population possessed some degree of literacy. And even though Japan was isolated from foreign contact, the shogunate still imported books from China and Europe and allow rangaku ("Dutch studies") for a select few. The Edo period ), also called Tokugawa period, is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868. ... Terakoya (寺子屋, which literally means temple schools) are private educational institutions that taught writing and reading to the children of Japanese commoners during the Edo era. ... Rangaku (蘭学) or Dutch Learning was the method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641-1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunates policy of national isolation (sakoku). ...

When Japan was opened during the Meiji Restoration, the adoption of western learning was seen as a way to make Japan a strong, modern nation. Students and even high-ranking government officials were sent abroad to study, such as the Iwakura mission. Foreign scholars, so-called o-yatoi gaikokujin, were invited to teach at newly founded universities and military academies. Compulsory education was introduced, mainly after the Prussian model. Around 1890, only 20 years after the country was opened, Japan had already enough western-educated academics to send most of the foreigners home. At the same time, conservatives called for "Western technology, Japanese soul", to reduce the western influence on Japanese society and to strengthen "Japanese values". The Meiji Restoration ), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japans political and social structure. ... The Iwakura Mission or Iwakura Embassy was a diplomatic journey around the world, initiated by the oligarchs of the Meiji era. ... The o-yatoi gaikokujin (Japanese: お雇い外国人 — hired foreigners, foreign employees) were foreign specialists, engineers, teachers, mercenaries and more, hired to assist in the modernization of Japan. ... The Prussian education system was a system of mandatory education dating to the early 19th century. ... Japanese values are cultural assumptions and ideals particular to Japanese culture. ...

The rise of militarism led to the use of the education system to prepare the nation for war. The military even sent its own teachers to schools. After the defeat in World War II, the allied occupation government set an education reform as one of its primary goals, to eradicate militarist teachings and "democratize" Japan. The education system was rebuilt after the American model. Japanese militarism (日本軍國主義/日本軍国主義) refers to militarism in Japan, the philosophical belief that military personnel (army or navy) should exercise full power in Japan. ... Capital Tokyo Language(s) Japanese Political structure Military occupation Military Governor  - 1945-1951 Douglas MacArthur  - 1951-1952 Matthew Ridgway Emperor  - 1926-1989 Hirohito Historical era Post-WWII  - Surrender of Japan August 15, 1945  - San Francisco Treaty April 28, 1952 At the end of the Second World War, Japan was occupied... During World War II, many Japanese students were enlisted to actively help in the war effort, effectively turning schools into factories. ...

The end of the 1960s were a time of student protests around the world, and also in Japan. The main subject of protest was the Japan-U.S. security treaty. A number of reforms were carried out in the post-war period until today. They aimed at easing the burden of entrance examinations, promoting internationalization and information technologies, diversifying education and supporting lifelong learning. The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (in Japanese, 日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の相互協力及び安全保障条約, Treaty of mutual cooperation and security between Japan and the United States of America) was signed between the United States and Japan in Washington on January 19, 1960. ...

Structure

A typical classroom in Japanese junior high school

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1448x1146, 319 KB) Summary A typical Japanese classroom. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1448x1146, 319 KB) Summary A typical Japanese classroom. ...

Kindergarten and Nursery school

Most children begin their education by attending Kindergarten or Nursery school, of which neither are part of the Compulsory education system. For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation). ... Child picking up book. ... Compulsory education is education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide. ...

Elementary school

Main article: Elementary schools in Japan

More than 99% of children are enrolled in elementary school. All children enter first grade at age six, and starting school is considered a very important event in a child's life. Shōgakkō (小学校) are elementary schools in Japan. ... First grade is a year of education in the United States and other countries immediately following kindergarten. ...

Virtually all elementary education takes place in public schools; less than 1% of the schools are private. Private schools tended to be costly, although the rate of cost increases in tuition for these schools had slowed in the 1980s. Some private elementary schools are prestigious, and they serve as a first step to higher-level private schools with which they are affiliated, and thence to a university. The term public school has two contrary meanings: In England, one of a small number of prestigious historic schools open to the public which normally charge fees and are financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts; here the word public is used much as in... Private schools, in the United States, Australia, Scotland, and other English-speaking countries, are schools not administered by local or national government, which retain the right to select their student body and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition rather than with public funds. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ...

Junior high school

Main article: Secondary education in Japan

Japanese high school students wearing the sailor fuku Japanese junior high school students in sailor fuku Secondary Education in Japan is split into lower secondary schools (中学校 chūgakkō, literally, middle school) which cover the seventh through ninth years, and upper secondary schools (高等学校 kōtōgakkō, literally, high school, abbreviated to...

High school

While Secondary education is not compulsory in Japan, more than 90% of the population attends high school. Some high schools specialize in educating the agricultural or commercial techniques. Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Universities and colleges

According to The Times Higher Education Supplement, the two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.^[2] The Times Higher Education Supplement, also known as The Times Higher or The THES for short, is a newspaper based in London that reports specifically on issues related to higher education. ... Todai redirects here. ... Kyoto University ), abbreviated to Kyodai ) is a national coeducational research university in Kyoto, Japan. ...

See also

• Japanese school uniform

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Japanese school uniform Japanese high school students wearing the sailor outfit Japan introduced school uniforms in the late 19th century as a part of its modernisation program. ...

References

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Christopher P. Hood, Japanese Education Reform: Nakasone's Legacy, 2001, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-23283-X.

• David G. Hebert (2005). Music Competition, Cooperation, and Community: An Ethnography of a Japanese School Band. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington. Ann Arbor: Proquest/UMI.

External links

• Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

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