NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Education in New York City

Education in New York City is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. The city's public school system, the New York City Department of Education, is the largest in the United States, and New York is home to some of the most important libraries, universities, and research centers in the world. The city is particularly known as a global center for research in medicine and the life sciences. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The Official Seal of the City of New York The New York City Department of Education is the branch of municipal government in New York City that manages the citys public school system. ...

New York has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.^[1] The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities.^[2] It also struggles with disparity in its public school system, with some of the best and worst performing public schools in the United States. Under Mayor Michael Bloomberg the city has embarked on a major school reform effort. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1222x876, 321 KB) Summary Keating Hall, Rose Hill, Fordham University Photograph by Chriscobar Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Fordham University Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1222x876, 321 KB) Summary Keating Hall, Rose Hill, Fordham University Photograph by Chriscobar Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Fordham University Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Fordham University is a private, coeducational research university[2] in the United States, with three residential campuses located in and around New York City. ... For other uses, see Bronx (disambiguation). ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical research. ... Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born 14 February 1942) is an American businessman, philanthropist, and the founder of Bloomberg L.P., currently serving as the Mayor of New York City. ...

The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island.^[3] Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, and Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.^[3] The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the Main Branch and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Queens Borough Public Library, or QBPL is the public library for the Borough of Queens and one of three library systems serving New York City. ... The Main Branch, Brooklyn Public Library, Grand Army Plaza, 2003 The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL), is the public library system of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. ... The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is part of the New York Public Library. ...

Higher education

There are about 594,000 university students in New York City attending 61 universities and colleges.^[4] New York State is the nation’s largest importer of college students, according to statistics which show that among freshmen who leave their home states to attend college, more come to New York than any other state, including California. Enrollment in New York State is led by New York City, which is home to more university students than any other city in the United States.^[5] This is a list of colleges and universities entirely in, or with a campus in, New York City. ...

Public postsecondary education is provided by the City University of New York (CUNY). CUNY has over 450,000 students and is the third-largest university system in the United States. It has graduated the highest number of Nobel Laureates of any public university in the world. CUNY's history dates back to the formation of the Free Academy in 1847. Much of its student body, which represent 145 countries, is comprised of new immigrants to New York City. CUNY has campuses in all of the five boroughs, with 11 four-year colleges, 6 two-year colleges, a law school, a graduate school, a medical school, an honors college, and a journalism school. A third of college graduates in New York City are CUNY graduates, with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. The City University's alumni include Jonas Salk, Colin Powell, Andrew Grove, co-founder of Intel, Barbara Boxer, Harvey Pitt, Paul Simon from Simon and Garfunkel and Joy Behar. The City University of New York (CUNY; acronym: IPA pronunciation: ), is the public university system of New York City. ... Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 â€“ June 23, 1995) was an American physician and researcher best known for the development of the first successful polio vaccine (the eponymous Salk vaccine). ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Dr. Andrew Stephen Grove (born September 2, 1936 in Budapest, Hungary) is an American businessman. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Barbara Levy Boxer (born November 11, 1940) is an American politician and the current junior U.S. Senator from the State of California. ... Harvey Pitt was appointed 26th chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 2001. ... Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, half of the folk-singing duo Simon and Garfunkel who continues a successful solo career. ... The duo of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel are American popular musicians known collectively as Simon and Garfunkel. ... Josephina Victoria Joy Behar (born October 7, 1943) is an American comedian, writer, actress and co-host of the talk show The View. ...

New York City is also home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Berkeley College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, Manhattan College, The New School, New York Institute of Technology, New York University, Pace University, Polytechnic University, St. John's University, Teachers College, Columbia University, and Yeshiva University. The city has dozens of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as The Juilliard School and The School of Visual Arts. Barnard College, founded in 1889, is one of the four undergraduate divisions of Columbia University. ... Berkeley College is a private college specializing in business, with five campuses in New York and New Jersey. ... Alma Mater Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is a privately funded college in Lower Manhattan of New York City. ... Fordham University is a private, coeducational research university[2] in the United States, with three residential campuses located in and around New York City. ... The main entrance to Manhattan College Manhattan College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college in the Lasallian tradition in New York City. ... The New School is an institution of higher learning in New York City, located around Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan. ... The New York Institute of Technology (also known as NYIT and New York Tech) is a private, co-educational college in New York in the USA. The college has three New York campuses, two on Long Island and one on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, as well as global... New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ... Pace University is a private, co-educational and comprehensive multi-campus university in the New York metropolitan area with campuses in New York City and Westchester County, New York. ... Polytechnic University (Brooklyn Poly, Poly, or Polytech), located in the Borough of Brooklyn in New York City, is the United States second oldest private technological university, founded in 1854. ... St. ... Teachers College, Columbia University (sometimes referred to simply as Teachers College; also referred to as Teachers College of Columbia University or the Columbia University Graduate School of Education) is a top ranked graduate school of education in the United States. ... Yeshiva University is a private Jewish university in New York City whose first component was founded in 1886. ... The Juilliard School is a performing arts conservatory in New York City, informally but definitively identified as simply Juilliard, and most famous for its musically-trained alumni. ... The School of Visual Arts Main Building, circa 1992. ...

Columbia University is an Ivy League university in upper Manhattan. It was established in 1754 as King's College and is the fifth oldest chartered institution of higher education in the United States. During these early years, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and Robert Livingston studied at Columbia. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1824 Ã— 1368 pixel, file size: 1,014 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Columbia University Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1824 Ã— 1368 pixel, file size: 1,014 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Columbia University Metadata This file... Alma Mater Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City and is bound by the Upper West Side, Morningside Park, Harlem, and Riverside Park (some now consider it part of the Upper West Side). ... Alma Mater Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757â€“July 12, 1804) was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. ... John Jay (December 12, 1745 â€“ May 17, 1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, and jurist. ... Gouverneur Morris Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 â€“ November 6, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and was an author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States. ... Robert Livingston was the name of several men, many of whom were members of a prominent family that effectively ran New York throughout the colonial and Federal periods. ...

Barnard College is a highly selective independent women's college, one of the original Seven Sisters, affiliated with Columbia. Through a reciprocal agreement, Barnard and Columbia students share classes, housing, and extracurricular activities, and Barnard graduates receive the degree of the University. Barnard's alumnae include Anna Quindlen, Martha Stewart, Zora Neale Hurston, and Margaret Mead. Barnard College, founded in 1889, is one of the four undergraduate divisions of Columbia University. ... Astronomy and mythology: Pleiades (mythology), seven sisters who are companions of Artemis in Greek mythology Pleiades (star cluster), a star cluster named for the mythological characters The Hesperides of Greek mythology Churches: The Seven Sisters of American Protestantism, an informal grouping of seven traditional mainline and liberal Protestant denominations: the... Anna Quindlen (Born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist and opinion columnist whose New York Times column, Public and Private, won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1992. ... Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra on August 3, 1941) is an American business magnate, author, editor and homemaking advocate. ... Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 â€“ January 28, 1960) was an American folklorist and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance, best known for the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. ... Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901, Philadelphia â€“ November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American cultural anthropologist. ...

New York University (NYU) is a major research university in lower Manhattan. Founded in 1831 by a group of prominent New Yorkers, NYU has become the largest private, not-for-profit university in the United States with a total enrollment of 39,408. The University comprises 14 schools, colleges, and divisions, which occupy six major centers across Manhattan. New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ...

The Cooper Union is a tuition-free school specializing in art, architecture and engineering. It is a privately funded school in the East Village that boasts one of the lowest admission rates in the US (10~12%) as it maintains an exclusive student body of 900 students. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art (often shortened to The Cooper Union) is a college founded in 1859 in New York City. ...

Fordham University, which has campuses in Manhattan and the Bronx, was the first Catholic university in the northeast. It was founded in 1841 and is run by the Jesuits. The university has four undergraduate schools and six graduate schools in these fields: law, education, social work, business, religion, and arts and sciences. In addition to Manhattan and the Bronx, Fordham has three other campuses, two in Westchester County, New York, and one in Beijing, China. Fordham University is a private, coeducational research university[2] in the United States, with three residential campuses located in and around New York City. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Westchester County is a primarily suburban county with about 940,000 residents located in the U.S. state of New York. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking), is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Pace University, which has campuses in lower Manhattan and Westchester County, specializes in business and finance courses. With its competitive debate, Mock Trial, and Moot Court teams, the school has an intensive law program. The school's Honor College is 28th in the nation. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x620, 53 KB) Summary Higgins hall by steven holl Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x620, 53 KB) Summary Higgins hall by steven holl Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Pratt Institute is a specialized, private college in New York City with campuses in Manhattan and Brooklyn. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ... Pace University is a private, co-educational and comprehensive multi-campus university in the New York metropolitan area with campuses in New York City and Westchester County, New York. ...

Yeshiva University is a competitive Jewish university in Washington Heights with a strong rabbinical school. Yeshiva University is a private Jewish university in New York City whose first component was founded in 1886. ... A Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) is a religious Jewish scholar who is an expert in Jewish law. ...

The New School, whose graduate faculty was founded by scholars exiled by totalitarian regimes in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s, is known for its progressive intellectual tradition. This university is made up of several different and unique divisions, including The New School for Drama, Parsons The New School for Design, Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts, The New School for Social Research, and Mannes College of Music The New School is an institution of higher learning in New York City, located around Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan. ... Parsons The New School for Design (abbreviated Parsons), is a design school affiliated since 1970 with The New School, formerly known as New School University. ... Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts is the seminar-style liberal arts college of the The New School. ... The New School for Social Research is the graduate division of The New School. ... Mannes College The New School For Music is a music conservatory located in New York City, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. ...

Marymount Manhattan College is located in Manhattan's Upper East Side and is a small liberal arts college. Marymount Manhattan College is a liberal arts college located in Manhattan, New York City, New York. ... The Upper East Side at Sunset The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA, between Central Park and the East River. ... A liberal arts college is an institution of higher education found in the United States, offering programs in the liberal arts at the post-secondary level. ...

Long Island University, in downtown Brooklyn, hosts the Friends World Program, an international studies college with regional centers around the globe founded by Quakers in 1965. The University also issues the prestigious annual Polk Awards in journalism. Long Island University (LIU) is a private university located on Long Island in the U.S. state of New York. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ... In March 2007, Friends World was renamed Global College and introduced a newly revised curriculum. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... The George Polk Awards is an American journalism award. ...

Wagner College, founded in 1883, is a small liberal arts college located in the borough of Staten Island. It has won national recognition for its innovative undergraduate curriculum. Wagner College is a coeducational private liberal arts college located on Staten Island in New York City. ... For other uses, see Staten Island (disambiguation) Staten Island, shown in an enhanced satellite image Staten Island is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located on an island of the same name on the west side of the Narrows at the entrance of New York Harbor. ...

St. John's University, located in the borough of Queens, is run by the Vincentian Fathers and is one of the largest Catholic universities in the United States. Campuses are also located in Staten Island, Manhattan, and Rome, Italy. St. ... For other uses, see Queens (disambiguation) and Queen. ... Lazarites (Lazarists or Lazarians) are the popular names of the Congregation of Priests of the Mission in the Roman Catholic Church. ... For other uses, see Staten Island (disambiguation) Staten Island, shown in an enhanced satellite image Staten Island is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located on an island of the same name on the west side of the Narrows at the entrance of New York Harbor. ... For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ... The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin Roma) is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. ...

New York Institute of Technology, which has campuses in Manhattan and Long Island, specializes in career-oriented education. NYIT also operates the only college of Osteopathic Medicine in New York State. The New York Institute of Technology (also known as NYIT and New York Tech) is a private, co-educational college in New York in the USA. The college has three New York campuses, two on Long Island and one on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, as well as global... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...

Bramson ORT College is an undergraduate college in New York City operated by the American branch of the Jewish charity World ORT. Its main campus is in Forest Hills, Queens, with a satellite campus in Brooklyn. Bramson ORT College is an undergraduate college in New York City operated by the American branch of the Jewish charity World ORT. Its main campus is in Forest Hills, Queens, with a satellite campus in Brooklyn. ... In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... World ORT is a non-governmental organisation whose mission is the advancement of Jewish people through training and education, with past and present activities in over 100 countries. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ...

In addition to many more universities, New York City is home to several of the nation's top schools of art and design, including Pratt Institute, the School of Visual Arts, and the Fashion Institute of Technology. Three of the nation's most prestigious conservatories, The Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music, and Mannes College of Music are located on the Upper West Side. Pratt Institute is a specialized, private college in New York City with campuses in Manhattan and Brooklyn. ... The School of Visual Arts Main Building, circa 1992. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Juilliard School is a performing arts conservatory in New York City, informally but definitively identified as simply Juilliard, and most famous for its musically-trained alumni. ... The Manhattan School of Music is one of Americas leading music conservatories located in New York City that offers degrees on the bachelors, masters, and doctoral levels in the areas of classical and jazz performance and composition. ... Mannes College The New School For Music is a music conservatory located in New York City, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. ... The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River above West 59th Street. ...

The city is also the only place that is home to two top-five ranked law schools in the United States. In the 2008 edition of the rankings, U.S. News and World Report places New York University School of Law fourth and Columbia Law School fifth as top law schools in the U.S. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Columbia Law School, located in the New York City borough of Manhattan, is one of the professional schools of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League, and one of the leading law schools in the United States. ...

The New York Academy of Sciences is a society of some 20,000 scientists of all disciplines from 150 countries. It seeks to advance the understanding of science, technology, and medicine, and to stimulate new ways to think about how research is applied in society and the world. It is also active in human rights and seeks to promote the rights of scientists, health professionals, engineers, and educators around the world. Past members include Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Charles Darwin, John James Audubon, and Albert Einstein. In 2005 its President's Council included 16 Nobel Prize winners. New York Academy of Sciences is a society of some 20,000 scientists of all disciplines from 150 countries. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.â€“4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... For other persons named James Monroe, see James Monroe (disambiguation). ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... John James Audubon (April 26, 1785 â€“ January 27, 1851) was an American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter, and painter. ... â€œEinsteinâ€ redirects here. ...

The American University of Beirut in Lebanon and the American University in Cairo in Egypt hold charters from the state of New York. Both universities maintain administrative offices in New York City. The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: ) is a private, independent, non-sectarian university in Beirut, Lebanon. ... The American University in Cairo (AUC) provides high quality educational opportunities to students from all segments of Egyptian society, as well as from other countries, and contributes to Egypts cultural and intellectual life. ...

This is a list of colleges and universities entirely in, or with a campus in, New York City. ...

Primary education

Public schools

The New York City public school system is the largest in the United States. More than one million students are taught in 1,200 separate public schools.^[6] The public school system is managed by the New York City Department of Education. The Official Seal of the City of New York The New York City Department of Education is the branch of municipal government in New York City that manages the citys public school system. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Official Seal of the City of New York The New York City Department of Education is the branch of municipal government in New York City that manages the citys public school system. ...

Among New York City public high schools are selective specialized schools such as CUNY-run Hunter College High School (the public school which sends the highest percentage of its graduates to Ivy League schools in the United States; often considered one of the best public high schools in the United States), Manhattan's Stuyvesant High School (the public school with the lowest acceptance rate in the country, and the teaching home of Pulitzer Prize winner Frank McCourt; often considered one of the best public high schools in the United States), Bronx High School of Science (which boasts the largest number of graduates who are Nobel Laureates of any high school in the world) and Brooklyn Technical High School (the one of the few public school that uses a college style major system after their students' sophomore year). Townsend Harris High School in Queens is another selective school situated on a bucolic campus that offers small class sizes compared to schools of equal rigor, where the average student takes three different languages including Latin and/or Greek. The Brooklyn High School of the Arts is the only high school in the United States to offer a major in Historic Preservation. Murry Bergtraum High School is the oldest business high school in Lower Manhattan that integrates an array of specialized courses such as shorthand, and MOS certification courses (including courses that are not offered elsewhere in the United States. The Harvey Milk High School is the only public high school in the United States for gay, lesbian, and transgendered students. Image File history File links City_ed_logo. ... Image File history File links City_ed_logo. ... The Official Seal of the City of New York The New York City Department of Education is the branch of municipal government in New York City that manages the citys public school system. ... For other uses of the acronym HCHS, see HCHS (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... Stuyvesant High School, commonly referred to as Stuy, is a New York City public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. ... The Bronx High School of Science, commonly called Bronx Science, Bronx Sci, or just Science, is a specialized New York City public high school located in the Bedford Park section of the Bronx, with no tuition charges and admission by exam (reportedly taken by more than 20,000 students). ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... Brooklyn Technical High School, commonly called Brooklyn Tech or just Tech, and also administratively sometimes as High School 430, is a New York City public high school that specializes in engineering, math and science. ... Townsend Harris High School is a public magnet high school for the humanities in the borough of Queens in New York City. ... Brooklyn High School of the Arts, (BHSA) is a New York City Public High School located in Boerum Hill in Brooklyn. ... Demolition of the former Penn Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation Historic preservation is the act of maintaining and repairing existing historic materials and the retention of a propertys form as it has evolved over time. ... View of the eastern wing of the building, which oversees Pearl Street. ... Shorthand is an abbreviated, symbolic writing method that improves speed of writing or brevity as compared to a normal method of writing a language. ... Harvey Milk High School is a high school designed to be a safe space for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning (LGBTQ) students located in the East Village of New York City, and named after Harvey Milk, the first openly gay city supervisor of San Francisco, California, who was assassinated...

School funding lawsuit

A constitutional challenge to the New York State school funding system was filed in 1993 by the Campaign for Fiscal Equity. The lawsuit, CFE v. State of New York, claims that the state's school finance system under-funds New York City public schools and denies its students their constitutional right to a sound basic education. The Campaign for Fiscal Equity (CFE) is a New York-based not-for-profit organization persued a series of lawsuits against the State of New York. ... The Campaign for Fiscal Equity (CFE) is a New York-based not-for-profit organization persued a series of lawsuits against the State of New York. ...

The Court of Appeals, New York's highest court, ruled in 1995 that the New York State constitution requires that the state offer all children the opportunity for a "sound basic education." In 2001 State Supreme Court Justice Leland DeGrasse found that the current state school funding system was unconstitutional. Governor George Pataki appealed the decision, which was overturned in 2002 by the Appellate Division. CFE appealed to the Court of Appeals, which again found in favor of CFE in 2003. The Court of Appeals gave the State of New York until July 30, 2004 to comply with its order. George Elmer Pataki (born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 57th Governor of New York serving from January 1995 until January 1, 2007. ...

The state failed to meet this deadline, however, and the court appointed three referees who were given until November 30, 2004 to submit a compliance plan to Justice Leland DeGrasse of the State Supreme Court. Justice DeGrasse agreed with the referees' recommendations and in 2005 ruled that New York City schools need nearly $15 billion to provide students with their constitutional right to the opportunity to receive a sound basic education.

Governor Pataki appealed again to the Appellate Division. In 2006, however, the Appellate Division ordered the State Legislature to consider a plan to direct between $4.7 billion and $5.63 billion to New York City schools and upheld an earlier ruling to provide about $9.2 billion in capital funds to the school system over five years.

Private and parochial schools

There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.^[7] These include some of the most prestigious private schools in the United States, among them the Brearley School, Buckley School, Collegiate School, Dalton School, Spence School, Chapin School, Nightingale-Bamford School, Horace Mann School, Trinity School, Berkeley Carroll School, Saint Ann's School, Convent of the Sacred Heart, Regis High School, Yeshivah of Flatbush, Ramaz School, Ethical Culture Fieldston School, Poly Prep, and Riverdale Country School. About 30,000 students attend private schools in New York.' This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Buckley School is a K-9 all-boys private school on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. ... The Collegiate School was also the name under which Yale University was founded in 1701 The Collegiate School is an all-boys private school in New York City. ... The Dalton School, originally called the Childrens University School, is a private college-preparatory school in New York City. ... The Spence School is a highly-ranked private day school for girls in New York City. ... The Chapin School was founded by Miss Maria Bowen Chapin, and is one of Manhattans most pristigious private schools for girls. ... The Nightingale Bamford School is an all-girls school founded in 1920 by Miss Nightingale and Miss Bamford. ... The Horace Mann School is an independent college preparatory school in New York City. ... Trinity School labore et virtute (labor and virtue) Trinity School is a private, co-educational day school for grades K-12 located in New York City, USA, and a member of the Ivy Preparatory School League. ... The Berkeley Carroll School is an independent, nonsectarian, coed day school, enrolling about 750 students from pre-kindergarten through high school. ... Saint Anns School is a private school in New York City known for its strength in the arts as well as academics. ... Convent of the Sacred Heart is the oldest independent, all-girls school in Manhattan. ... Regis High School is an all-scholarship, Jesuit, college preparatory school for young Catholic men. ... The Yeshivah of Flatbush is a Modern Orthodox private Jewish day school located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, New York which includes both an elementary school and a high school. ... The Ramaz School is a coeducational, college preparatory, private Modern Orthodox Jewish day school located on the Upper East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. ... The Ethical Culture Fieldston School, known as Fieldston, is a private independent school in New York City and a member of the Ivy Preparatory School League. ... Poly Prep Country Day School (better known as Poly Prep or just Poly) is a private middle, upper and elementary country day school in Brooklyn, New York, USA. It has 2 campuses, one in Bay Ridge and one in Park Slope. ... The Lower Campus of Riverdale Country School Riverdale Country School is a co-educational college preparatory day school in New York City. ...

There are several parochial schools, serving elementary and secondary levels of students. Main denominations or religions operating these institutions are Roman Catholic, Jewish -Orthodox and some non-Orthdox, and Muslim. The Satmar Jewish community of Brooklyn operates its own network of schools, which is the fourth largest school system in New York state. A parochial school is a type of private school which engages in religious education in addition to conventional education. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (×—×¡×™×“×•×ª ×¡××˜×ž××¨) is a movement of Haredi Jews who initially adhered to the late Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum (1887-1979), Satmar Rebbe in the town of SzatmÃ¡rnÃ©meti (now Satu Mare, Romania), at that time in the Kingdom of Hungary. ...

Libraries

New York City has three public library systems, the New York Public Library, serving the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island; the Brooklyn Public Library; and the Queens Borough Public Library. The New York Public Library comprises simultaneously a set of scholarly research collections and a network of community libraries and is the busiest public library system in the world. Over 15.5 million patrons checked out books, periodicals, and other materials from the library's 82 branches in the 2004-2005 fiscal year. The Library has four major research centers. The largest is the Library for the Humanities, which ranks in importance with the Library of Congress, the British Library, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It has 39 million items in its collection, among them a Gutenberg Bible, the first five folios of Shakespeare's plays, ancient Torah scrolls, a handwritten copy of George Washington's Farewell Address and Alexander Hamilton's handwritten draft of the United States Constitution. It also has a large map room and a significant art collection. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Main Branch, Brooklyn Public Library, Grand Army Plaza, 2003 The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL), is the public library system of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. ... The Queens Borough Public Library, or QBPL is the public library for the Borough of Queens and one of three library systems serving New York City. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... British Library main building, London The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom. ... The new buildings of the library. ... A copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible or the Mazarin Bible) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in... Shakespeare redirects here. ... The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of G-d (the vocal is never spelled), traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 â€“ December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757â€“July 12, 1804) was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ...

The Brooklyn Public Library is the fourth-largest library system in the country, serving more than two million people each year. The Central Library is its main reference center, with an additional 58 branches in as many neighborhoods. Foreign language collections in 70 different languages, from Arabic to Creole to Vietnamese, are tailored to the neighborhoods they serve. New York Public Library (Research Room) (800x600) Image taken August 2002 by User:Leonard G. A larger image (1600x1200) may be found at Image:NYCPubLibRsrchRm. ... New York Public Library (Research Room) (800x600) Image taken August 2002 by User:Leonard G. A larger image (1600x1200) may be found at Image:NYCPubLibRsrchRm. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (4160x1798, 2481 KB) Summary A panorama of a research room taken at the New York Public Library with a Canon 5D and 24-105mm f/4L IS in January 2006. ...

The Queens Library is the No. 1 library system in the United States by circulation, having loaned 20.2 million items in the 2006 fiscal year.^[8] The Queens Library serves the city's most diverse borough with a full range of services and programs for adults and children at the central reference library on Merrick Boulevard in Jamaica, Queens and at its 62 branches. Collections include books, periodicals, compact discs and videos. All branches have a computerized catalogue of the library's holdings, as well as access to the Internet. Lectures, performances and special events are presented by neighborhood branches.

The $50 million Bronx Library Center is the newest major New York City library building to be built. It is the first "green" public library in the city, built with ecologically-sound recycled materials and designed to promote energy efficiency, usage of natural daylight, waste reduction, and improvement in air quality. It has 200,000 print and audiovisual materials available for checkout and features a 150-seat auditorium for public performances, a story hour room for readings to children, and individualized career and educational counseling. 127 computers throughout the building are wired for Internet access. The library also has wireless capabilities, and provides 30 laptops that patrons can use anywhere on the premises.

There are several other important libraries in the city. Among them is the Morgan Library, originally the private library of J. P. Morgan and made a public institution by his son, John Pierpont Morgan. It is now a research library with an important collection, including material from ancient Egypt, Emile Zola, William Blake's original drawings for his edition of the Book of Job; a Percy Bysshe Shelley notebook; originals of poems by Robert Burns; a Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol; 30 shelves of Bibles; a journal by Henry David Thoreau; Mozart's Haffner Symphony in D Major; and manuscripts for George Sand, William Makepeace Thackeray, Lord Byron, Charlotte Brontë and nine of Sir Walter Scott's novels, including Ivanhoe. The library is currently undergoing a significant expansion designed by Renzo Piano. The Pierpont Morgan Library is a research library in New York City. ... This article is about the financier. ... John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913), American financier and banker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, a son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890), who was a partner of George Peabody and the founder of the house of J. S. Morgan & Co. ... mile Zola (April 2, 1840 - September 29, 1902) was an influential French novelist, the most important example of the literary school of naturalism, and a major figure in the political liberalization of France. ... William Blake (November 28, 1757 â€“ August 12, 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. ... Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4, 1792 â€“ July 8, 1822; pronounced ) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets of the English language. ... For the chain gang fugitive and author from Georgia, see Robert Elliott Burns. ... â€œDickensâ€ redirects here. ... Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 â€“ May 6, 1862; born David Henry Thoreau[1]) was an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, and philosopher who is best known for Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance... â€œMozartâ€ redirects here. ... George Sand sewing, portrait by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix (1838). ... William Makepeace Thackeray (July 18, 1811 â€“ December 24, 1863) was a British novelist of the 19th century. ... Lord Byron, English poet Lord Byron (1803), as painted by Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, (January 22, 1788 – April 19, 1824) was the most widely read English language poet of his day. ... Charlotte BrontÃ« (IPA: ) (April 21, 1816 â€“ March 31, 1855) was an English novelist and the eldest of the three BrontÃ« sisters whose novels have become timeless pieces of English literature. ... For the first Premier of Saskatchewan see Thomas Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott (August 14, 1771 - September 21, 1832) was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe. ... The Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church in San Giovanni Rotondo. ...

Museums

New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2608, 469 KB) Description: Title: de: LArlÃ©sienne (PortrÃ¤t der Mme Ginoux) Technique: de: Ã–l auf Leinwand Dimensions: de: 90 Ã— 72 cm Country of origin: de: Niederlande und Frankreich Current location (city): de: New York Current location (gallery): de... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2608, 469 KB) Description: Title: de: LArlÃ©sienne (PortrÃ¤t der Mme Ginoux) Technique: de: Ã–l auf Leinwand Dimensions: de: 90 Ã— 72 cm Country of origin: de: Niederlande und Frankreich Current location (city): de: New York Current location (gallery): de... van Gogh redirects here. ... Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Elevation The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as the Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums. ...

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the world's largest and most important art museums, located on the eastern edge of Central Park . It also comprises a building complex known as "The Cloisters" in Fort Tryon Park at the north end of Manhattan Island overlooking the Hudson River which features medieval art. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is often considered a rival to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Brooklyn Museum is the second largest art museum in New York and one of the largest in the United States. One of the premier art institutions in the world, its permanent collection includes more than one-and-a-half million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art, and the art of many other cultures. Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Elevation The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as the Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums. ... This article is about the museum in New York City. ... The Brooklyn Museum, located at 200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York, is the second largest art museum in New York City, and one of the largest in the United States. ...

There are many smaller important galleries and art museums in the city. Among these is the Frick Collection, one of the preeminent small art museums in the United States, with a very high-quality collection of old master paintings housed in 16 galleries within the former mansion steel magnate Henry Clay Frick. The collection features some of the best-known paintings by major European artists, as well as numerous works of sculpture and porcelain. It also has furniture, enamel, and carpets. Frick Collection Holbeins portrait of Thomas More is one of the highlights of the Frick Collection. ... Henry Clay Frick Henry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 â€“ December 2, 1919) was an American industrialist and art patron. ...

The Jewish Museum of New York was first established in 1904, when the Jewish Theological Seminary received a gift a 26 Jewish ceremonial art objects by Judge Mayer Sulzberger. The museum now boasts a collection 28,000 objects including paintings, sculpture, archaeological artifacts, and many other pieces important to the preservation of Jewish history and culture. Jewish Museum in New York seen from Fifth Avenue The Jewish Museum of New York was first established in 1904, when the Jewish Theological Seminary received a gift of 26 Jewish ceremonial art objects from Judge Mayer Sulzberger. ...

Founded in 1969 by a group of Puerto Rican artists, educators,community activists and civic leaders, El Museo del Barrio is located at the top of Museum Mile in East Harlem, a neighborhood also called 'El Barrio'. Originally, the museum was a creation of the Nuyorican Movement and Civil Rights Movement, and primarily functioned as a neighborhood institution serving Puerto Ricans. With the increasing size of New York's Latino population, the scope of the museum is expanding. Founded in 1969 by a group of Puerto Rican artists, educators,community activists and civic leaders, El Museo del Barrio is located at the top of Museum Mile in New York City (USA), in East Harlem a neighborhood also called El Barrio and is the only museum dedicated to the... The Nuyorican Movement is an intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto Ricans or of Puerto Rican descent and who live in or near New York City and call themselves or are known as Nuyoricans. The word Nuyorican derives from a combination of the words New...

The American Museum of Natural History is a landmark of Manhattan's Upper West Side, with a staff of more than 1,200. The museum sponsors over 100 special field expeditions each year. The Museum is famous for its habitat groups of African, Asian and North American mammals, for the full-size model of a Blue Whale suspended in the hall of oceans, for the 62-foot Haida carved and painted war canoe from the Pacific Northwest, and for the "Star of India", the largest blue sapphire in the world. The circuit of a complete floor is devoted to vertebrate evolution, including the world-famous dinosaur replicas. The Museum's anthropological collections are also outstanding: Halls of Asian Peoples and of Pacific Peoples, of Man in Africa, Native Americans in the United States collections, general Native American collections, and collections from Mexico and Central America. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A diorama is any of the two display devices mentioned below. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Blue Whale range Subspecies B. m. ... This article is about the people. ... It has been suggested that Canadian canoe be merged into this article or section. ... The Pacific Northwest from space The Pacific Northwest, abbreviated PNW, or PacNW is a region in the northwest of North America. ... The Star of India is a 563. ... For other uses, see Sapphire (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ... Anthropology (from Greek: á¼€Î½Î¸ÏÏ‰Ï€Î¿Ï‚, anthropos, human being; and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, logos, knowledge) is the study of humanity. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...

One of the premiere botanical gardens in the United States, the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx was modeled after the Royal Botanic Gardens in London. With 48 different gardens and plant collections, nature enthusiasts can easily spend a day admiring the serene cascade waterfall, wetlands, a 50 acre (200,000 m²) tract of old-growth oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees — some more than two centuries old. Garden highlights include an 1890's-vintage, wrought-iron framed, "crystal-palace style" greenhouse; the Peggy Rockefeller memorial rose garden (originally laid out by Beatrix Farrand in 1916); a Japanese rock garden; a 37 acre (150,000 m²) conifer collection, extensive research facilities including a propagation center, 50,000-volume library, and a herbarium archive of hundreds of thousands of botanical specimens dating back more than a century. At the heart of the Garden are 40 acres (162,000 m²) of virgin woodlands which represent the last stretch of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century. The forest itself is split by the Bronx River and includes a riverine canyon and rapids, and along its shores sits the landmark Lorillard snuff-grinding mill dating back to the 1840's. Image File history File links Museum_of_Natural_Hist_-_T_Rex. ... Image File history File links Museum_of_Natural_Hist_-_T_Rex. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Inside the United States Botanic Garden Inside the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden (Brazil), 1890 Botanical gardens (in Latin, hortus botanicus) grow a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes, but also for the enjoyment and education of visitors, a consideration that has become essential to... One of the premiere botanical gardens in the United States, the New York Botanical Garden [located at East 200th Street & Kazimiroff Boulevard] spans some 240 acres (1 kmÂ²) in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City. ... â€œKew Gardensâ€ redirects here. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Binomial name Fagus grandifolia Ehrenb. ... For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation). ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... [[Media:Example. ... Binomial name Fraxinus americana L. The White Ash (Fraxinus americana) is one of the largest of the ash genus Fraxinus, growing to 35 m tall. ... Beatrix Jones Farrand (1872-1959) was a US landscape architect. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... In Botany, a herbarium is a collection of preserved plants or plant parts, mainly in a dried form. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Bronx River in Westchester County, NY The Bronx River is a river, approximately 24 mi (38 km) long, in southeast New York in the United States. ...

The Brooklyn Children's Museum is a general purpose museum in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. Founded in 1899, it was the first museum in the world to cater specifically to children. The museum is currently undergoing extensive renovation and expansion. The Brooklyn Childrens Museum is a general purpose museum in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. ... Crown Heights is a neighborhood in Brooklyn in New York City. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ...

The New York Hall of Science is a hands-on science and technology center with more than 400 exhibits exploring biology, chemistry, and physics. It is located in one of the few remaining structures of the 1964 New York World's Fair. The New York Hall of Science occupies one of the few remaining structures of the 1964 New York Worlds Fair in Flushing Meadow-Corona Park in the borough of Queens in New York City (USA). ... View of the New York Worlds Fair 1964/1965 as seen from the observation towers of the New York State pavilion. ...

Scientific research

New York is a center of scientific research, particularly in medicine and the life sciences. The city has 15 nationally leading academic medical research institutions and medical centers. These include Rockefeller University, Beth Israel Medical Center, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Mount Sinai Medical Center (where Jonas Salk, developer of the vaccine for polio, was an intern) and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and the medical schools of New York University. In the Bronx, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine is a major academic center. Brooklyn also hosts one of the country's leading urban medical centers, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, an academic medical research institution and the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. Professor Raymond Vahan Damadian, a pioneer in magnetic resonance imaging research, was part of the faculty from 1967 to 1977 and built the first MRI machine, the Indomnitable, there. The New York Structural Biology Center, in upper Manhattan, is a highly regarded federally funded medical research center with the largest and most advanced cluster of high-field research magnets in the United States. More than 50 bioscience companies and two biotech incubators are located in the city, with as many as 30 companies spun out of local research institutions each year. Founders Hall Rockefeller University is a private university focusing primarily on graduate and postgraduate education research in the biomedical fields, located between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan island in New York City, New York. ... Beth Israel Medical Center is a hospital in New York. ... New York-Presbyterian Hospital is a prominent university hospital in New York City, composed of two medical centers, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Weill Cornell Medical Center, each affiliated with an Ivy League University. ... The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College is the medical school and biomedical research unit of Cornell University. ... The Mount Sinai Hospital is a hospital in New York City, New York, serving Manhattans Upper East Side and Harlem. ... Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 â€“ June 23, 1995) was an American physician and researcher best known for the development of the first successful polio vaccine (the eponymous Salk vaccine). ... Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ... This page is about a medical school in New York. ... The original New York Cancer Hospital[1], first built between 1884 and 1886, now converted to luxury condominiums, at 455 Central Park West and 106th St. ... New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ... Albert Einstein College of Medicine logo For the engineering company, see AECOM The Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM) is a graduate school of Yeshiva University. ... The State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, better known as SUNY Downstate Medical Center, is an academic medical center and is the only one of its kind in the Borough of Brooklyn in New York City. ... Raymond Vahan Damadian (born March 16, 1936), is an Armenian-American pioneer of magnetic resonance imaging. ... â€œMRIâ€ redirects here. ...

The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) is a component laboratory of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Earth-Sun Exploration Division and a unit of The Earth Institute at Columbia University. Current research at GISS emphasizes a broad study of global climate change. It also conducts basic research in space sciences in support of Goddard programs. Goddard Institute for Space Studies building. ... This article is about the American space agency. ... Aerial view of Goddard Space Flight Center. ... The Earth Institute was established at Columbia University in 1995. ...

Rockefeller University, located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, is a world-renowned center for research and graduate education in the biomedical sciences, chemistry, and physics. Founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1901, the university has been the site of many important scientific breakthroughs. Rockefeller scientists established that DNA is the chemical basis of heredity, discovered blood groups, showed that viruses can cause cancer, founded the modern field of cell biology, worked out the structure of antibodies, developed methadone maintenance for people addicted to heroin, devised the AIDS "cocktail" drug therapy, and identified the weight-regulating hormone leptin. Twenty-three Nobel Prize winners have been associated with the university, an amazing figure considering that Rockefeller University houses a relatively small amount of labs. Founders Hall Rockefeller University is a private university focusing primarily on graduate and postgraduate education research in the biomedical fields, located between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan island in New York City, New York. ...

The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory in The Bronx, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the New York Botanical Garden opened in 2006. The laboratory is a pure research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies. The laboratory's research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development. One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin's "abominable mystery"; when, where, and why flowering plants emerged. The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species. Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants, work that may be related to nerve disease in humans. A staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time from all over the world; since 1890's scientists from the New York Botanical Garden have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions across the planet to collect plants in the wild. At the plant chemistry laboratory chemical compounds from plants are extracted to create a library of the chemistry of the world's plants and stored in a 768-square-foot DNA storage room with 20 freezers that store millions of specimens, including rare, endangered or extinct species. To protect them during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. ... One of the premiere botanical gardens in the United States, the New York Botanical Garden [located at East 200th Street & Kazimiroff Boulevard] spans some 240 acres (1 kmÂ²) in the borough of The Bronx, in New York City. ...

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