Polish Secret State History of Poland
The authorities
Government
Administration
Parliament
Courts
Political organizations
1PPS (socialists)
2SL (agrarian party)
3SN (right-wing party)
SP (Christian democrats)
4PPR (communists)
5Bund and Hatzoar (Jewish left)
6Betar (Zionist)
ONR (right-wing)
Falanga (extreme right)
SD (centrist)
Military organizations
ZWZ
Armia Krajowa
Szare Szeregi
1MR PPR-WRN and GL WRN
2KB and BCh
3NOW and NSZ
4GL and AL
5ŻOB
6ŻZW
Others
Press and Media
Education
See also:
History of Poland (1939–1945)
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This article covers the topic of underground education in Poland (Polish Tajne szkolnictwo) during World War II. Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian. ... Image File history File links Flaga_PPP.png‎ Unofficial flag of the Armia Krajowa and the Polish Secret State. ... Main article: Polish government in exile On 1 September 1939, without a formal declaration of war, Germany invaded Poland. ... Government Delegates Office at Home (Polish Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraj) was one of the agendas of the Polish Government in Exile during World War II. It was the highest authority of the Polish Secret State in occupied Poland and was headed by the Government Delegate at Home... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Directorate of Civil Resistance (Polish Kierownictwo Walki Cywilnej, short KWC) was one of the branches of the Polish Government Delegate’s Office during World War II. Its main tasks were to maintain the morale of the Polish society, encourage the passive resistance, report German attrocities and cruelties to the Polish... The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) was one of the two most important Polish political parties from its inception in 1892 until 1948, when it merged with the Stalinist Polish Workers Party (PPR) to form the Polish United Workers Party (PZPR), the ruling party in the Peoples... Stronnictwo Ludowe (SL, Peoples Party) was a Polish political party, active from 1931 in the Second Polish Republic. ... The Polish Workers Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... Hashomer Hatzair (or Hashomer Hatsair or HaShomer HaTzair) (Hebrew: The Young Guard or Guardian [that is] Young) is a Zionist-socialist youth movement founded in 1913 in Galicia (now in Poland) and was also the name of the groups political party in the Yishuv in the pre-1948 British... The Betar Movement (ביתר, also spelled Beitar) is a youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia, by Zionist leader Zeev Jabotinsky. ... Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny (National Radical Camp, ONR) was a Polish nationalist nazis political party, formed on May 14, 1934 mostly by the youth radicals who left the Narodowa Demokracja movement. ... Stronnictwo Demokratyczne (Democratic Party, SD) is a Polish centrist party established on April 15, 1939. ... ZwiÄ…zek Walki Zbrojnej (ZWZ; Association of Armed Struggle) was a cryptonym of the Polish Army formed in Poland after it was occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union as a resultof the Polish Defence War. ... The Armia Krajowa (Home Army) or AK functioned as the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II in German-occupied Poland, which was active in all areas of the country from September 1939 until its disbanding in January 1945. ... Szare Szeregi (Polish for Grey Ranks) was a codename for the underground Polish Scouting Association (ZwiÄ…zek Harcerstwa Polskiego) during World War II. The organisation was created on September 27, 1939, in Warsaw and largely contributed to all resistance actions of the Polish Secret State and its members were among... PaÅ„stwowy Korpus BezpieczeÅ„stwa (Polish for National Security Corps, short PKB) was a Polish underground police force organized by the Armia Krajowa and Delegates Office under German occupation during World War II. It was trained as the core of the future police forces during the assumed all-national... Bataliony ChÅ‚opskie (BCh, Polish Peasants Battalions) was a Polish World War II resistance movement and partisan organisation. ... Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (English National Armed Forces, NSZ) was one of the Polish armed underground guerilla organizations, fighting Nazi German occupation in General Government. ... Gwardia Ludowa (Peoples Guard, abbreviated GL) was a World War II resistance movement in Poland, organised by the Polish Workers Party. ... Armia Ludowa (AL, pronounced ; English Polish Peoples Army) was a Polish World War II resistance organisation. ... Other languages FAQs | Table free Welcome to Wikipedia, the free-content encyclopedia that anyone can edit. ... Å»ydowski ZwiÄ…zek Wojskowy (Å»ZW, Polish for Jewish Military Union) was an underground organisation operating during World War II in the area of Warsaw Ghetto and fighting during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ... The history of Poland from 1939 through 1945 encompasses the German invasion of Poland through to the end of World War II. On September 1, 1939, without formal declaration of war, Germany invaded Poland. ... Combatants Allies: Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France/Free France, United States, China, Canada, India, Australia, Poland, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8...

After the Polish defeat in the Polish Defence War of 1939 and the subsequent German occupation of most Polish territory, Poland was divided into the areas directly incorporated into the Reich and the General Government. Despite administrative divisions, throughout Polish territory the Germans abolished all education for non-Germans. According to Nazi racial theories the Slavs needed no higher education and the only schools that remained opened were trade schools and courses for factory workers. German racist theories assumed that no education of Poles was needed and the whole nation was to be turned into uneducated serfs for the German race. Education in Polish was banned and punished with death. Polish Defence War of 1939 Conflict World War II Date 1 September - 6 October 1939 Place Poland Result Decisive German and Soviet victory The Polish September Campaign (alternatively refered to as the German plan Fall Weiss) refers to the conquest of Poland by the armies of Nazi Germany and the... After long discussion, Germany decided to re-annex not only all the German lands it was forced to surrender to Poland in 1919–1922, under the Treaty of Versailles (including the Polish Corridor, West Prussia, the Province of Posen and Upper Silesia), but also other territories. ... The General Government (in full General government for the occupied Polish areas, in German Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete) was the name given by Germany to the governing authority in Poland after its occupation by the Wehrmacht in September and October 1939. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water cooler at a racially segregated street car terminal in the United States in 1939. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ... A stereotypical German The Germans (German: die Deutschen), or the German people, are a nation in the meaning an ethnos (in German: Volk), defined more by a sense of sharing a common German culture and having a German mother tongue, than by citizenship or by being subjects to any particular...

All institutions of higher education were closed. Their equipment and most of the laboratories were taken to Germany and divided among the German universities while the buildings were turned into offices and military barracks. This is a list of universities in Poland. ...

However, many professors organized the so-called "Secret Universities" all around the country. Those who survived the A-B Action and were not sent to concentration camps actively started to give lectures to small groups in private apartments. The attendants were constantly risking deportation and death. However, the net of underground faculties spread rapidly and by 1944 there were more than 300 lecturers and 3 500 students at various courses on the Warsaw University alone. A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... Warsaw University (Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski) - the biggest and one of the most prestigious universities in Poland. ...

The main universities included the University of Lwów, Warsaw University, Stefan Batory University in Wilno and Jagiellonian University in Kraków. A new University of Western Lands (Uniwersytet Ziem Zachodnich) was created in Warsaw, with branches in Kielce, Jędrzejów, Częstochowa and Milanówek. The latter university was composed mostly of the professors of Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań and included 17 different units, among them the faculty of medicine and surgery. The building of the University. ... Warsaw University (Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski) - the biggest and one of the most prestigious universities in Poland. ... Vilnius University (Lithuanian Vilniaus Universitetas, Polish Uniwersytet Wileński, formerly Stefan Batory University) is the oldest and biggest university in Lithuania. ... Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania. ... Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet JagielloÅ„ski, often shortened to UJ) is a university in Krakow, Poland. ... Tomb of Kazimierz the Great St. ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... Kielce (pronounce: [ˈkjεlʦε]) is a city in central Poland with 202,609 inhabitants (2006). ... Jędrzejów is a town in Poland. ... Częstochowa (pronounce: [ʧε̃stɔ:xɔva]) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). ... The University of Poznan (Polish Uniwersytet im. ... PoznaÅ„ ((?); full official name: The Capital City of PoznaÅ„, Latin: , German: , Yiddish: פּױזן Poyzn) is a city in west-central Poland with over 578,900 inhabitants (2002). ...

Almost 10 000 students received master's degrees at the secret universities and several hundred others received doctorates. Secret printing houses that sprung up across Poland shortly after the war started, provided the facilities of secret learning with handbooks and scripts.

The professors organized a net of secret high schools, trade schools and special courses of forbidden subjects, such as the Polish language, history and geography. A special case were the secret talmudic schools organized in ghettos. Until 1944 there were more than a million secret high school students in Poland. At least 18 000 students passed their final school exams and received their certificates. This led to a bizarre situation in which students of formally non-existent colleges entered formally non-existent universities. Most of these certificates were issued on pre-war forms with the dates forged to indicate either 1938 or 1939. These were later accepted by post-war Polish universities. High school - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Polish (język polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ... In the period following its emergence in the 10th century, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christianity, created a strong Central European state and integrated Poland into European culture. ... The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions of Jewish law, ethics, customs, and stories, which are authoritative in Jewish tradition. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

There was also a net of secret military colleges in most major cities. Until 1944 most of Armia Krajowa regiments had their military schools for NCOs while the regional headquarters organized officer courses and special training. The Szare Szeregi (the underground Polish Scouting Association) opened its own NCO school in Warsaw nick-named Agricola. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... The Armia Krajowa (Home Army) or AK functioned as the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II in German-occupied Poland, which was active in all areas of the country from September 1939 until its disbanding in January 1945. ... NCO may mean: a numerically-controlled oscillator in electronics a non-commissioned officer in the military   This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Szare Szeregi (Polish for Grey Ranks) was a codename for the underground Polish Scouting Association (ZwiÄ…zek Harcerstwa Polskiego) during World War II. The organisation was created on September 27, 1939, in Warsaw and largely contributed to all resistance actions of the Polish Secret State and its members were among... Scouts and Guides from different countries on World Scout Moot 1996 Scouting is a worldwide youth organization. ... NCO may mean: a numerically-controlled oscillator in electronics a non-commissioned officer in the military   This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Secret learning prepared new cadres for the post-war reconstruction of Poland and countered the German threat to exterminate the Polish intelligentsia. The word intelligentsia came into the modern global vocabulary from Russia. ...

Religious education and training also took place. Prominently, the Catholic Church operated underground seminaries for the education of priests. One well-known seminary was run by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Sapieha and trained future cardinal and pope, John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla). The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... A seminary is a specialized university-like institution for the purpose of instructing students (seminarians) in theology, often in order to prepare them to become members of the clergy. ... Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Lecturers of the underground universities

The following is a partial list of the individuals who risked their lives teaching under the Nazi and Soviet occupations. Date of death is given for those executed for their involvement in the underground education system during that time.

Warsaw

• Stefan Bryła, engineering, (d. 1943)
• Eugeniusz Lokajski, photography?, (d.1944 - Warsaw Uprising)
• Marceli Handelsman, history, d.1945
• Tadeusz Manteuffel, history
• Andrzej Mostowski, mathematics
• Zygmunt Szweykowski, history

Stefan BryÅ‚a Stefan BryÅ‚a (b. ... Eugeniusz Lokajski during the Warsaw Uprising Eugeniusz Zenon Lokajski (1909-1944) was a Polish athlete, gymnast and photographer. ... Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, Antoni ChruÅ›ciel, Tadeusz PeÅ‚czyÅ„ski Erich von dem Bach, Rainer Stahel, Heinz Reinefarth, Bronislav Kaminski Strength 50,000 troops 25,000 troops Casualties 18,000 killed, 12,000 wounded, 15,000 taken prisoner 250,000 civilians killed 10,000 killed... Polish 2,500-zÅ‚oty postage stamp issued 1992, commemmorating the 90th anniversary of Tadeusz Manteuffels birth. ... Andrzej Mostowski (born 1 November 1913 in Lwów, Poland - 22 August 1975 in Canada) was a Polish mathematician. ... Zygmunt Szweykowski (1894-1978) was a foremost historian of Polish literature. ...

Kraków

• Władysław Czapliński, history
• Marian Gieszczykiewicz, biology (d.1942)
• Konstanty Troczyński, literature (d.1942)

Marian Teodor Ludwik Gieszczykiewicz (b. ... Konstanty Troczyński (b. ...

Lwów

• Stefan Inglot, historian, imprisoned (but not executed)

Stefan Inglot (b. ...

Other

• Franciszek Leja, history, Łańcut, Leżajsk

Franciszek Leja (b. ... Łańcut is a town in south-eastern Poland, with 18,000 inhabitants (1998). ... Leżajsk (in full The Free Royal Town of Leżajsk, Polish: Wolne Królewskie Miasto Leżajsk) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 14,700 inhabitants (1998). ...

Students of the underground universities

• Andrzej Maria Cardinal Deskur, Kraków
• Tadeusz Konwicki, Wilno