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Scotland has a long history of universal provision of public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United Kingdom. Traditionally, the Scottish system has emphasised breadth across a range of subjects, while the English, Welsh and Northern Irish systems have emphasised greater depth of education over a smaller range of subjects at secondary school level. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning is a position in the Scottish Executive cabinet responsible for the Scottish Executive Education Department. ... The Education and Lifelong Learning Directorate is the civil service directorate of the Scottish Government with responsibility for: education in Scotland; social work care for children and young people. ... Fiona Hyslop, born August 1, 1964 is a Scottish politician. ... Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) (Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba (BPA) in Gaelic) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament. ... Funding or financing is to provide capital (funds), which means money for a project, a person, a business or any other private or public institutions. ... See Language (journal) for the linguistics journal. ... Scottish English is usually taken to mean the standard form of the English language used in Scotland, often termed Scottish Standard English[1][2]. It is the language normally used in formal, non-fiction written texts in Scotland. ... // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ... A primary school in Český Těšín, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... ... Educational attainment is a term commonly used by statisticans and the US Census Bureau to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has completed. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the country. ... // Public spending on education in 2005 Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... Education in England is the responsibility of Department for Education and Skills at national level and, in the case of publicly funded compulsory education, of Local Education Authorities. ... Education in Wales differs in certain respects from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ...

Following this, Scottish universities generally have courses a year longer than their counterparts elsewhere in the UK, though it is often possible for students to take more advanced specialised exams and join the courses at the second year. One unique aspect is that the ancient universities of Scotland issue a Master of Arts as the first degree in humanities. Universities University of St Andrews, (St Andrews) University of Edinburgh, (Edinburgh) Heriot-Watt University, (Edinburgh) Napier University, (Edinburgh) University of Glasgow, (Glasgow) Glasgow Caledonian University, (Glasgow) University of Strathclyde, (Glasgow) University of Aberdeen, (Aberdeen) The Robert Gordan University, (Aberdeen) University of Dundee, (Dundee) University of Abertay Dundee, (Dundee) University of... The Ancient universities of Scotland are those universities founded during the medieval period, and comprise (list by year of being chartered): The University of St Andrews, founded 1411 by papal bull The University of Glasgow, founded 1451 by papal bull The University of Aberdeen, founded 1495 by papal bull (as... A Master of Arts in Scotland is an academic degree in humanities and social sciences awarded by the four ancient universities of Scotland, the University of Dundee and also Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh. ... A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... For other uses, see Humanities (disambiguation). ...

The majority of schools are non-denominational, but as a result of the Education Act 1918, separate Roman Catholic state schools were also established. Catholic schools are fully funded by the Scottish Government and administered by the Education and Lifelong Learning Directorate. There are specific legal provisions to ensure the promotion of a Catholic ethos in such schools: applicants for positions in the areas of Religious Education, Guidance or Senior Management must be approved by the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, which also appoints a chaplain to each of its schools. For other senses of this word, see denomination. ... Education Act 1918, often known as the Fisher Act, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (8 & 9 Geo. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... State school is an expression used in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to distinguish schools provided by the government from privately run schools. ... The logo of the Governemnt, incorporating the Saltire. ... The Education and Lifelong Learning Directorate is the civil service directorate of the Scottish Government with responsibility for: education in Scotland; social work care for children and young people. ... This article is about the teaching of religion. ... The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland describes the organisation of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in the geographic area of Scotland, distinct from the Catholic Church in England & Wales and the Catholic Church in Ireland. ... A chaplain in the 45th Infantry Division leads a Christmas Day service in Italy, 1943. ...

Qualifications at the secondary school and post-secondary (further education) level are provided by the Scottish Qualifications Authority and delivered through various schools, colleges and other centres. Political responsibility for education at all levels is vested in the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Education and Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Departments ... Further education (often abbreviated FE) is post-secondary, post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school). ... The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) is an Executive Agency of the Scottish Executive responsible for the development, accreditation, assessment and certification of qualifications, other than academic degrees, in Scotland. ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... The Scottish Education Department (SED) was the body responsible for schooling in Scotland, founded in 1872, when education was made compulsory. ... The Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department (ETLLD) is the Scottish Executive department responsible for economic and industrial development, further and higher education, skills, lifelong learning, energy, transport and digital connectivity. ...

State schools are owned and operated by the local authorities which act as Education Authorities, and the compulsory phase is divided into primary school and secondary school (often called high school). Schools are supported in delivering the National Guidelines and National Priorities by Learning and Teaching Scotland. The local government of Scotland is organised into 32 unitary authorities covering the mainland and islands of Scotland. ... A primary school in Český Těšín, Czech Republic. ... Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ... Learning and Teaching Scotland (LTS or LT Scotland) is a non-departmental public body based in Glasgow, Scotland. ...

Inspections and audits of educational standards are conducted by three bodies: Care Commission inspects care standards in pre-school provision; Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education for pre-school, primary, education, further and community education; with the Scottish office of the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA Scotland) responsible for higher education. // The Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care, known as The Care Commission has the responsibility for the regulation and inspection of all care services in Scotland which are registrable under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. ... Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education is a body with responsibility for overseeing standards in education in Scotland. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Day care. ... A primary school in Český Těšín, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... Further education (often abbreviated FE) is post-secondary, post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school). ... Libraries are useful resources for adult learners. ... The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) was established in 1997 to provide an integrated quality assurance service for United Kingdom higher education. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ...

School years

Children start primary school aged between 4½ and 5½ depending on when the child's birthday falls. Scottish school policy places all those born between March of a given year and February of the following year in the same year group. Children born between March and August start school at five years old and those born between September and February start school at age four-and-a-half. The Scottish system is the most flexible in the UK, however, as parents of children born between September and February can opt to hold their child back a year and let them start school when they are five-and-a-half; this usually allows those not ready for formal education to have an extra year at nursery school. (Funding is only available for children born in January and February.) A primary school in ÄŒeský Těšín, Czech Republic. ...

Pupils remain at primary school for seven years. Then aged eleven or twelve, they start secondary school for a compulsory four years with the following two years being optional. In Scotland, pupils sit Standard Grade exams at the age of fifteen/sixteen, sometimes earlier, for normally eight subjects including compulsory exams in English, mathematics, a foreign language or Gaelic the nation's domestic, unwidely spoken language, a science subject and a social subject; it is now required by the Scottish Parliament for students to have two hours of physical education a week; each school may vary these compulsory combinations. The school leaving age is generally sixteen (after completion of standard grade), after which students may choose to remain at school and study for Intermediate or Higher Grade and Advanced Higher exams. Increasingly, students in S3 & S4 are able to take Intermediate courses, as these have become more popular and are more closely linked to highers. A small number of students at certain private, independent schools may follow the English system and study towards GCSEs instead of Standard Grades, and towards A and AS-Levels instead of Higher Grade and Advanced Higher exams. The International Baccalaureate has also been introduced in some independent schools. Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... A foreign language is a language not spoken by the indigenous people of a certain place: for example, English is a foreign language in Japan. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) is an Executive Agency of the Scottish Executive responsible for the development, accreditation, assessment and certification of qualifications other than degrees in Scotland. ... Higher Grade is the level of examination normally taken by students in Scotland at age about 16-17 years. ... The Advanced Higher is a non-compulsory qualification which forms part of the Scottish secondary education system. ... An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying, for all of its funding, upon private sources, so almost invariably charging school fees. ... Education in England is the responsibility of Department for Education and Skills at national level and, in the case of publicly funded compulsory education, of Local Education Authorities. ... GCSE is an acronym that can refer to: General Certificate of Secondary Education global common subexpression elimination - an optimisation technique used by some compilers This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13, commonly called the Sixth Form), or at a separate sixth form college or further education college... The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13, commonly called the Sixth Form), or at a separate sixth form college or further education college... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into International Baccalaureate Organization. ...

The table below lists rough equivalences with the year system in the rest of the United Kingdom. Please note that the years are approximate as a school year is defined differently in the separate systems:

In Scotland, there is no equivalent of the Sixth form colleges; S5 and S6 are always part of Scottish secondary schools. S5 and S6 are optional, and in the Scottish system are a chance to study additional Intermediate, Higher or Advanced Higher courses, further helping teenagers access university education. “Freshman” redirects here. ... Second year, also known as S2, is the second year of schooling in Scottish secondary schools, and is roughly equivalent to Year 9 in the rest of the United Kingdom. ... Third year, also known as S3, is the third year of schooling in Scottish secondary schools, and is roughly equivalent to Year 10 in the rest of the United Kingdom. ... Fourth year, also known as S4, is the fourth year of schooling in Scottish secondary schools, and is roughly equivalent to Year 11 in the rest of the United Kingdom. ... Fifth Year, also known as S5, refers to the fifth year of schooling in Scottish Secondary Schools. ... England, Wales, Northern Ireland The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems, is the term used to refer to the final two years of secondary schooling (when students are about sixteen to eighteen years of age), during which students normally prepare for their GCE A-level... A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales or Northern Ireland where students aged 16 to 18 complete post-compulsary further education qualifications, such as A Levels. ...

Access to nursery, primary and secondary school

Note that the age ranges specify the youngest age for a child entering that year and the oldest age for a child leaving that year. Children may start attending nursery as soon as they have passed their third birthday, and progress to Primary 1 in the August of the year in which they turn five. In general, the cut-off point for ages is the end of February, so all children must be of a certain age on 1 March in order to begin class in August. However all parents of children born between September and February (e.g. still 4 years old on the school start date) are entitled to defer entry to Primary School if they believe their child is not ready for school. However, only children whose birthdays fall in January or February will be considered for funding for a subsequent year at nursery, unless there are special circumstances. Children may leave school once they reach their statutory school leaving date, this is dependent on date of birth. For children born between 1 March and 30 September it is 31 May of their 4th year of secondary school. For children born between 1 October and 28 February it is the last day of the December term of the school session in which they are 16.

Pupils thus transfer to Scottish secondary schools at age 12, a year later than elsewhere in the United Kingdom, in England and Wales Year 7 is normally the first year of secondary school.

Curriculum

Since 2004 work has been in progress on an education reform programme, which is to produce a new Curriculum for Excellence replacing existing guidance.^[1]

School qualifications

The vast majority of Scottish pupils take Scottish Qualifications Certificate qualifications provided by the Scottish Qualifications Authority also known as the SQA for short. Generally, most pupils take Standard Grades in S4, Highers in S5 and S6 and, for those who wish to remain at school for the final year, more highers and Advanced Highers (formerly CSYS) in S6. Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2 qualifications - were intended to be roughly equivalent to General and Credit Level Standard Grades respectively, but in practice, Intermediate 1 is easier than General, and Intermediate 2 harder than Credit - can also be taken in lieu of any of the aforementioned qualifications. The Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) is the successor to the Scottish Certificate of Education in Scotland, and is the main educational qualification awarded to students in secondary and further education. ... The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) is an Executive Agency of the Scottish Executive responsible for the development, accreditation, assessment and certification of qualifications, other than academic degrees, in Scotland. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In Scotland the Higher is one of the national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications of the Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) offered by the Scottish Qualifications Authority which superseded the old Higher Grade on the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE). ... Advanced Higher Grade, roughly equivalent to Englands A-Levels, is the non-compulsory Scottish examination for students aged about 17-18. ... CSYS - Certificate for Sixth Year studies. ... Intermediate 1 is an educational qualification in Scotland on the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) achievement ladder similar to General Level at Standard Grades; it is the next step after Access 3. ... Intermediate 2 is an educational qualification in Scotland on the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) achievement ladder similar to General Level at Standard Grades; it is the next step after Intermediate 1. ...

Pupils can go to university at the end of S5, as Highers provide the entry requirements for Scottish universities where degrees are normally at least four years long; however, the norm is for students to remain through S6, taking further Highers, or moving to the Advanced level. Those who wish to go to university in England, or intend to study popular courses such as Medicine or Law, are often required to take a sixth year.

All educational qualifications in Scotland are part of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework. SCQF Logo The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) is the national credit transfer system for all levels of qualifications in Scotland. ...

Access to university

Children take place in the fourth year of secondary school and show basic education level. The second set, the Higher examinations take place in the fifth and sixth years. A third level, Advanced Higher, replaced the old Certificate of Sixth Year Studies in 2001. It is sometimes taken by students intending to study at an English university, and has often given students holding a relevant CSYS or Advanced Higher the opportunity to pass straight into second year at a Scottish university, although this has become less common as number of students attending university has risen, partly due to a new initiative, allowing students to attend university without paying tuition fees. This applies to every resident of Scotland and every other EU country, excluding England and Wales and Northern Ireland. In Scotland the Higher is one of the national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications of the Scottish Qualifications Certificate (SQC) offered by the Scottish Qualifications Authority which superseded the old Higher Grade on the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE). ... Advanced Higher Grade, roughly equivalent to Englands A-Levels, is the non-compulsory Scottish examination for students aged about 17-18. ... Prior to the year 2000, the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (or CSYS) was the highest level of qualification available to pupils in the Scottish secondary education system. ...

History

Origins

During the medieval period Scotland followed the typical pattern of European education with the Roman Catholic church organising schooling. Church choir song schools and grammar schools were founded in all the main burghs and some small towns, early examples including the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239. The foundation of the University of St. Andrews in 1413 was followed by Glasgow in 1451 and Aberdeen in 1495. The education of barons and wealthy property owners was made compulsory by the Education Act 1496, in an effort to improve the administration of justice and make it more responsive at a local level. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Students in Rome, Italy. ... A grammar school is a type of school found in some English-speaking countries. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... The High School of Glasgow is a co-educational Independent School now located in the Anniesland area of Glasgow, Scotland, with a role of just over 1,000 pupils between the ages of 3 and 18. ... Events March 26 - Henry I of Englands forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde. ... The High School of Dundee, informally Dundee High School (HSD or DHS), is one of Scotlands leading public, or independent schools, and the only public school in Dundee. ... // Events Births June 17 - King Edward I of England (died 1307) December 17 - Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (died 1256) Peter III of Aragon (died 1285) John II, Duke of Brittany (died 1305) Ippen, Japanese monk (died 1289) Deaths March 3 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (born 1187) March... University of St Andrews The University of St Andrews was founded between 1410-1413 and is the oldest university in Scotland and the third oldest in the United Kingdom. ... // March 21 - Henry V becomes King of England. ... Master of Theology (MTh) Dentistry Nursing Affiliations Russell Group Universitas 21 Website http://www. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... The University of Aberdeen was founded in 1495, in Aberdeen, Scotland. ... 1495 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Baron (disambiguation). ... The Education Act of 1496 was passed by the Scottish Parliament in that year at the behest of James IV. It made schooling compulsory for the first time in Scotland since it forced all nobles and freeholders to educate their eldest sons in Latin, followed by the Arts, and Scots...

Development of universal education

The Scottish Reformation brought the reshaping of the national Church of Scotland and in January 1561 John Knox and a small group of clergymen set out a national programme for spiritual reform, including the "virtuous education and godly upbringing of the youth of this Realm" with a schoolmaster to be appointed to every church. "For the poor, if need be, education may be given free; for the rich, it is only necessary to see that education is given under proper supervision." Reformation concepts such as the priesthood of all believers, the importance of the individual conscience, and the supremacy of Scripture, made widespread literacy important. Unlike the Reformation in England which had been imposed by the monarch, the Scottish Kirk had not been reformed under the leadership of the crown, and tensions would continue. Late in 1561 the Privy council made a financial settlement which fell far short of the Church's hopes, but the intent was implemented as resources permitted. Early progress was made in reforming the universities, and new universities were formed, at Edinburgh in 1582, and Marischal College, Aberdeen in 1593. In the burghs the old schools were maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. Here and there in the countryside parish schools were set up, often with the minister also serving as schoolmaster, who was commonly called the "Dominie". At their best, the curriculum included catechism, Latin, French, Classical literature and sports. John Knox regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation The Scottish Reformation was Scotlands formal break with the papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS; Scottish Gaelic: ), known informally by its pre-Union Scots name, The Kirk, is the national church of Scotland. ... For other persons named John Knox, see John Knox (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically in a monarchy. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Marschal College viewed from Upper Kirkgate Marischal College was founded in 1593 in Aberdeen by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal of Scotland. ... For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ... For other types of minister, see Minister In Christian churches, a minister is a man or woman who serves a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such persons can minister as a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain, Deacon or Elder. ... In most Protestant churches, a minister is a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such a person may also be called a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain or Elder. ... Codex Manesse, fol. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

In 1616 an act in Privy council commanded every parish to establish a school "where convenient means may be had", and when the Parliament of Scotland ratified this with the Education Act of 1633, a tax on local landowners was introduced to provide the necessary endowment. A loophole which allowed evasion of this tax was closed in the Education Act of 1646, which established a solid institutional foundation for schools on Covenanter principles. Although the Restoration brought a reversion to the 1633 position, in 1696 new legislation restored the provisions of 1646 together with means of enforcement "more suitable to the age". The Education Act of 1696, which continued to regulate Scottish elementary education until 1872, could be invoked to set up a school and ensure continuing payment of the schoolmaster's salary. Schooling was not free, but support from the tax on landowners in country districts and municipal funds in burghs kept fees low, with it being left to the kirk-sessions aided by charity to provide the fees for the poorest as well as exerting moral pressure for them to attend. The parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. ... James VI of Scotland (James I of England) was opposed by the Covenanters in his attempt to bring the Anglican Church into Scotland The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century. ... For other uses, see Restoration. ... The Education Act, 1696 was a law passed by the Parliament of Scotland to establish a school and a schoolmaster in every parish in Scotland. ...

Golden age

By the end of the 17th century a considerable proportion of the population was literate and the education system had been developed to a point considerably in advance of anything known before, well ahead of England or most other European countries. School life began at the age of five, though many did not arrive until they were seven and may at first have attended an unofficial dame-school. It was meant to continue for five years, after which some pupils would go on to a larger burgh school or possibly straight to university, but many poorer parents could not let their child stay beyond the age of eight unless he won a bursary. School was attended six days a week for ten to twelve hours a day, starting at 6 a.m. with one hour breaks for breakfast and lunch. Two or three "play-days" each week allowed for bodily exercise. When in class all subjects incorporated piety, with the Bible as the reading text. All learnt reading and writing, Latin was taught to some older children and arithmetic was taught in the burghs. Discipline was maintained by the tawse. Though the children of the nobility were often educated at home by tutors, "by far the greatest part"^{[citation needed]} of the Scottish gentry sent their sons to the local schools with their tenants' children.^{[citation needed]} (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ... A two-tailed leather tawse, produced for the BDSM market, resting on a pillow. ...

The 18th century brought a golden age of Scottish education, contributing to the intellectual advances of the Scottish enlightenment and the industrial revolution, as well as allowing significant migration elsewhere of professionally trained or commercially talented Scots. The universities also attracted English students, particularly Nonconformists who were excluded from the two universities in England, Oxford and Cambridge, which required their students to sign up to the Anglican faith. The Scottish universities gained a better reputation in fields like medicine, and the University of Edinburgh grew from 400 students at the start of the century to 2,000 by 1815. Many towns vaunted the quality of their schools, for example Crieff in the Scottish Highlands which grew from a village as parents moved to be near its grammar school. In Edinburgh there was a surge in provision around 1760, with numerous private schools opening, the council founding four supplementary "English schools", and in particular the Royal High School doubling in size to be claimed as the largest school in Britain around 1790. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Scottish Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in Scotland, running from approximately 1740 to 1800. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... A nonconformist is an English or Welsh Protestant of any non-Anglican denomination, chiefly advocating religious liberty. ... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... , Crieff (Scottish Gaelic: , meaning tree) is principally a market town in Scotland but in recent years has developed into a hub for tourism, trading mainly on its whisky and cattle droving history. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A Ghàidhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... The Royal High School (RHS) of Edinburgh can trace its roots back to 1128, and is one of the oldest schools in Scotland. ...

By the end of the century the legal requirement of a school for each parish had largely been met, but was proving inadequate because of the physical extent of some parishes, or because of large and increasing populations. Each parish school usually had one schoolmaster, who would take fifty or sixty pupils. Under these circumstances the kirk-session would bring little pressure for children to attend school for more than four years or even, sometimes, for girls to attend school at all. The gap was increasingly filled by private schools funded entirely by fees per pupil, known as "adventure schools", which could be shut down by the kirk-session for incompetence or doctrinal unorthodoxy. Even in the 1690s such schools were being used to supplement the parish schools, with the kirk paying the fees for poor pupils. An "adventure school" opened in Alloway in 1765 taught Robert Burns to read and write. There was also a contribution from charitable endowments, often from local landowners, some providing cheap schools for girls to learn to read, spin, sew and knit. In the Scottish Highlands as well as problems of distance and physical isolation, most people spoke Gaelic which few teachers and ministers could understand. Here the Kirk's parish schools were supplemented by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and after 1811 by the Gaelic Societies of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness. Their aim was to teach English language and end Roman Catholicism associated with rebellious Jacobitism. Though the Gaelic Society schools taught the Bible in Gaelic, the overall effect contributed to the erosion of Highland culture. Maps for NS333184 Alloway (Scottish Gaelic: Allmhaigh) is a village and suburb of Ayr on the River Doon, in Scotland. ... For the chain gang fugitive and author from Georgia, see Robert Elliott Burns. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A Ghàidhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) is the oldest Anglican mission organisation. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Charles Edward Stuart, Bonnie Prince Charlie, wearing the Jacobite blue bonnet Jacobitism was (and, to a very limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland. ...

Many of the teachers in private and charitable schools were female, and the introduction from England of the pupil-teacher system in 1846 also facilitated the entry of women into teaching, but was resented by dominies and in 1847 the Educational Institute of Scotland (EIS) was set up to bolster their professional status. The Educational Institute of Scotland is the oldest teachers trade union in the world, having been founded in 1847. ...

Compulsory education

Education finally became compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 13 with the Education (Scotland) Act 1872. The Scottish Education Department in London took over from the Church of Scotland. Burgh as well as parish schools now came under School Boards run by local committees, many new Board schools were built, and larger School Boards established "higher grade" (secondary) schools as a cheaper alternative to the burgh schools. The Act included the statement that "Every school under the management of the school board of a parish shall be deemed a parish school, and every school under the management of the school board of a burgh shall be deemed a burgh school, and all such schools are hereby declared to be public schools within the meaning of this Act.", a usage of the term "public school" that has continued in Scotland despite awareness of the English usage of the term to mean a kind of private school. The Scottish Education Department (SED) was the body responsible for schooling in Scotland, founded in 1872, when education was made compulsory. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The term public school has three distinct meanings: In the USA and Canada, elementary or secondary school supported and administered by state and local officials. ... An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school that relies for all or most of its funding on non-governmental sources. ...

The leaving age was raised to 14 in 1883, and the Scottish Education Department introduced a Leaving Certificate Examination in 1888 to set national standards for secondary education. Until 1890 school fees still had to be paid. In 1904 it became possible to learn Gaelic as a subject in its own right rather than as a means of acquiring English.

Roman Catholic schools were set up funded by charity, remaining outwith the national system. The Education (Scotland) Act 1918 renamed the Scottish Education Department and introduced state funding of Catholic schools which kept their distinct religious education, access to schools by priests and requirement that school staff be acceptable to the Church. The same Act gave Gaelic a statutory place as a "subject", though not as a language on an equal footing. The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Scottish Education Department (SED) was the body responsible for schooling in Scotland, founded in 1872, when education was made compulsory. ...

The Leaving Certificate instituted in 1888 continued in secondary education until its replacement by the Scottish Certificate of Education, "O grade" and Highers, in 1962. Discipline by the tawse was outlawed in 1986. In 1999 the new Scottish Executive set up an Education Department and an Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department, which together took over the work of the Scottish Education Department. A two-tailed leather tawse, produced for the BDSM market, resting on a pillow. ... The Executives logo, shown with English and Scottish Gaelic caption The term Scottish Executive is used in two different, but closely-related senses: to denote the executive arm of Scotlands national legislature (i. ...

Secondary school namipenisng

There is not a set name for secondary schools in Scotland. Amongst the state-run schools:

• 188 are High Schools. These are spread across the country.

• 131 are Academies. These are spread across the country but are in high concentration in North-East Scotland and Ayrshire.

• 15 are Secondary Schools (colloquially abbreviated to "secondaries". These are exclusively in Glasgow with the exception of Duncanrig Secondary School, East Kilbride.

• 14 are Grammar Schools. Most of these schools were defined as grammar schools under a previous system but their names remain. Popular areas for grammar schools are Argyll and Bute, East Lothian and South Lanarkshire.

• 13 are simply Schools. These schools cater for Primary as well as Secondary school children. They are found in rural areas or islands.

• 8 are Junior High Schools. These schools are found exclusively in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. They cater for school children from P1 to S4.

• 3 are Colleges. These are Madras College, St Andrews, Fife; Marr College, Troon, South Ayrshire and St Joseph's College, Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway.

Other schools include The Community School of Auchterarder, Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross; The Nicholson Institute, Stornoway, Western Isles; North Walls Community School on Hoy, Orkney Islands and Wester Hailes Education Centre, Wester Hailes, Edinburgh. For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... East Kilbride (Cille Bhrìghde an Ear in Scottish Gaelic) is a large town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. ... A grammar school is a type of school found in some English-speaking countries. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 2nd  - Total 6,909 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Lochgilphead ISO 3166-2 GB-AGB ONS code 00QD Demographics Population Ranked 23rd  - Total (2005) 90,870  - Density 13 / km² Scottish Gaelic  - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics Argyll & Bute Council http://www. ... East Lothian (Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. ... South Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, covering the southern part of the traditional county of Lanarkshire. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 16th  - Total 990 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Kirkwall ISO 3166-2 GB-ORK ONS code 00RA Demographics Population Ranked 32nd  - Total (2006) 19,800  - Density 20 / km² Scottish Gaelic  - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics Orkney Islands Council http://www. ... For other uses, see Shetland (disambiguation). ... Madras College is a secondary school located in St. ... For other uses, see St Andrews (disambiguation). ... This article is about the area in Scotland. ... Marr College (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a state-run secondary school in Troon run by South Ayrshire Council. ... , Troon is a town in South Ayrshire, Scotland. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 15th  - Total 1,222 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Ayr ISO 3166-2 GB-SAY ONS code 00RE Demographics Population Ranked 17th  - Total (2005) 111,780  - Density 91 / km² Scottish Gaelic  - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics South Ayrshire Council http://www. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Dumfries and Galloway (Dùn Phris agus an Gall-Ghaidhealaibh in Gaelic) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Auchterarder (Scottish Gaelic: Uachdar Ardair) is a small burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. ... Perth and Kinross (Peairt agus Ceann Rois in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. ... This article is about the town in Scotland: for other uses, see Stornoway (disambiguation) , Stornoway (Steòrnabhagh in Scottish Gaelic) is a burgh on Lewis (Leòdhas), in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. ... The Western Isles are an archipelago in Scotland. ... Hoy shown within Orkney Islands Hoy (from Old Norse há-øy meaning high island) is one of the Orkney Islands. ... The Orkney Islands, usually called simply Orkney, are one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Wester Hailes is a suburb in the west of Edinburgh. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ...

Universities

• In Aberdeen:
  • University of Aberdeen
  • The Robert Gordon University
  • Scottish Agricultural College
• In Dundee:
  • University of Dundee
  • University of Abertay Dundee
• In Edinburgh:
  • University of Edinburgh
  • Heriot-Watt University
  • Napier University
  • Queen Margaret University
  • Scottish Agricultural College
• In Glasgow:
  • University of Glasgow
  • Glasgow Caledonian University
  • University of Strathclyde
• In Inverness:
  • UHI Millennium Institute
• In Orkney:
  • UHI Millennium Institute
• In Stirling:
  • University of Stirling
• In Paisley:
  • University of Paisley
• In St Andrews:
  • University of St Andrews
• In Ayr:
  • Scottish Agricultural College
• As distance learning:
  • The Open University in Scotland

For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ... The University of Aberdeen was founded in 1495, in Aberdeen, Scotland. ... The Robert Gordon University (often known as RGU) is a modern university located in Aberdeen, Scotland. ... Media:Example. ... For other uses, see Dundee (disambiguation). ... The University of Dundee is the principal university in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee, Scotland. ... The University of Abertay Dundee, usually known simply as Abertay University, is a university in Dundee, Scotland. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... The entrance to main reception at the Edinburgh campus. ... Napier University is a university in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Queen Margaret University (formerly Queen Margaret University College) is a university in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Media:Example. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... Master of Theology (MTh) Dentistry Nursing Affiliations Russell Group Universitas 21 Website http://www. ... Glasgow Caledonian University is a university in Glasgow, Scotland. ... The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a university in Glasgow, Scotland. ... This article is about the city in Scotland. ... UHI Millennium Institute (UHI) is a federation of 15 colleges and research institutions, in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland delivering higher education. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 16th  - Total 990 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Kirkwall ISO 3166-2 GB-ORK ONS code 00RA Demographics Population Ranked 32nd  - Total (2006) 19,800  - Density 20 / km² Scottish Gaelic  - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics Orkney Islands Council http://www. ... UHI Millennium Institute (UHI) is a federation of 15 colleges and research institutions, in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland delivering higher education. ... Broad Street at the heart of Stirlings Old Town area (called Top of the Town by locals) Stirling Castle (Southwest aspect) The main courtyard inside Stirling Castle. ... The University of Stirling (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a campus university, founded in 1967, in Stirling, Scotland. ... Paisley (Pàislig in Scottish Gaelic) is a large town, and former royal burgh in the Central Lowlands of Scotland. ... The University of Paisley operates across three campus sites in the west and south-west of Scotland: Paisley, Ayr and Dumfries. ... For other uses, see St Andrews (disambiguation). ... St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ... -1... Media:Example. ... Distance Learning is learning carried out apart from the usual classroom setting; in an asynchronous setting. ... Affiliations Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities, Association of Commonwealth Universities, European Association of Distance Teaching Universities, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Website http://www. ...

References

• Silicon Glen, Scotland - Intro to Scottish Education
• Decline of Gaelic
• Social Change in the History of Education (.doc format)
• The setting up of the Scottish Leaving Certificate
• s1learning.com - Searchable directory of educational establishments and courses in Scotland

• Smout, T.C., A History of the Scottish People, Fontana Press 1985, ISBN 0-00-686027-3

1. ^ About Curriculum for Excellence, retrieved 2007-05-31

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Association of Educational Development and Improvement Professionals
• Comprehensive school
• School Board
• Education in England
• Education in Northern Ireland
• Education in Wales
• Education in the United Kingdom
• List of further and higher education colleges in Scotland
• English medium education#Scotland