Education in the People's Republic of Poland was a priority of the government, which provided primary schools, secondary schools, vocational education and universities. Education was compulsory from 7 to 15. The Peoples Republic of Poland (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989, during its period of rule by the Communist party, officially called the Polish United Workers Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, or PZPR). ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ... High School also refers to the highest form of classical riding, High School Dressage. ... Vocational education prepares learners for certain careers or professions, which are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a trade, occupation or vocation in which the learner participates. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ...

Primary and secondary education

Aleksander Zawadzki, Chairman of the Council of State, opening a new primary school

Prior to World War II, education in Poland was limited. According to official statistics at the time, the number of children who did not attend school in the 1935/1936 school year was 600,000 out of a total of 5,143,100 children of school age. In the 1937/1938 year only 127,100 finished up to seventh grade, and only 36,400 of these students were from rural areas. All secondary schools, even public ones, charged high tuition fees that many Poles simply could not afford, meaning that only 11.1% of schoolchildren would go on past primary school. Aleksander Zawadzki Aleksander Zawadzki (December 16, 1899 _ August 7, 1964) was a Polish Communist political figure and head of state of Poland from 1952 to 1964. ... The Council of State of the Republic of Poland was introduced by the 1947s Small Constitution. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. ... In the United States at the national level, public education is supervised by the Department of Education Public education is schooling provided by the government, and paid for by taxes. ...

When the communist government came to power following the war, it greatly reformed the education system. In May, 1945, the Ministry of Education drew up a plan outlining an educational system based on the principles that education in Poland be free, uniform, public and compulsory, free in that tuition fees would be abolished and that a system of scholarships, dormitories and government assistance be put into place ensuring that every child had equal access to an education, uniform in that the same curriculum be taught at every school and that rural institutions be brought up to the same standard as urban ones, public in that the state would control every educational institution, and compulsory in that parents or legal guardians could be imprisoned if the children in their care did not attend school. Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. ... This article is about the month of May. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Note: The term scholarship can mean either the methods employed by scholars (see scholarly method) or an award of access to an institution and/or money for an individual for the purposes of furthering their education. ... A typical American college dorm room A dormitory or dorm is a place to sleep. ... In education, a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their contents offered by an institution such as a school or university. ... Urban is in or having to do with cities, as distinct from rural areas. ... Parenting comprises all the tasks involved in raising a child to an independent adult. ... A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. ... Prison cell A prison is a place in which people are confined and deprived of a range of liberties. ...

The plan also stated that the curriculum must be modelled so that children gained a wide base of knowledge, learnt to think for themselves, and would leave school with a scientific world outlook. What is science? There are different theories of what science is. ...

Though the plan was formulated in 1945, it would not be until 1947 that it would be largely put into practise. The acquisition of new territory by Poland the destruction wreaked on the country during the war meant that schools needed to be built or rebuilt, and new teachers needed to be trained. 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1948, the curriculum was altered to make communist ideology and theory more central. In addition, various sciences have been affected by the communist ideology. Many Western books and publications were decreed illegal and possession of any of them could result in fines or even imprisonment. Especially history was changed to minimise the events that could undermine the current communist government - for example, Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 was completely omitted from some history books, and the members of Polish Government in Exile, like Władysław Sikorski, were portrayed as traitors. Science of economics was also deeply affected, as commnist ideology stressed that central planning is always supperior to capitalism, and banned works like those of Josef Kornai on shortage economy. 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... The word theory has a number distinct meanings depending on the context. ... Polish-Bolshevik War Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date 1919– 1921 Place Central and Eastern Europe Result Polish victory The Polish-Soviet War was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Second Polish Republic. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Government of the Polish Republic in exile maintained a continuous existence in exile from the time of the German occupation of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the Communist rule in Poland in 1990. ... . Władysław Sikorski during World War II. Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (May 20, 1881 – July 4, 1943) was a Polish military and political leader. ... Economics (deriving from the Greek words οίκω [oeko], house, and νέμω [nemo], distribute) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources through measurable variables. ... A planned economy is an economic system in which economic decisions are made by centralized planners, who determine what sorts of goods and services to produce, and how they are to be priced and allocated. ... Capitalism has been defined in various ways (see definitions of capitalism). ... Shortage economy is the term coined by the Hungarian economist, Janos Kornai. ...

Schools were also standardised into seven year primary schools and four year secondary schools. A large scale campaign to build hundreds of new secondary schools in rural villages, in inner city areas and on the outskirts of towns was also initiated. It was hoped that this would eliminate the educational privilege richer Poles enjoyed and make the system fairer for everyone.

By the 1950s, rapid urbanisation and the associated internal migration meant that fewer children were enrolling in rural schools. The 1950s also marked a massive surge in the number of teachers. In the 1948/1949 school year, there had been 79,319 teachers, and by 1962/1963 there were 156,193. Thanks to new universities being constructed around the country, these teachers were highly qualified. Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium Events and trends Technology United States tests the first fusion bomb. ... Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. ... Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In order to be able to admit all children to the seven year schools outlined in 1948, a campaign to expand the schools network was undertaken. So many schools were built (4,834 new classrooms in 1956 alone) that the government could, and indeed did, pass a law mandating the distance between a child's home and their school. For students in grades one to four, a school must be within 3 kilometres of their home, and for students in grades five to seven, within 4 kilometres of their home. 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday. ... A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer) (symbol: km) is a unit of length equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words khilia = thousand and metro = count/measure). ...

In 1956, a detailed study by the Central Statistical Office declared that every single mentally and physically healthy Polish child received an education. Special schools were set up for deaf, mute or blind children. Altogether, 5,650,000 students completed primary schooling in Poland between 1945 and 1963. The word deaf, can have very different meanings based on the background of the person speaking or the context in which the word is used. ... Mute comes from mutus, Latin for mum. ... Blind can refer to: The state of blindness, being unable to see A window blind, a covering for a window A hide used to conceal the observer when watching or hunting birds or other animals is sometimes called a hunting blind A blind bet in certain forms of poker A... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

On July 15, 1961, the Seym passed an act on the development of the educational system. This act introduced two years of compulsory agricultural or vocational training, officially secularised all schools, and raised the minimum leaving school age from 14 to 15. This reform was gradually implemented from 1962 to 1966. July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year—i. ... Secularism means: in philosophy, the belief that life can be best lived by applying ethics, and the universe best understood, by processes of reasoning, without reference to a god or gods or other supernatural concepts. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ...

Vocational education

Students at the Basic Mining School at Poszów are shown around an experimental mine

In the 1920s and 1930s, vocational education did exist on a relatively adequate scale, and a fairly large number of students (110,000 in 1937/1938) attended vocational instutions. However, the standard of education was very low. Many did not have textbooks, and almost none could offer any sort of environment for students to put into practice what they had learnt. Lack of widespread industrialisation in Poland at the time meant that many graduates were not guaranteed a job, and only 4.1% attended complete secondary trade schools that allowed them to move on to university. Sometimes referred to as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy Gun. ... Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented First atom was split with a particle accelerator Golden Age of radio begins in U.S. Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur... Textbooks are defined as a manual of instruction, a standard book in any branch of study. They are further defined by both the age of the person who is to study the text and the classification of the subject matter itself. ... Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state. ...

As rapid industrialisation was one of the key communist priorities, so too were the vocational schools improved. The Ministries of Education and Industry began to set up new schools. By 1946/1947, there were 60,000 more students enrolled in vocational institutes than there had been in 1937/1938. Standardised textbooks were published en masse, the required number of hours of theory was raised to 18, and a number of new subjects, based on more modern technological skills, were introduced. 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

In 1949, the Central Agency for Vocational Training was set up to sculpt the curricula so that the demands of Poland's planned economy could be met. Existing vocational schools were converted into prepatory vocational schools, basic trade schools that trained skilled labour and vocational secondary schools. Its task completed, the Agency was absorbed into the Ministry of Education in 1956. That same year, the first two-year agricultural vocational schools were built, which offered training for rural students who wished to be farmers. By 1962, there were three thousand of these, with 100,000 students being trained. A planned economy is an economic system in which economic decisions are made by centralized planners who determine what sorts of goods and services to produce and how they are to be priced and allocated, and may include state ownership of the means of production. ...

The number of students in vocational institutions grew rapidly from the 1930s to the 1960s, with 207,529 students in 1937/1938 and 1,371,400 in 1963/1964. Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented First atom was split with a particle accelerator Golden Age of radio begins in U.S. Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur... Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around the world. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

University

Students at a university

Almost all of Poland's universities, having been located in major cities, were completely destroyed in World War II. Poland's German occupiers, viewing Slavs as an inferior race that were to be made into slaves, took equipment and literature from Polish universities back to Germany, and closed the buildings. Heavy bombing destroyed many, and 60% of Warsaw University was destroyed during the 1944 uprising. However, tertiary education continued in Poland, see underground education in Poland during World War II. This is a list of universities in Poland. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The word slave has at least two meanings: People who are owned by others, and live to serve them without pay. ... Warsaw University (Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski) - the biggest and one of the most prestigious universities in Poland. ... The Warsaw Uprising (Powstanie Warszawskie) was a controversial armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. ... Tertiary education, also referred to as third-stage or third level education, is the educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium. ... This article covers the topic of underground education in Poland (Polish Tajne szkolnictwo) during World War II. After the Polish defeat in the Polish Defence War of 1939 and the subsequent German occupation of most of Polish territory, Poland was divided onto the areas directly incorporated into the Reich and...

Following the war, the universities were rebuilt. The new government, as part of a plan to strengthen the Polish economy, created many new faculties across the country, including dairying, fishing, textiles, chemistry and mechanisation of agriculture, as well as new courses for Marxist economics. Many new universities were also constructed; by 1963 the number of universities in Poland was almost double what it had been in 1938 (73 and 32, respectively). Among these new universities were ten medical schools, a type of institution unknown in prewar Poland. Faculty is the scholarly staff at colleges or universities, as opposed to the students or support staff. ... Dairy farm near Oxford, New York, July 2001 In many northern-hemisphere countries a dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk (mostly from cows, sometimes from buffaloes or goats) for human consumption. ... Fishing from a Pier Fishing is both the recreation and sport of catching fish (for food or as a trophy), and the commercial fishing industry of catching or harvesting seafood (either fish or other aquatic life-forms, such as shellfish). ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... Chemistry (in Greek: χημεία) is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself (see physics, biology). ... Mechanization refers to the use of powered machinery to help a human operator in some task. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Economics (deriving from the Greek words οίκω [oeko], house, and νέμω [nemo], distribute) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources through measurable variables. ... Medical school generally refers to a tertiary educational institution (or part of such an institution) which is involved in the education of future medical practitioners (medical doctors). ...

Poland had a considerable number of day students in its universities, an estimated 57.2 students per 10,000 people in 1964, compared to 14.4 in 1938. This put it at fifth place in the Eastern Bloc (behind the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) and in relation to the capitalist world, behind the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia. During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state that existed from 1945 to 1992. ... Capitalism has been defined in various ways (see definitions of capitalism). ...

See also

• Education in Poland

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Reference

• Balicki, Stanisław W. et al. Twenty Years of the Polish People's Republic. Warszawa Państwowe Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, 1964.