Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that they deem to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. Since details of fact change constantly, these cannot be the most important. Therefore, one should teach principles, not facts. Since people are human, one should teach first about humans, not machines or techniques. Since people are people first, and workers second if at all, one should teach liberal topics first, not vocational topics.

A particular strategy with modern perennialists is to teach scientific reasoning, not facts. They may illustrate the reasoning with original accounts of famous experiments. This gives the students a human side to the science, and shows the reasoning in action. Most importantly, it shows the uncertainty and false steps of real science.

Although perennialism may seem similar to essentialism, perennialism focuses first on personal development, while essentialism focuses first on essential skills. Essentialist curricula thus tend to be much more vocational and fact-based, and far less liberal and principle-based. Both philosophies are typically considered as teacher-centered, as opposed to student-centered philosophies of education such as progressivism. However, since the teachers associated with perennialism are in a one sense the authors of the Western masterpieces themselves, these teachers may be open to student criticism through the associated Socratic method, which if carried out as true dialogue, is a balance between students, including the on-site teacher who is promoting the discussion. In education essentialism is a theory that states that children should learn the traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously. ... A teachers room in a Japanese middle school, 2005. ... Educational progressivists believe that education must be based on the fact that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people. ... Socratic Method (or method of elenchos or Socratic debate) is a dialectic method of inquiry, largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts and first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. ...

Perennialism has two major divisions: secular and religious, and their goals and methods differ somewhat.

Secular perennialism

The word perennial in Secular perennialism suggests lasting an indefinitely long time, recurring again and again, or self-renewal. As promoted primarily by Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler, a universal curriculum based upon the common and essential nature of all human beings is recommended. This form of perennialism contains the humanist tradition, but also includes the scientific tradition. Other notable figures in the movement include Stringfellow Barr and Scott Buchanan (who together initiated the Great Books program at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland), Mark Van Doren, Alexander Meiklejohn, and Sir Richard Livingstone, an English classicist with an American following. Robert Hutchins around 1963 Robert Maynard Hutchins (January 17, 1899, Brooklyn, New York – May 17, 1977, Santa Barbara, California) was an educational philosopher, a president (1929-1945) of the University of Chicago and its chancellor (1945-1951). ... Mortimer Adler around 1963 Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 – June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher and author. ... Humanist may refer to: a scholar or academic in the Humanities a proponent of the group of ethical stances referred to as Humanism a long-running email discussion list on humanities computing in typography, a group of sans-serif typefaces with some calligraphic features, such as Humana, Optima, Frutiger, Johnston... Stringfellow Barr is a historian, an author, and a former president of St. ... Scott Milross Buchanan (March 17, 1895 - March 25, 1968) was an American educator, philosopher, and foundation consultant. ... Mark Van Doren (June 13, 1894 – December 10, 1972) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and critic. ... 1928 Time cover featuring Meiklejohn Alexander Meiklejohn (February 1, 1872—December 17, 1964) was a philosopher, university administrator, and free-speech advocate. ...

Secular perennialists espouse that education should focus on the historical development of a continually developing common western base of human knowledge and art, the timeless value of classic thought on central human issues by landmark thinkers, and revolutionary ideas critical to historical western paradigm shifts or changes in world view. A program of studies which is highly general, nonspecialized, and nonvocational is advocated.^[1] They faithfully believe that exposure of all citizens to the development of thought by those most responsible for the evolution of the Western tradition is integral to the survival of the freedoms, human rights and responsibilities inherent to a true Democracy. Paradigm shift is the term first used by Thomas Kuhn in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to describe the process and result of a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. ...

Adler states: "...our political democracy depends upon the reconstitution of our schools. Our schools are not turning out young people prepared for the high office and the duties of citizenship in a democratic republic. Our political institutions cannot thrive, they may not even survive, if we do not produce a greater number of thinking citizens, from whom some statesmen of the type we had in the 18th century might eventually emerge. We are, indeed, a nation at risk, and nothing but radical reform of our schools can save us from impending disaster... Whatever the price... the price we will pay for not doing it will be much greater."^[2] (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Hutchins writes in the same vein: "The business of saying... that people are not capable of achieving a good education is too strongly reminiscent of the opposition of every extension of democracy. This opposition has always rested on the allegation that the people were incapable of exercising the power they demanded. Always the historic statement has been verified: you cannot expect the slave to show the virtues of the free man unless you first set him free. When the slave has been set free, he has, in the passage of time, become indistinguishable from those who have always been free... There appears to be an innate human tendency to underestimate the capacity of those who do not belong to "our" group. Those who do not share our background cannot have our ability. Foreigners, people who are in a different economic status, and the young seem invariably to be regarded as intellectually backward... ^[3]

As with the essentialists, perennialists are educationally conservative in the requirement of a curriculum focused upon fundamental subject areas, but stress that the overall aim should be exposure to history's finest thinkers as models for discovery. The student should be taught basic subjects as English, languages, history, mathematics, natural science, philosophy, and fine arts.^[4] Adler states: "The three R's, which always signified the formal disciplines, are the essence of liberal or general education."^[5] In education essentialism is a theory that states that children should learn the traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously. ...

Secular perennialists agree with progressivists that memorization of vast amounts of factual information and a focus on second-hand information in textbooks and lectures does not develop rational thought. They advocate learning through the development of meaningful conceptual thinking and judgement by means of a directed reading list of the profound, aesthetic, and meaningful great books of the Western canon. These books, written by the world's finest thinkers, cumulatively comprise the "Great Conversation" of mankind with regard to the central human questions. Their basic argument for the use of original works (abridged translations are acceptable) is that these are the products of genius. Since we need not settle for less, why should we? They may be considered genius, but they are us, they are our shared foundation. Hutchins tells us that: Educational progressivists believe that education must be based on the fact that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Core Curriculum. ... The Western canon is a canon of books and art (and specifically one with very loose boundaries) that has allegedly been highly influential in shaping Western culture. ...

"Great books are great teachers; they are showing us every day what ordinary people are capable of. These books come out of ignorant, inquiring humanity. They are usually the first announcements for success in learning. Most of them were written for, and addressed to, ordinary people."^[6]

It is important to note that the Great Conversation is not static, which is the impression that one might obtain from some descriptions of perennialism, a confusion with religious perennialism, or even the term perennialsm itself. The Great Conversation and the set of related great books changes as the representative thought of man changes or progresses, and is therefore representative of an evolution of thought, but it is not based upon the whim or fancy of the latest cultural fads. Hutchins makes this point very clear:

"In the course of history... new books have been written that have won their place in the list. Books once thought entitled to belong to it have been superseded; and this process of change will continue as long as men can think and write. It is the task of every generation to reassess the tradition in which it lives, to discard what it cannot use, and to bring into context with the distant and intermediate past the most recent contributions to the Great Conversation. ...the West needs to recapture and reemphasize and bring to bear upon its present problems the wisdom that lies in the works of its greatest thinkers and in the discussion that they have carried on." ^[7]

Perennialism was a solution proposed in response to what was considered by many to be a failing educational system. Hutchins writes:

"The products of American high schools are illiterate; and a degree from a famous college or university is no guarantee that the graduate is in any better case. One of the most remarkable features of American society is that the difference between the "uneducated" and the "educated" is so slight."^[8]

In this regard John Dewey and Hutchins were in agreement. Hutchin's book The Higher Learning in America deplored the "plight of higher learning" that had turned away from cultivation of the intellect and toward anti-intellectual practicality due in part, to a lust for money. In a negative criticism and review of the book, Dewey wrote a series of articles in The Social Frontier which began by applauding Hutchins' attack on "the aimlessness of our present educational scheme.^[9] John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ...

Perennialists believe that reading is to be supplemented with mutual investigations and minimally-directed discussions through the Socratic method, in order to develop a historically oriented understanding of concepts. They argue that accurate, independent reasoning distinguishes the developed or educated mind and thus stress the development of this faculty. A skilled teacher would keep discussions on topic and correct errors in reasoning, but the class, not the teacher, would come to the conclusions. The teacher would not direct or lead the class to a conclusion but the teacher's role may include accurately formulating problems within the scope of the great books being studied.

The standard argument for utilizing a modern text supports distillation of information into a form relevant to modern society. Perennialists argue that many of the historical debates and the development of ideas represented by the great books are relevant to any society, at any time, and thus the great books are pertinent to understanding our society and our time.

Perennialists freely acknowledge that any particular selection of great books will disagree on many topics, but see this as an advantage. They believe that the student must learn to recognize such disagreements, which often reflect current debates. The student is responsible for thinking about the disagreements and reaching a reasoned, defensible conclusion. This is a major goal of the Socratic discussions. They do not advocate teaching a settled scholarly interpretation of the books. This would cheat the student of an opportunity to learn rational criticism and to know his own mind. Humanity might also lose brilliant insights gained by these new minds during the process of conceptual rediscovery.

Religious perennialism

Perennialism was originally religious in nature, developed first by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century in his work De Magistro, (The Teacher). Saint Thomas Aquinas [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. ...

In the nineteenth century, John Henry Newman presented a detailed defense of educational perennialism in The Idea of a University. Discourse 5 of that work, Knowledge its Own End, is still relevant as a clear statement of a Christian educational perennialism. J H Newman age 23 when he preached his first sermon. ...

For a discussion of other educational philosophies, see Philosophy of Education and education reform. For more information about the great books, see Mortimer Adler or http://thecommonreview.org/gbf/ The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose, process, nature and ideals of education. ... Education reform is a plan, program, or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in educational theory or practice across a community or society. ... Mortimer Adler around 1963 Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 – June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher and author. ...

Colleges exemplifying this philosophy

• The University of Chicago's Common Core, established by Mortimer Adler and Robert Maynard Hutchins, is probably the best-known example of educational perennialism. It is a rare example of perennialist pedagogy at a research university.
• St. John's College, U.S. is a well-known secular liberal-arts college with an undergraduate program described as "an all-required course of study based on the great books of the Western tradition."
• Integral Program at Saint Mary's College of California[1] is a Great Books major at the Lasallian Catholic liberal-arts college in Moraga, California. The program was designed with the assistance of faculty from St. John's College, U.S.
• Thomas Aquinas College in Santa Paula, California is a Catholic Christian college with a Great Books curriculum. The college was founded by a group of graduates and professors of the Integral Program at Saint Mary's College of California, who were discouraged by the liberalism that became common place among the faculty and administration on Saint Mary's campus shortly after Vatican II.
• Gutenberg College in Eugene, Oregon provides "a broad-based liberal arts education in a Protestant Christian environment", with a "great books" curriculum emphasizing "the development of basic learning skills (reading, writing, mathematics, and critical thinking) and the application of these skills to profound writings of the past"
• Shimer College in Chicago grants a Bachelor of Arts to students who complete a program composed of humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, integrative studies and a capstone senior thesis.
• The Torrey Honors Institute at Biola University is a Christian Great Books program.

The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... Mortimer Adler around 1963 Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 – June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher and author. ... Robert Maynard Hutchins (January 17, 1899, Brooklyn, New York - May 17, 1977, Santa Barbara, California) was a philosopher. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ... St. ... Saint Marys College of California is a private, coeducational college located in Moraga, California. ... Santa Paula is a city in Ventura County, California, United States. ... Nickname: The Emerald City Motto: The Worlds Greatest City for the Arts and Outdoors. ... Shimer College is a liberal arts college in Chicago, Illinois which is best known for its small enrollment and its Great Books curriculum. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, The City of Big Shoulders The 312 Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook Incorporated March 4, 1837 Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area... Biola University is a private Christian university, located in the city of La Mirada in Los Angeles County, California with a satellite campus in Vista. ...

Criticism

See Dead white males Dead white males or DWEM (an acronym standing for Dead White European Male), is a pejorative term used most commonly to refer to a tradition of thought and pedagogy which stresses the importance of individual European males from the past, at the expense of other forces (economic or social, for...

External links

• Mortimer Adler @Wikiquote
• Robert Hutchins @Wikiquote

References

1. ^ Travers, Paul D. & Rebore, Ronald W: Foundations of Education, Becoming a Teacher, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990, p. 66
2. ^ Adler, Mortimer J: Reforming Education -- No Quick Fix (@ the Radical Academy)
3. ^ Hutchins, Robert Maynard: Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1954
4. ^ Kneller, George F: Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1971
5. ^ Adler: op. cit., p. 62
6. ^ Hutchins: op. cit.
7. ^ Hutchins, Robert M: Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1954
8. ^ Hutchins: op. cit.
9. ^ Erlich, Thomas: Dewey versus Hutchins: The Next Round Education and Democracy, Re-imagining Liberal Learning in America, Robert Orril, Editor, College Entrance Examination Board, 1997