Edward J. Ruppelt (1922 - 1960) was a United States Air Force officer probably best-known for his involvement in Project Blue Book, a formal governmental study of unidentified flying objects. He is generally credited with coining the term "unidentified flying object", to replace the terms "flying saucer" and "flying disk," which had become widely known; Ruppelt thought the latter terms were both suggestive and inadequate. The United States Air Force (or USAF) is the aerospace branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. ... Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. ... UFO redirects here. ...

Ruppelt was the director of Project Grudge from late 1951 until it became Project Blue Book in March 1952; he remained with Blue Book until late 1953. UFO researcher Jerome Clark writes, "Most observers of Blue Book agree that the Ruppelt years comprised the project's golden age, when investigations were most capably directed and conducted. Ruppelt himself was open-minded about UFO’s, and his investigators were not known, as Grudge's were, for force-fitting explanations on cases." (Clark, 517) Project Grudge was a short-lived project by the U.S. Air Force to investigate Unidentified flying objects. ... Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. ... Project Grudge was a short-lived project by the U.S. Air Force to investigate Unidentified flying objects. ...

Biography

Ruppelt was born and raised in Iowa. He enlisted in the Air Corps during World War 2, and served with distinction as a decorated bombardier: he was awarded "five battle stars, two theater combat ribbons, three air medals, and two Distinguished Flying Crosses." (Clark, 516) While in the Pacific, Ruppelt was one of the first in the U.S. armed forces to be trained in the use of radar. Official language(s) English Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Area  Ranked 26th  - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 km²)  - Width 199 miles (320 km)  - Length 310 miles (500 km)  - % water 0. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, France/Free France, United States, China, Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8... The crews of bomber aircraft, historically, included a bombardier, as they were known in the United States, or a bomb aimer, as they were known in other countries, who was responsible for targetting the planes munitions. ... In the United States Navy, a battle star or engagement star is a recognition of a ships participation in a naval battle or other combat. ... The Distinguished Flying Cross. ... This long range radar antenna, known as ALTAIR, is used to detect and track space objects in conjunction with ABM testing at the Ronald Reagan Test Site on the Kwajalein atoll[1]. Radar is a system that uses radio waves to detect, determine the distance of, and map, objects such...

After the war, Ruppelt was released into the Army reserves. He attended Iowa State College where, in 1951, he earned an aeronautical engineering degree. Shortly after finishing his education, Ruppelt was called back to active military duties after the Korean War began. Iowa State University (ISU) is a public land-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering concerning aircraft, spacecraft and related topics. ... Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: South Korea, United States, United Kingdom Communist combatants: North Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders Douglas MacArthur Kim Il-sung, (Peng Dehuai de facto) Strength Note: All figures may vary according to source. ...

He was assigned to the Air Technical Intelligence Center headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Incidentally, the base had also headquartered two formal unidentified flying object investigations: Project Sign (1947-1948), which had come to favor the extraterrestrial hypothesis before being replaced with Project Grudge (1949-1951), which had a debunking mandate. Though not initially involved with Grudge, Ruppelt quickly learned that the project was facing troubles when high-ranking officers disapproved of the direction it had taken. National Museum of the United States Air Force at WPAFB Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a U.S. Air Force base in Greene and Montgomery counties, adjacent to Fairborn and Dayton, Ohio. ... This is an alleged 1952 UFO over Passoria, New Jersey. ... Project Sign was an official U.S. government study of unidentified flying objects undertaken by the United States Air Force in late 1947. ... The Extraterrestrial hypothesis (sometimes shortened to ETH) is the hypothesis that UFO reports are best explained as creatures from other planets, occupying physical extraterrestrial spacecraft visiting Earth. ... Project Grudge was a short-lived project by the U.S. Air Force to investigate Unidentified flying objects. ... A debunker is a skeptic who pursues dispelling false and unscientific claims. ...

Eventually, Grudge was ordered dissolved, and Project Blue Book was planned to replace it. Lt. Col. N.R. Rosegarten asked Ruppelt to take over as the new project’s leader, partly because Ruppelt "had a reputation as a good organizer." (Jacobs, 65) When Project Grudge was upgraded in status in late 1951 and renamed Project Blue Book, Ruppelt (then a Captain) was kept on as director when normally, such an upgrade would require the appointment of at last a Colonel to oversee the project; this may well be a testament to Ruppelt's leadership and organizational skills. Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. ... Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. ...

Ruppelt quickly implemented a number of changes in the late stages of Project Grudge, which were carried over to most of his tenure with Blue Book. He streamlined the manner in which UFO’s were reported to (and by) military officials, partly in hopes of alleviating the stigma and ridicule associated with UFO witnesses.

Knowing that factionalism had harmed the progress of Project Sign, Ruppelt did his best to recruit open-mided, but objective and neutral personnel to staff Blue Book. He tried to avoid the kinds of open-ended speculation that had led to Sign’s personnel being split among advocates and critics of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. Ruppelt sought the advice of many scientists and experts, and issued regular press releases (along with classified monthly reports for military intelligence). Project Sign was an official U.S. government study of unidentified flying objects undertaken by the United States Air Force in late 1947. ... The Extraterrestrial hypothesis (sometimes shortened to ETH) is the hypothesis that UFO reports are best explained as creatures from other planets, occupying physical extraterrestrial spacecraft visiting Earth. ... A news release or press release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something claimed as having news value. ...

Perhaps most importantly, Ruppelt also ordered the development of a standard questionnaire for UFO witnesses, hoping to uncover data which could be subject to statistical analysis. He commissioned the Battelle Memorial Institute to create the questionnaire and computerize the data. Using case reports and the computerized data, Battelle then did a massive scientific and statistical study of all Air Force UFO cases (completed in 1954 after Ruppelt had left Blue Book) and known as Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14. Battelle scientists found that even after stringent analysis, 22% of the cases remained classified as "unknown" and that these were different from the "knowns" at a very high level of statistical significance. The Battelle study also found that the best cases were twice as likely to be classified as unknowns as the worst cases. The Battelle Memorial Institute is a private, not-for-profit applied science and technology deveopment company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. ... Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. ...

Edward Ruppelt (standing center) at July 29, 1952 Pentagon UFO press conference. Also pictured, Major Generals Roger Ramey (seated left), USAF operations chief, and John A. Samford (seated right), USAF director of intelligence

During Ruppelt's tenure, Blue Book investigated a number of well-known UFO reports including the so-called Lubbock Lights and two highly-publicized radar-visual/jet-intercept cases which occurred over Washington DC in late July 1952, which triggered the largest press conference since World War II to stop public panic (see photo at right). Also during Ruppelt’s tenure with Blue Book, most UFO cases were attributed to prosaic causes, but about twenty-five percent were deemed "unknown." As cases with little or no corroborative evidence were generally excluded from consideration during Ruppelt's tenure with Blue Book, the remaining unknowns arguably constitute some of the best-known, best studied, yet still perplexing UFO reports of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Image File history File links Ruppelt_Ramey_Samford_1952-07-29. ... Image File history File links Ruppelt_Ramey_Samford_1952-07-29. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... John Alexander Samford (1905-December 1, 1968) was a former director of the NSA. Samford was born at Hagerman, N.M., in 1905. ... The Lubbock Lights were a v-shaped formation of lights seen over the town of Lubbock, Texas in August, 1951. ...

The Air Force would be charged with a cover up of UFO evidence. Ruppelt insisted, however, that at least during his tenure, conflict and confusion would be more accurately descriptive then to suggest that a deliberate cover up was taking place. Ruppelt once wrote that the Air Force's approach to the UFO question "was tackled with organized confusion." (Ruppelt, 1956, p. 46) In defending General Samford's press conference on 29 July 1952 after the big UFO flap at Washington National Airport, Ruppelt wrote that "his [Samford's] people had fouled up in not fully investigating the sightings" (Ruppelt, 1956, p. 223) Astronomer and Blue Book consultant J. Allen Hynek thought that Ruppelt did his best, only to see his efforts stymied. Hynek wrote "In my contacts with [Ruppelt] I found him to be honest and seriously puzzled about the whole phenomenon." (Hynek, 175) When a scandal breaks, the discovery of an attempt to cover up the evidence of wrongdoing is often regarded as even more scandalous than the original deeds. ... Color enhanced USGS satellite image of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, taken April 26, 2002. ... Dr. J. Allen Hynek. ...

Ruppelt requested reassignment from Blue Book in late 1953 shortly after the Robertson Panel issued its conclusions (based partly on the panel's official report, Ruppelt's Blue Book staff was reduced from more than ten personnel to three, including Ruppelt). He retired from the Air Force not long afterwards, then worked in the aerospace industry. The Robertson Panel was a committee commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency in 1952 in response to widespread Unidentified Flying Object reports, especially in the Washington DC area. ... Look up aerospace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Three years later, Ruppelt's book The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects was published. The book is notable because it was, for several subsequent decades, the only account of Air Force UFO studies written by a participant. It remains arguably one of the most level-headed books about UFO; Hynek suggested that Ruppelt's "book should be required reading for anyone seriously interested in the history of this subject." (Hynek, 175) In the book, Ruppelt detailed his time with Projects Grudge and Blue Book, and offered his assessments of some UFO cases, including a portion he thought were puzzling and unexplained. Ruppelt also revealed much insider material and thinking, including the existence of previously unknown classified documents and studies, such as the Robertson Panel.

The book was cleared by the Air Force. There were reports that some intriguing material was censored by the Air Force: in her master's thesis, Diana Palmer Hoyt writes that "Michael Swords inspected the original draft of Ruppelt's manuscript and discovered that Ruppelt's published account of the material contained in the Estimate of the Situation left out significant documentation proving that UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin. Swords concludes that the Air Force censored Ruppelt's published account." (Hoyt, p 15) The so-called Estimate of the Situation was a document reportedly written in 1948 by personnel of the United States Air Force’s Project Sign--including the project’s director, Captain Robert R. Sneider--which explained their reasons for supporting the extraterrestrial hypothesis as the best explanation for unidentified flying...

In 1956, Donald Keyhoe asked Ruppelt to join to serve as an adviser to NICAP. Ruppelt had recently suffered a heart attack, and declined Keyhoe’s offer. Ruppelt's book indicates that Ruppelt held some dim views of Keyhoe and his early writings; Ruppelt noted that while Keyhoe generally had his facts straight, his interpretation of the facts was another question entirely. He thought Keyhoe often sensationalized the material and accused Keyhoe of "mind reading" what he and other officers were thinking. Yet Keyhoe cites conversations with Ruppelt in later books, suggesting that Ruppelt may have occasionally advised Keyhoe. Donald Edward Keyhoe (June 20, 1897 - November 29, 1988) was an American Marine Corps officer and writer best remembered for his many books and articles about unidentified flying objects. ... see National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena ... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ...

In 1960 the expanded edition of Ruppelt's book was published by as published Doubleday & Co.. The only change from earlier editons came in three more chapters which largely echoed the Air Force's position that there was nothing unusual about UFOs. Ruppelt seemed to have abandoned his early views that some UFO reports seemed mysterious and unexplained, and he decalred UFOs a "space age myth". In an unusual manner, the date of the publication was omitted. The book, with the 1956 copyright note and the 1955 date of Ruppelt's Foreword, made the new edition appear to be the original edition. Only the dust jacket gives any hint that this is the second edition of the previous book.

Keyhoe and others would suggest that Ruppelt had caved into Air Force pressures to change his public statements about UFOs. Others argued against this, noting that Ruppelt had more than demonstrated his objectivity, and might have simply reached a conclusion after careful consideration of the evidence. Clark reports that Ruppelt's widow asserted that her husband's investigation of the contactee movement soured his opinion of UFO phenomena. Ruppelt's discussion of the contactees, particularly George Adamski, is arguably the most interesting portion of the revised book. Contactees are persons who claim to be in regular contact with extraterrestrials. ... George Adamski (April 17, 1891 – April 23, 1965) was a Polish-born American who claimed to have seen and photographed ships from other planets, met people from other planets and to have gone on flights with them. ...

Ruppelt died of a heart attack in 1960. A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ...

Sources

• Edward J. Ruppelt; Report On Unidentified Flying Objects; London 1956 (exp. New York 1960)
• Jerome Clark; The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial; Visible Ink, 1998; ISBN 1578590299
• David Michael Jacobs; The UFO Controversy In America; Indiana University Press, 1975; ISBN 0253190061
• Diana Palmer Hoyt, "UFOCRITIQUE: UFO's, Social Intelligence and the Condon Committee"; Master's Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 2000 read it online
• J. Allen Hynek; The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry; 1972; Henry Regenery Company

This article or section should include material from Virginia Bioinformatics Institute. ...

External links

• The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, by Edward J. Ruppelt
• Project Blue Book Archive Online version of USAF Project Blue Book microfilm
• Works by Edward J. Ruppelt at Project Gutenberg