Edwin Lutyens

Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, OM, KCIE, PRA (29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was a leading 20th century British architect who is known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses and was instrumental in the design and building of New Delhi (known as "Lutyens' Delhi"). He was born and died in London. He was named after a friend of his father's, the painter and sculptor, Edwin Landseer. For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square, London. He has been called the greatest British architect.^[1] E Lutyens Amended image from Brookies collection File links The following pages link to this file: Edwin Lutyens User:Brookie/Pictures Categories: GFDL images ... E Lutyens Amended image from Brookies collection File links The following pages link to this file: Edwin Lutyens User:Brookie/Pictures Categories: GFDL images ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Victoria in 1877. ... The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly, London, England. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A country house is a large dwelling, such as a mansion, located on a country estate. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... View of Rashtrapati Bhavan with the Jaipur Column in the foreground, in Lutyens Delhi. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Monarch of the Glen by Sir Edwin Landseer, 1851: the image was widely distributed in steel engravings Sir Edwin Henry Landseer (March 7, 1802 - October 1, 1873) was a British painter, well known for his paintings of animals - particularly horses, dogs and stags. ... Bloomsbury Square Bloomsbury Square is a square in Bloomsbury, Camden, London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation). ...

Biography

Lutyens studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Ainsworth Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker. Sir Ernest George RA (1839-1922) was an English Architect. ... Harold Ainsworth Peto (1854-1933) was an English architect and garden designer. ... Sir Herbert Baker 9 June 1862 Cobham, Kent - 4 February 1946 Cobham, Kent, was the dominant force in South African architecture for two decades, 1892–1912. ...

Private practice

He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, Farnham, Surrey. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist Gertrude Jekyll. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at Munstead Wood, Godalming, Surrey. It was the beginning of a fruitful professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses. Farnham is a small town (pop. ... This article is about the English county. ... Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932) was an influential British garden designer, writer, and artist who created over 400 gardens in the UK, Europe and the USA. She also contributed over 1,000 articles to Country Life, The Garden and other magazines. ... The Pepperpot, Godalmings former town hall. ... This article is about the English county. ...

The "Lutyens-Jekyll" garden overflowed with hardy shrub and herbaceous planting within a firm classicising architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, softened by billowing herbaceous borders, full of lilies, lupins, delphiniums, and lavender was in direct contrast to the very formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the Victorian era. This new "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times. Species 150-200 species, including: Lupinus albus Lupinus angustifolius Lupinus luteus Lupinus albifrons Lupinus arboreus Lupinus arizonicus Lupinus bicolor Lupinus chamissonis Lupinus diffusus Lupinus excubitus Lupinus formosus Lupinus longifolius Lupinus microcarpus Lupinus mutabilis Lupinus nanus Lupinus nootkatensis Lupinus perennis Lupinus polyphyllus Lupinus sparsiflorus Lupinus sulphureus Lupinus texensis Lupinus tidestromii Lupinus... Species See text Delphinium is a genus of about 250 species of annual, biennial or perennial flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. ... Species About 25-30, including: Lavandula abrotanoides Lavandula angustifolia Lavandula canariensis Lavandula dentata Lavandula lanata Lavandula latifolia Lavandula multifida Lavandula pinnata Lavandula stoechas Lavandula viridis Lavandula x intermedia The Lavenders Lavandula are a genus of about 25-30 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native from the... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ...

Lutyens fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine Country Life created by Edward Hudson, which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of Lutyens' style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including Lindisfarne Castle and the Country Life headquarters building in London. Country Life is a British weekly magazine. ... Lindisfarne Castle is located on the Northumbrian island of Lindisfarne. ...

His works

Initially, his designs all followed the Arts and Crafts style, but in the early 1900s his work became more classical in style. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new Hampstead Garden Suburb, London to Castle Drogo, Drewsteignton, Devon and on to his contributions to India's new imperial capital New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanization scheme on Mughal water gardens. He also designed the beautiful, Hyderabad House, for the Last Nizam of Hyderabad, as his Delhi palace. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Artichoke wallpaper, by John Henry Dearle for William Morris & Co. ... Classicism door in Olomouc, The Czech Republic Teatr Wielki in Warsaw Church La Madeleine in Paris Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicist seeks to emulate. ... Hampstead Garden Suburb is an example of where of early 20th Century domestic architecture and town planning located in the London Borough of Barnet in North West London. ... Castle Drogo is a country house in Drewsteignton, Devon, England. ... Part of the seafront of Torquay, south Devon, at high tide Devon is a large county in South West England, bordered by Cornwall to the west, and Dorset and Somerset to the east. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Hyderabad House is a former Princely Residence of the Nizam of Hyderabad that now is used by the Government of India for banquets and meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries. ... The Nizam of Hyderabads coat of arms Nizam-ul-Mulk, commonly shortened to Nizam, was the title taken by the Asif Jahi rulers of Hyderabad state in India. ...

He also designed a chalk building, Marsh Court, in Hampshire, England, built between 1901 and 1905, it is the last of his Tudor designs and was based on a variant of ancient rammed earth building techniques. Rammed earth walls form part of the entrance building for the Eden Project in Cornwall, England. ...

After the Great War, he was involved with the creation of monuments to commemorate the fallen. The best known of these monuments are the Cenotaph, Westminster and the memorial to the Missing of the Somme, Thiepval. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by David Lloyd George as a temporary structure to be the centerpiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a Catafalque — a low empty platform but it was Lutyens' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Many local war memorials (such as the one at All Saints, Northampton) are Lutyens designs — based on the Cenotaph. He also designed the War Memorial Gardens in Dublin, which were restored in the 1990s. Other works include the Tower Hill memorial, and (to a similar design to his India Gate) a memorial in Victoria Park in Leicester. Lutyens also refurbished Lindisfarne Castle for its wealthy owner. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Cenotaph, London A ceremony at the Cenotaph, London, on Sunday 12th June 2005, remembering Irish war dead Memorial Cenotaph, Hiroshima, Japan A cenotaph is a tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere. ... Combatants British Empire Australia Canada New Zealand Newfoundland South Africa United Kingdom France German Empire Commanders Douglas Haig Joseph Joffre Max von Gallwitz Fritz von Below Strength 13 British & 11 French divisions (initial) 51 British and 48 French divisions (final) 10. ... This article is about the Thiepval village and memorial, for other uses see Thiepval (disambiguation) Thiepval is a village and commune in the Somme département, Picardy région of Northern France. ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British statesman who guided Britain and the British Empire through World War I and the postwar settlement as the Liberal Party Prime Minister, 1916-1922. ... Look up catafalque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Northampton is a large market town and a local government district in central England on the River Nene, and the county town of Northamptonshire, in the English East Midlands region. ... The National War Memorial is a 8 hectare war memorial in the Islandbridge area of Dublin, built to commemerate Irish soldiers who died in World War 1. ... Dublin city centre at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... Tower Hill Memorial, corridor The Tower Hill Memorial is a national war memorial on the south side of Trinity Square Gardens, just to the north of the Tower of London. ... Built in the memory of more than 90,000 Indian soldiers who lost their lives during the Afghan Wars and World War I, the India Gate is one of the most famous monuments in Delhi. ... Victoria Park, Leicester Victoria Park in Leicester, England is a public park of 69 acres (279,000 m²). It is in the south-east, just outside the city centre, backing on to the University of Leicester and close to the Leicester railway station. ... Leicester city centre, looking towards the Clock Tower Leicester (pronounced ) is the largest city and unitary authority in the English East Midlands. ... Lindisfarne Castle is located on the Northumbrian island of Lindisfarne. ...

He was knighted in 1918, and elected to the Royal Academy in 1921. The silver Anglia knight, commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the Black Prince. ... The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly, London, England. ...

Whilst work continued in New Delhi, Lutyens continued to receive other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the British Embassy in Washington, DC. The chancery building The British Embassy in Washington D.C. is the United Kingdoms embassy to the United States. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: Queen Mary's Dolls' House. This four storey Palladian villa was built in 1/12th scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of Windsor Castle. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children — its goal was to serve as an exhibit of the finest British craftsmanship of the period. Queen Marys Dolls House was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, for Queen Mary (Consort of George V). ... A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladios I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura, in a modestly priced English translation published in London, 1736. ... This article is about the castle in Windsor. ...

He was commissioned in 1929 to design a new Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool. Lutyens planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a 510-foot dome, with commissioned sculpture work by Charles Sargeant Jagger and W C H King. Work on this magnificent building started in 1933, but was stopped during the Second World War. After the war the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens' unrealised building is displayed in the Walker Art Gallery ^[2][3]. (The architect of the present Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built over land adjacent to the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir Frederick Gibberd.) The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... Detail from the Royal Artillery Memorial Charles Sargeant Jagger MC (1885-1934) was a British sculptor who, following active service in the First World War, sculpted many works on the theme of war. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This page is about the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. ... Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral steps The south elevation and main entrance to the Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, a Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool, has the official name of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King. ... Sir Frederick Ernest Gibberd (b. ...

In 1945, over a year after his death, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull was published. Lutyens worked on the plan with Sir Patrick Abercrombie and both are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to Lutyens' contribution. The plan was however rejected by the Councillors of Hull. Hull or Kingston upon Hull is a British city situated on the north bank of the Humber estuary. ... This article is about the town planner. ...

New Delhi

One of Delhi's most famous landmarks, the India Gate, was designed by Edwin Lutyens. Its design is similar to his arch at Victoria Park, Leicester.

Largely designed by Lutyens over twenty or so years, New Delhi was chosen to replace Calcutta as the seat of the British Indian government in 1912; the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new Order of classical architecture, which has become know as the "Delhi Order" and was used by him for several designs in England, such as Campion Hall, Oxford. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture — something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of the Viceregal Lodge, now Rashtrapati Bhavan. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some 330 acres (1.3 km²) and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the Viceroy of India and is now the official residence of the President of India. Image File history File links Indiagatedelhi. ... Image File history File links Indiagatedelhi. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Built in the memory of more than 90,000 Indian soldiers who lost their lives during the Afghan Wars and World War I, the India Gate is one of the most famous monuments in Delhi. ... Victoria Park, Leicester Victoria Park in Leicester, England is a public park of 69 acres (279,000 m²). It is in the south-east, just outside the city centre, backing on to the University of Leicester and close to the Leicester railway station. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... Campion Hall is one of the constituent colleges (although technically it does not have full college status) of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... Immediately in front of Rashtrapati Bhavan is the Jaipur Column, topped by a star. ... The Governor-General of India (or Governor-General and Viceroy of India) was the head of the British administration in India. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ...

The "Delhi Order" columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end! At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to look after the building and serve the Viceroy's household.

The new city contains both the Parliament buildings and government offices (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was distinctively built of the local red sandstone using the traditional Mogul style.

When drawing up the plans for New Delhi Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of Shahjahanbad. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.

Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the point where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market; it was there that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the present D-shaped market seen today.

Lutyens' work in New Delhi is the focus of Robert Grant Irving's book Indian Summer. , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... Robert Grant Irving is an author specializing in British Architecture and India. ...

The bust of Lutyens in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi, such is the respect in which he is held.

Works in Ireland

Other works in Ireland include the All-Ireland War Memorial, Dublin; Heywood Gardens, Laois; extensive changes to Lambay Castle, Lambay Island; alterations to Howth Castle; Co. Dublin; a hunting lodge in north Co. Donegal Howth Castle lies close to the village of Howth, north of the city of Dublin in Ireland. ...

Marriage and later life

Two years after she proposed to him and in the face of parental disapproval, Lady Emily Lytton, daughter of Edward Bulwer-Lytton the 1st Earl of Lytton, a former Viceroy of India, married Lutyens on 4 August 1897 at Knebworth, Hertfordshire. They had five children but the union was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start. The Lutyens' marriage quickly deteriorated, with Lady Emily turning her interest to theosophy and Eastern religions and a fascination – emotional and philosophical – with the guru Jiddu Krishnamurti. The Rt Hon. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Jiddu Krishnamurti or J. Krishnamurti, (May 12, 1895–February 17, 1986) was a well-known writer and speaker on fundamental philosophical and spiritual subjects, such as the purpose of meditation, human relationships, and how to enact positive change in global society. ...

The couple's daughter Elisabeth Lutyens became a well-known composer; another daughter, Mary Lutyens, became a writer known for her books about Krishnamurti. (Agnes) Elisabeth Lutyens, CBE (July 9, 1906–April 14, 1983) was an English composer, one of the five children of architect Sir Edwin Lutyens. ... Mary Lutyens (1908–1999) was an author who wrote an authorative biography on Jiddu Krishnamurti. ...

Many of the garden-ringed villas that were part of Lutyens' original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi.

Death

In the later years of his life, Lutyens suffered with several bouts of pneumonia. In the early 1940s he was diagnosed with cancer. He died on 1 January 1944. His memorial, designed by his friend and fellow architect William Curtis Green, is in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

See also

• Campbell Lutyens
• Gertrude Jekyll
• History of gardening
• Garden real estate
• New Delhi
• Herbert Tudor Buckland
• Runnymede

The speedy deletion of this page is contested. ... Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932) was an influential British garden designer, writer, and artist who created over 400 gardens in the UK, Europe and the USA. She also contributed over 1,000 articles to Country Life, The Garden and other magazines. ... See also subsistence gardening, the art and craft of growing plants, considered as a circumscribed form of individual agriculture. ... Garden real estate is an ever more popular niche in the real estate property market. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... Herbert Tudor Buckland (November 20, 1869 - 1951) was a British architect, best known for his seminal Arts and Crafts houses (several of which, including his own at Edgbaston, are Grade I listed), the Elan Valley Reservoirs model village, educational buildings such as the campus of the Royal Hospital School in... Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey. ...

Notes

1. ^ "The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme" 2006. Gavin Stamp
2. ^ The Very Greatest Building that was never Built (sourced from Findarticles.com)
3. ^ Transcript of audio download of 'Lutyen's Cathedral' talk by Paul O'Keeffe

Publications

• Edwin Lutyens & Patrick Abercrombie, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull, Brown (London & Hull), 1945.

Further reading

• Lutyens Abroad: The Work of Sir Edwin Lutyens Outside the British Isles, edited by Andrew Hopkins and Gavin Stamp. London: British School at Rome, 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-904152-37-5).
• Petter, Hugh. Lutyens in Italy: The Building of the British School at Rome. London: British School at Rome, 1992 (paperback, ISBN 0-904152-21-9).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Edwin Lutyens

• Edwin Lutyens at the archINFORM database
• Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944)
• The Lutyens Trust
• Jane Ridley, "Architect for the metropolis", City Journal, Spring 1998
• The creations of Sir Edwin Lutyens @ Ward's Book of Days