Leptocephalus larva of an ocean eel

The eel is a long, thin bony fish of the order Anguilliformes. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognized as eel young, the life cycle of the eel was a mystery for a very long period of scientific history, there are 6500 publications about eels but still much of its life history is enigmatic. (Photo by Uwe Kils) - larger image on http://www. ... (Photo by Uwe Kils) - larger image on http://www. ... For other uses, see Eel (disambiguation). ... The Anguilliformes (true eels) are an order of bony fishes. ... For other uses, see Eel (disambiguation). ...

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was the one most familiar to Western scientists, beginning with Aristotle who did the first known research on eels. He stated that they are born of "earth worms", which emerged from the mud with no fertilization needed — they grew from the "guts of wet soil". For a long time, nobody could prove Aristotle wrong. Later scientists believed that the eelpout Zoarces viviparus was the "Mother of Eels" (the translation of the German name "Aalmutter"). Binomial name Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) The European Eel, Anguilla anguilla, is a snakelike fish. ... Aristotle (Greek: AristotélÄ“s) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... Categories: Biology stubs ... The eelpouts are a family (Zoarcidae) of perciform ray-finned fish. ... Zoarces viviparus is a fish (Zoarcidae (Eelpouts)), giving birth to live larvae (Mother of Eels). It is a common soup ingredient in the mediterranean countries. ...

In 1777, the Italian Carlo Mondini found the creature's gonads and proved that eels are fish. Year 1777 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in an complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans penis... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ...

Until 1893, larval eels — transparent, leaflike two-inch (five cm) creatures of the open ocean — were considered a separate species, Leptocephalus brevirostris (from the Greek leptocephalus meaning "thin- or flat-head"). But Italian zoologist Giovanni Battista Grassi observed the transformation of a Leptocephalus into a round glass eel in the Mediterranean Sea, and French zoologist Yves Delage proved in a laboratory in Roscoff that both leptocephalus and eels were the same species. Despite this discovery, the name leptocephalus is still used for larval eel. 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) was an Italian zoologist, known for work demonstrating that mosquitos carry the malaria plasmodium in their digestive tract, on the embryological development of honey bees, on parasites, particularly the vine parasite phylloxera, migrations and metamorphosis in eels, and on termites. ... Leptocephalus larva A leptocephalus is the flat and transparent larva of the eel. ... For the landmasses surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, see Mediterranean Basin. ... Yves Delage (13 May 1854-7 October 1920) was a French zoologist known for his work into invertebrate physiology and anatomy. ... Roscoff (whose name in Breton is Rosko) is a commune in the district of Morlaix in the département of Finistère, in Frances Bretagne région. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...

Search for the spawning grounds

Danish professor Johannes Schmidt, from 1904 onwards, directed many expeditions in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic, largely financed by the Carlsberg Foundation. He postulated from the similarity of all leptocephali he found that they all must originate from the same parent species. The further into the Atlantic Ocean he propelled research ships, the smaller the leptocephali he caught. Finally, in 1922, he ended up south of Bermuda in the Sargasso Sea where he succeeded in catching the smallest eel-larvae ever seen. Johannes Schmidt was a Danish biologist credited with discovering in 1920 that eels migrate to the Sargasso Sea to lay their eggs. ... Year 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Atlantic (disambiguation) The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... An image of the distribution and size of eel larvae shows the approximate location of the Sargasso Sea. ...

However, Schmidt was unable to observe the spawning directly, nor did he find ready-to-spawn adults. From the size distribution, Schmidt formulated this part of the life history of the eel:

Distribution and size of leptocephali larvae of the European Eel, Anguilla anguilla.

The larvae of European eels travel with the Gulf Stream across the ocean and, after three years, reach England at a size of 45 mm. The common name for this stage is glasseel, based on the transparency of the body. One famous place for large-scale collection of glasseels (for deli-food and stocking) is Epney at the Severn in England. They migrate up rivers, overcoming all sorts of natural challenges — sometimes by piling up their bodies by the tens of thousands to climb over obstacles — and they reach even the smallest of creeks (short glasseel migration video). eel migration (image by Uwe Kils) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... eel migration (image by Uwe Kils) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For the album by Ocean Colour Scene, see North Atlantic Drift (album) The Gulf Stream is orange and yellow in this representation of water temperatures of the Atlantic. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... Severn redirects here. ...

glasseels at the transition between ocean and freshwater; the skin is still transparent and the red gills and the heart are visible; length ca. 8 cm

They can wind themselves over wet grass and dig through wet sand underground for 30 miles to reach upstream headwaters and ponds, colonising the continent. In fresh water they develop pigmentation, turn into elvers (young eels) and feed on creatures like small crustaceans, worms and insects. They grow up in 10 or 14 years to a length of 60 to 80 cm. In this stage they are now called yellow eels because of their golden pigmentation. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1172x779, 169 KB)glasseels image uwe kils gfdl self File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1172x779, 169 KB)glasseels image uwe kils gfdl self File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... gills of a Smooth Newt Gills inside of a tuna head In aquatic organisms, gills are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. ... Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods, comprising approximately 52,000 described species [1], and are usually treated as a subphylum [2].They include various familiar animals... For other uses, see Worm (disambiguation). ... Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrates that are taxonomically referred to as the class Insecta. ...

Juvenile eels, length ca. 25 cm

In July their instinct drives them back towards the seas, crossing even wet grasslands at night to reach the proper rivers. Eel migration out of the Baltic Sea through the Danish belts was the basis of traditional fisheries with characteristic trapnets (Bundgarn). Image File history File links Rostrata. ... Image File history File links Rostrata. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ...

Whether the adults can ever make the 6,000 km (4,000 mile) open ocean journey back to their spawning grounds north of the Antilles, Haiti, and Puerto Rico remains unknown. By the time they leave the continent their gut dissolves, so they have to rely on stored energy alone. The body undergoes other dramatic changes as well: the eyes start to grow, the eye pigments change for optimal vision in dim blue clear ocean light, and the sides of their bodies turn silvery, best suited to be as invisible as possible during the long open ocean cruise ahead and past many waiting predators. These migrating eels are often called "Silver Eel" or "Big Eyes". km redirects here. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... The Antilles (the same in French; Antillas in Spanish; Antillen in Dutch) refers to the islands forming the greater part of the West Indies in the Caribbean. ... A human eye. ...

The German fisheries biologist Friedrich Wilhelm Tesch, an eel expert and author of the book "The Eel" (ISBN 0-632-06389-0), equipped many expeditions with high-tech instrumentation to follow eel migration, first down the Baltic, then along the coasts of Norway and England, but finally lost the transmitter signals at the continental shelf when the batteries ran out. According to Schmidt a travel speed in the ocean of 15 km per day can be assumed, so a silver eel would need 140 to 150 days to reach the Sargasso Sea around Scotland and 165 to 175 when cruising through the Channel.

He — like Schmidt — kept on trying to persuade sponsors to give more funding for expeditions. His proposal was to release fifty Silver Eels from Danish waters with probes that will detach from the eels each second day, float up and broadcast position, depth and temperature to satellite receivers, possibly jointly with an equivalent release experiment from the countries of the western coast of the Atlantic. However, the experiments have not yet been performed.

Today our knowledge on the fate of the eels once they leave the continental shelf is based on three eels found in the stomachs of deep sea fish, a whale caught off Ireland and off the Azores and some experiments on fife eels. A Fin whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the smaller ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ... Motto: Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos (Rather die free than in peace subjugated) Anthem: A Portuguesa (national) Hino dos Açores (local) Capital Ponta Delgada (Presidency of the Regional Government) Angra do Heroísmo (Supreme Court)1 Horta (Legislative Assembly)2 Largest city Ponta Delgada Portuguese Government Autonomous...

Distribution and size of leptocephali larvae of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata

There is another Atlantic Eel species: the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. First it was believed European and American eels were of the same origin due to their similar appearance and behavior, but new works showed that they differ in chromosome count and various biochemical markers, and in the number of vertebrae, Anguilla anguilla' counting 110 to 119 and Anguilla rostrata 103 - 110. This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Kils. ... This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Kils. ... Binomial name Anguilla rostrata Le Sueur, 1821 The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is a fish found on the Eastern coast of the United States. ...

The spawning grounds for the two species are believed to be very close together, however, with rostrata probably more westward than anguilla, maybe some even within the Gulf of Mexico. These leptocephali exit the Gulf Stream earlier and reach east coast waterways between February and late April at an age of one year and a length of about 60 mm. Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ...

In contrast, the spawning ground of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, has now been precisely located: Japanese oceanographers have tracked the origin of the leptocephali to the western slopes of the Suruga seamount (Oceanic biology: spawning of eels near a seamount - K. Tsukamoto (23 Feb 2006); Nature 439(7079):929). Binomial name Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1847) The Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, is a species of eel found in Japan, Korea, the East China Sea and the northern Philippines. ...

Decline of the glasseels

No one yet knows the reasons, but beginning in the mid-1980s, the leptocephalus and glasseel arrival in the spring dropped drastically — in Germany to 10% and in France to 14% of their previous levels — from even conservative estimates. Data from Maine and other North American coasts showed similar declines, although not as drastic. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

In 1997 European demand for eels could not be met for the first time ever, and dealers from Asia bought all they could. The traditional European stocking programs could not compete any longer: each week the price for a kilogram of glasseel went up another US$30. Even before the 1997 generation hit the coasts of Europe, dealers from China alone placed advance orders for more than 250,000 kg, some bidding more than $1,100 per kg. Asian elvers have sold in Hong Kong for as much as $5,000 to $6,000 a kilogram at times when $1,000 would buy the same amount of American glasseels with gunfights at their catching sites. Such a kilogram, consisting of 5000 glasseels, may bring at least $60,000 and as much as $150,000 after they leave an Asian fish farm. In New Jersey over 2000 licences for glasseel catch were issued and reports of 38 kg per night and fisherman have been made, although the average catch is more like one kg, but 1000 dollar per night is not so bad. 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The demand for adult eels has continued to grow, as of 2003. Germany imported more than $50 million worth of eels in 2002. In Europe 25 million kg are consumed each year, but in Japan alone more than 100 million kg were consumed in 1996. As the European eels become less available, worldwide interest in American eels has increased dramatically. 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January events January 1 Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...

New high-tech eel aquaculture plants are appearing in Asia with detrimental effects on the native Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Traditional eel aquaculture operations rely on wild-caught elvers, but experimental hormone treatments in Japan have led to artificially spawned eels. Eggs from these treated eels have a diameter of about 1 mm, and each female can produce 2 to 10 million eggs. World map showing the location of Asia. ... Binomial name Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1847) The Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, is a species of eel found in Japan, Korea, the East China Sea and the northern Philippines. ...

Threats to eels

There are strong concerns that the European eel population might be devastated by a new threat: Anguillicola crassus, a foreign parasitic nematode. This parasite from East Asia (the original host is Anguilla japonica) appeared in European eel populations in the early 1980s. Since 1995 it also appeared in the United States (Texas and South Carolina), most likely due to uncontrolled aquaculture eel shipments. In Europe, eel populations are already from 30% to 100% infected with the nematode. Recently it was shown that this parasite inhibits the function of the swimbladder as a hydrostatic organ (Wuertz et al. 1996). As an open ocean voyager, eels need the carrying capacity of the swimbladder (which makes up 3–6% of the eel's bodyweight) to cross the ocean on stored energy alone. Anguillicola crassus is a nematode worm that lives in the swimbladder of eels and appears to spread easily among eel populations after introduction to a waterbody. ... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek νῆμα (nema): thread + ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) None See: Languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 268,581 sq mi (695,622 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... The gas bladder (also fish maw, less accurately swim bladder or air bladder) is an internal organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth, ascend, or descend without having to waste energy in swimming. ... Fluid pressure is the pressure on an object submerged in a fluid, such as water. ...

Because the eels are catadromous (living in fresh water but spawning in the sea), dams and other river obstructions can block their ability to reach inland feeding grounds. Since the 1970s an increasing number of eel ladders have been constructed in North America and Europe to help the fish bypass obstructions. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annual, and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... An eel ladder is type of fish ladder designed to help eels swim past barriers, such as dams and weirs or even natural barriers, to reach upriver feeding grounds. ...

Glasseel on the online in situ microscope at the LEO project.

In New Jersey, an ongoing project monitors the glasseel migration with an online in situ microscope. As soon as more funding becomes available, it will be possible to log into the system via a Longterm Ecological Observatory (LEO) site. This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Kils. ... This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Kils. ... ... Image File history File links Glasseelkils. ... Image File history File links Glasseelkils. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... ...

Further reading

• Tesch, F-W (2003) The eel. Blackwell Science, Oxford (UK). 1 - 408pp.

• Wenner, C.A. (1978). Anguillidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome.

• Smith, C.L. (1997). National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p.

• Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 174.

• Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 174.

• Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray (1986). A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p.

• Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.

• Ogden, J.C., J.A. Yntema, and I. Clavijo (1975). An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Spec. Publ. No. 3.

• Nigrelli, R.F. (1959). Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London.

• Nielsen, J.G. and E. Bertelsen (1992). Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s.

• Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, et al., eds. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, Sixth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 29. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ix + 386. ISBN 1-888569-61-1.

• Murdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, and John A. Musick 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. xi + 324. ISBN 1-56098-638-7.

• Lim, P., Meunier, F.J., Keith, P. and Noël, P.Y. (2002). Atlas des poissons et des crustacés d'eau douce de la Martinique. Patrimoines Naturels, 51: 120p. Paris: MNHN.

• Kenny, J.S. (1995). Views from the bridge: a memoir on the freshwater fishes of Trinidad. Julian S. Kenny, Maracas, St. Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago. 98 p.

• Jessop, B.M. (1987). Migrating American eels in Nova Scotia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 116:161-170.

• International Game Fish Association (1991). World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.

• Greenfield, D.W and J.E Thomerson (1997). Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. University Press of Florida, Florida. 311 p.

• Food and Agriculture Organization (1992). FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p.

• Fish, M.P. and W.H. Mowbray (1970). Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

• FAO (1997). Aquaculture production statistics 1986-1995. FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 9. 195 p.

• Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.

• Erdman, D.S. (1984). Exotic fishes in Puerto Rico. p. 162-176. In W.R. Courtney, Jr. and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA.

Comments: Full author list: Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, Héctor Espinosa-Pérez, Lloyd T. Findley, Carter R. Gilbert, Robert N. Lea, and James D. Williams Claro, Rodolfo, and Lynne R. Parenti / Claro, Rodolfo, Kenyon C. Lindeman, and L. R. Parenti, eds. 2001. Chapter 2: The Marine Ichthyofauna of Cuba. Ecology of the Marine Fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. 21-57. ISBN 1-56098-985-8.

• Claro, R. (1994). Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.

• Böhlke, J.E. and C.C.G. Chaplin (1993). Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. University of Texas Press, Austin.

• Butsch, R.S. (1939). A list of Barbadian fishes. J. B.M.H.S. 7(1):17-31.

• Bussing, W.A. (1998). Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica [Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica]. 2nd Ed. San José Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. 468 p.

• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.

• Andrew K. Townesmith, ITIS Data Development Technician: Nelson et al. (2004) Occurrence values: A-F:CUM

External links

• The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery Maine Department of Marine Resources
• Fishbase entry for Anguilla anguilla
• Fishbase entry for Anguilla rostrata
• ICES report about eel stock collapse
• U.K Glass Eels — a large commercial firm's website, with history and fact pages
• Projekt eelBASE
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