NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans

The effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans, Louisiana was catastrophic and long-lasting. As the center of Katrina passed east of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, winds were in the Category 2 range, and tidal surge was equivalent to about a Category 3 hurricane. Though the most severe portion of Katrina missed the city, the storm surge caused more than 50 breaches in drainage canal levees and also in navigational canal levees and precipitated the worst engineering disaster in US history. ^[1] This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ... NOLA redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

By August 31, 2005, eighty percent of New Orleans was flooded, with some parts under 15 feet of water. Most of the city's levees designed and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers were breached, including the 17th Street Canal levee, the Industrial Canal levee, and the London Avenue Canal floodwall. These breaches are responsible for at least two-thirds of the flooding according to a June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers. ^[2] is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is a federal agency made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ... Woman walks dog along the levee beside the floodwall on the Metarie side of the Canal, 11 November, 2005. ... The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... The London Avenue Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana does not connect Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River. ... â€œASCEâ€ redirects here. ...

Ninety percent of the residents of southeast Louisiana were evacuated in the most successful evacuation of a major urban area in the nation's history. Despite this, many remained (mainly the elderly and poor). The Louisiana Superdome was used as a designated "refuge of last resort" for those who remained in the city. The city flooded due primarily to the failure of the federally built levee system. Many who remained in their homes had to swim for their lives, wade through deep water, or remain trapped in their attics or on their rooftops. This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Louisiana Superdome, often informally referred to simply as the Superdome, The Dome or even the New Orleans Superdome is a large, multi-purpose sports and exhibition facility located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. ...

The disaster had major implications for a large segment of the population, economy and politics of the entire United States. It has prompted a Congressional review of the Army Corps of Engineers and the near total failure of the federally built flood protection system which experts agree should have protected the city's inhabitants from Katrina's surge. Katrina has also stimulated significant research in the academic community into urban planning, real estate finance, and economic issues in the wake of a natural disaster.^[3] Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal Politics of the United States takes place in a framework of a presidential... United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 military men and women. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Background

New Orleans was settled on a natural high ground along the Mississippi River. Later developments that eventually extended to nearby Lake Pontchartrain were built on fill to bring them above the average lake level. Navigable commercial waterways extended from the lake into the interior of the city to promote waterborne commerce. After the construction of the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal in 1940, the state closed these waterways causing the town's water table to lower drastically. After 1965, the United States Army Corps of Engineers built a levee system around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. These factors created subsidence of up to 8 feet (2 m) in some areas due to the consolidation of the underlying organic soils. For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... Lake Pontchartrains north shore at Fontainebleau State Park near Mandeville, Louisiana in 2004 Lake Pontchartrain (local English pronunciation ) (French: Lac Pontchartrain, pronounced ) is a brackish lake located in southeastern Louisiana. ... The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is a federal agency made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ...

A recent study by Tulane University notes that 49% of New Orleans is below sea level, with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground. The mean (average) elevation of the city is currently between 1 and 2 feet below sea level, with some portions of the city as high as 16 feet (5 m) and others as low as -10 feet (-3 m).

In 1965, heavy flooding caused by Hurricane Betsy brought concerns regarding flooding from hurricanes to the forefront. That year Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1965 which by federal mandate gave the US Army Corps of Engineers sole authority for the design and construction of the flood protection in the New Orleans metropolitan area. The local municipalities were charged with maintenance once the projects were completed. Hurricane Betsy was a powerful hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused enormous damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The New Orleans Metropolitan Area, consisting of the Greater New Orleans region and three addtional parishes which share the perimeter of Lake Ponchartrain, is the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Louisiana, centered around the city of New Orleans. ...

When authorized, this mandate was projected to take 13 years to complete. When Katrina made landfall in 2005, the project was between 60-90% complete with a projected date of completion estimated for 2015, nearly 50 years after it first gained authorization.

On August 29, 2005, flood walls and levees catastrophically failed throughout the metro area. Many collapsed well below design thresholds (17th Street and London Canals). Others collapsed after a brief period of overtopping (Industrial Canal) caused by “scouring” or erosion of the earthen levee walls– an egregious design flaw. The American Society of Civil Engineers refers to the flooding of New Orleans as the worst engineering disaster in US history[1]

Pre-Katrina preparations

The eye of Hurricane Katrina was forecast to pass to the east of New Orleans. In that event, the wind would come back from the north as the storm passed, forcing large volumes of water from Lake Pontchartrain against the levees and possibly into the city. It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14 to 18 feet (4 - 5 m), with waves reaching seven feet (2 m) above the storm surge. New Orleans, Louisiana sits between (and below) the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. ... Lake Pontchartrains north shore at Fontainebleau State Park near Mandeville, Louisiana in 2004 Lake Pontchartrain (local English pronunciation ) (French: Lac Pontchartrain, pronounced ) is a brackish lake located in southeastern Louisiana. ...

On August 28, at 10:00 a.m. CDT, the National Weather Service (NWS) field office in New Orleans issued a bulletin predicting catastrophic damage to New Orleans and the surrounding region. Anticipated effects included, at the very least, the partial destruction of half of the well-constructed houses in the city, severe damage to most industrial buildings, rendering them inoperable, the "total destruction" of all wood-framed low-rise apartment buildings, all windows blowing out in high-rise office buildings, and the creation of a huge debris field of trees, telephone poles, cars, and collapsed buildings.^[4] Lack of clean water was predicted to "make human suffering incredible by modern standards".^[5] is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Weather Service (NWS) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. ... The National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans of 10:11 AM, August 28, 2005 was a vividly-worded release issued by the local Weather Forecasting Office for New Orleans, Louisiana, warning of the devastation that the Gulf Coast of the United States was going to experience as a result...

It was also predicted that the standing water caused by the storm surge would render most of the city uninhabitable for weeks and that the destruction of oil and petrochemical refineries in the surrounding area would spill waste into the flooding. The resulting mess would coat every surface, converting the city into a toxic marsh until water could be drained. Some experts said that it could take six months or longer to pump all the water out of the city.^[6]

Evacuation order

In anticipation of widespread destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina, Max Mayfield, the director of the National Hurricane Center, telephoned New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin on the night of August 27 to express his extreme concern, and on the following day, made a video call to U.S. President George W. Bush at his farm in Crawford, Texas about the severity of the storm. National Weather Service Logo The U.S. National Hurricane Center is the division of National Weather Services Tropical Prediction Center responsible for tracking and predicting the likely behavior of tropical depressions, tropical storms and hurricanes. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... Clarence Ray Nagin, Jr. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Crawford is a Waco suburb located in western McLennan County, Texas. ...

With the hurricane threatening the Gulf Coast, many New Orleans residents started taking precautions to secure their homes and prepare for possible evacuation on Friday the 26th and Saturday the 27th. By mid morning on the 27th, many local gas stations which were not yet out of gas had long lines. Nagin first called for a voluntary evacuation of the city at 5:00 p.m. on August 27 and subsequently ordered a citywide mandatory evacuation at 9:30 a.m. on August 28, the first such order in the city's history. In a live news conference, Mayor Nagin predicted that, "the storm surge most likely will topple our levee system", and warned that oil production in the Gulf of Mexico would be shut down. President Bush made a televised appeal for residents to heed the evacuation orders, warning, "We cannot stress enough the danger this hurricane poses to Gulf Coast communities."^[7] Many neighboring areas and parishes also called for evacuations. By mid-afternoon, officials in Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, Lafourche, Terrebonne, Jefferson, St. Tammany, and Washington parishes had called for voluntary or mandatory evacuations."^[8] is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Plaquemines Parish is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ... St. ... St. ... Lafourche Parish is a parish located in the south of the state of Louisiana. ... Terrebonne Parish is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ... Jefferson Parish is a parish in Louisiana that includes most of the suburbs of New Orleans. ... St. ... Washington Parish is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ...

Although Mayor Ray Nagin ordered a mandatory evacuation of the city, many remained voluntarily, which a CNN writer described as "gambling with their own lives."^[9] Reasons were numerous, including a belief that their homes or the buildings in which they planned to stay offered sufficient protection, lack of financial resources or access to transportation, or a feeling of obligation to protect their property. These reasons were complicated by the fact that an evacuation the previous year for Ivan had resulted in the illnesses of many elderly people since cars were stalled in traffic for six to ten hours. The fact that Katrina occurred at the end of the month, before pay checks were in the hands of many was also significant.^[10] A "refuge of last resort" was designated at the Louisiana Superdome Beginning at noon on August 28 and running for several hours, city buses were redeployed to shuttle local residents from 12 pickup points throughout the city to the "shelters of last resort."^[11] The Louisiana Superdome, often informally referred to simply as the Superdome, The Dome or even the New Orleans Superdome is a large, multi-purpose sports and exhibition facility located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

By the time Hurricane Katrina came ashore early the next morning, approximately one million people had fled the city and its surrounding suburbs by the evening of August 28, while about 20,000 to 25,000 people remained in the city, taking shelter at the Louisiana Superdome, along with 550 National Guard troops. While supplies of MREs (Meals ready to eat) and bottled water were available at the Superdome, Nagin told survivors to bring blankets and enough food for several days, warning that it would be a very uncomfortable place. As the elevation of the Superdome is about three feet (1 m) above sea level, the forecasted storm surge was predicted to cause flooding on that site. Survivors were told to keep out of the lower levels of the structure, for fear it would be flooded. is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Louisiana Superdome, often informally referred to simply as the Superdome, The Dome or even the New Orleans Superdome is a large, multi-purpose sports and exhibition facility located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. ... The United States National Guard is a reserve forces component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air National Guard). ... An MRE packet, containing a spaghetti with meat sauce main course. ...

The Superdome had been used as a shelter in the past, such as during 1998s Hurricane Georges, because it was estimated to be able to withstand winds of up to 200 mph (320 km/h) and water levels of 35 feet (10 m). Lowest pressure 937 mbar (hPa; 27. ...

The entire southeastern Louisiana region was declared a disaster area by the Federal Government before Hurricane Katrina made landfall, and FEMA prepositioned 18 disaster medical teams, medical supplies and equipment, urban search and rescue teams along with millions of MREs, liters of water, tarpaulins, and truckloads of ice. FEMA redirects here. ...

Effects

Hurricane Katrina made its second and third landfalls in the Gulf Coast region on August 29, 2005 as a Category 3 hurricane. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1851x1117, 927 KB) Summary New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: Claude Avenue, Bywater neighborhood Checkpoint into severely damaged Lower 9th Ward neighborhood Photo by Infrogmation Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1851x1117, 927 KB) Summary New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: Claude Avenue, Bywater neighborhood Checkpoint into severely damaged Lower 9th Ward neighborhood Photo by Infrogmation Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans... The Ninth ward is a distinctive region of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States that is located in the eastern downriver portion of the city. ... The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms, and thereby become hurricanes. ...

On Monday August 29 area affiliates of local television station WDSU reported New Orleans was experiencing widespread flooding due to several Army Corps-built levee breaches, was without power, and that there were several instances of catastrophic damage in residential and business areas. Entire neighborhoods on the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain were flooded. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... WDSU NBC 6 is the NBC affiliate for the New Orleans, Louisiana television market. ...

The extensive flooding stranded many residents, who remained long after Hurricane Katrina had passed. Stranded survivors dotted the tops of houses citywide. Some were trapped inside attics, unable to escape. Many people chopped their way onto their roofs with hatchets and sledge hammers, which residents had been urged to keep in their attics in case of such events since Hurricane Betsy. Clean water was unavailable, and power outages were expected to last for weeks. Hurricane Betsy was a powerful hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused enormous damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. ...

By 11:00 p.m. on August 29, Mayor Nagin described the loss of life as "significant" with reports of bodies floating on the water throughout the city, though primarily in the eastern portions. There was no clean water or electricity in the city, and some hotels and hospitals reported diesel fuel shortages. The National Guard began setting up temporary morgues in select locations. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States National Guard is a reserve forces component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air National Guard). ...

Communications failures

Coordination of rescue efforts August 29 and August 30 were made difficult by disruption of the communications infrastructure. Many telephones, including most cell phones, and Internet access were not working due to line breaks, destruction of base stations, or power failures, even though some base stations had their own back-up generators. In a number of cases, reporters were asked to brief public officials on the conditions in areas where information was not reaching them any other way. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A typical BTS tower which holds the antenna. ...

All local television stations were disrupted. Local television stations, and newspapers, moved quickly to sister locations in nearby cities, yet New Orleans CBS-affiliate WWL-TV was the only local station to remain on the air during and after the storm. Broadcasting and publishing on the Internet became an important means of distributing information to evacuees and the rest of the world. WWL-TV CBS 4 is the CBS affiliate serving New Orleans, Louisiana, southeast Louisiana and parts of southern and coastal Mississippi. ...

Amateur radio provided tactical and emergency communications and handled health-and-welfare enquiries. Amateur radio station with modern solid-state transceiver featuring LCD and DSP capabilities Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a hobby and a service that uses various types of radio communications equipment to communicate with other radio amateurs for public service, recreation and self-training. ...

By September 4, a temporary communications hub was set up at the Hyatt Hotel in downtown New Orleans. is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Damage to buildings and roads

Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged. The only route out of the city was west on the Crescent City Connection as the I-10 Twin Span Bridge traveling east towards Slidell, Louisiana had collapsed. The 24-mile (39 km) long Lake Pontchartrain Causeway escaped unscathed but was only carrying emergency traffic.^{[citation needed]} Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but thankfully reported no flooding in airplane movement areas or inside of the building itself. By August 30, it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations. Commercial cargo flights resumed on September 10, and commercial passenger service resumed on September 13.^[12] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Louisiana Superdome, often informally referred to simply as the Superdome, The Dome or even the New Orleans Superdome is a large, multi-purpose sports and exhibition facility located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. ... The I-10 Twin Span Bridge, known locally as the Twin Spans, consists of two parallel trestle bridges. ... , Slidell is a city in St. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Not to be confused with the Pontchartrain Expressway, a section of Interstate 10 and U.S. 90 Business in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (IATA: MSY, ICAO: KMSY), formerly Moisant Field, is located in Kenner, Louisiana and is the primary commercial airport for the New Orleans metropolitan area of southeast Louisiana and the second largest airport on the United States Gulf Coast. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about transported goods. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On August 29, at 7:40 a.m. CDT, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out, and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage.^[13] The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Superdome sustained significant damage, including two sections of the roof that were compromised, and the dome's waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off. On August 30, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco ordered the complete evacuation of the remaining people that sought shelter in the Superdome.^[14] They were then transported to the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (born December 15, 1942) is a Democratic politician from and the current governor of Louisiana. ... The Louisiana Superdome, often informally referred to simply as the Superdome, The Dome or even the New Orleans Superdome is a large, multi-purpose sports and exhibition facility located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. ... The Reliant Astrodome, formerly just the Astrodome, is a domed sports stadium in Houston, Texas, and is part of the Reliant Park complex. ... Houston redirects here. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ...

Levee failures

As of mid-day Monday, August 29, the eye of Hurricane Katrina passed to the east of the City subjecting it to hurricane conditions, but sparing New Orleans the worst impact. The City seemed to have escaped most of the catastrophic wind damage and heavy rain that had been predicted. Most buildings came through well structurally. Sketch of New Orleans (shaded grey), indicating the locations of the principal breaches in the levees/floodwalls (dark blue arrows). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1153x1514, 814 KB) Location New Orleans, Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina (2005:08:29 17:24:22). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1153x1514, 814 KB) Location New Orleans, Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina (2005:08:29 17:24:22). ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Unfortunately, the storm surge had severely taxed the city's inadequately built levee system built by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ("MR-GO") breached its levees in approximately 20 places flooding much of eastern New Orleans, nearly all of Saint Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish. The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee, the London Avenue Canal, and the wide, navigable Industrial Canal, which left approximately 80% of the city flooded.^[15] There were three major breaches at the Industrial Canal; one on the upper side near the junction with MR-GO, and two on the lower side along the Lower Ninth Ward, between Florida Avenue and Claiborne Avenue. The 17th Street Canal levee was breached on the lower (New Orleans West End) side inland from the Old Hammond Highway Bridge, and the London Avenue Canal breached in two places, on the upper side just back from Robert E. Lee Boulevard, and on the lower side a block in from the Mirabeau Avenue Bridge. Flooding from the breaches put the majority of the city under water for days, in many places for weeks. Many roads and buildings was damaged by Hurricane Katrina. The Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal (also known as MRGO, MR-GO or Mr. ... St. ... Plaquemines Parish is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ... A levee, levÃ©e (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, to raise), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. ... Woman walks dog along the levee beside the floodwall on the Metarie side of the Canal, 11 November, 2005. ... A levee, levÃ©e (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, to raise), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. ... The London Avenue Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana does not connect Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River. ... The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... The two Lower Ninth Ward areas, including Holy Cross and the Lower Ninth Ward Neighborhood in relation to the rest of the city of New Orleans. ... Woman walks dog along the levee beside the floodwall on the Metarie side of the Canal, 11 November, 2005. ... A levee, levÃ©e (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, to raise), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. ... The London Avenue Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana does not connect Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River. ...

In a June, 2006 report on the disaster[2], the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers admitted that faulty design specifications, incomplete sections and substandard construction of levee segments, contributed to the damage done to New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina.[3] A report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers in June 2007 admitted that two-thirds of the flooding in the city could have been avoided if the levees had held.[4]

The failure of the Hurricane Protection Project of New Orleans has prompted many government officials to call for hearings, committees and investigations, including a call for an 8/29 Commission [5] to investigate both the engineering and decision-making behind the collapse of a flood protection system that should have held against Katrina's storm surge. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Loss of life

As of August 2, 2006, the official number of deceased victims from Louisiana was 1,464.^[16] The first deaths were reported shortly before midnight on August 28, 2005, as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge, most likely due to dehydration. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1180x757, 412 KB) Summary New Orleans (August 30, 2005) â€“ U.S. Coast Guard Petty Officer 2nd Class Shawn Beaty of Long Island, N.Y., looks for survivors in the wake of Hurricane Katrina as he flies in an HH-60J Jayhawk... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1180x757, 412 KB) Summary New Orleans (August 30, 2005) â€“ U.S. Coast Guard Petty Officer 2nd Class Shawn Beaty of Long Island, N.Y., looks for survivors in the wake of Hurricane Katrina as he flies in an HH-60J Jayhawk... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rest home for seniors in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Czech Republic SNF redirects here. ... For the Canadian restaurant, see Baton Rouge (restaurant). ...

On September 4, Mayor Nagin speculated that the death toll could rise as high as ten thousand after the clean-up was completed. Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead. is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

There were six deaths confirmed at the Superdome. Four of these were from natural causes, one was the result of a drug overdose, and one was a suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One out of these four is believed to be the result of a homicide.^[17] Body collection throughout the city began on approximately September 9. Prior to that date, the locations of corpses were recorded, but most were not retrieved. is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Aftermath

Civil disturbances

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, looting, violence, and other criminal activity became serious problems. With most of the attention of the authorities focused on rescue efforts, the security in New Orleans degraded quickly. By August 30, looting had spread throughout the city, often in broad daylight and in the presence of police officers. "The looting is out of control. The French Quarter has been attacked", City Councilwoman Jackie Clarkson said. "We're using exhausted, scarce police to control looting when they should be used for search and rescue while we still have people on rooftops."^[18] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1312x2000, 318 KB) Summary Image of a downtown fire in New Orleans the morning of September 2, 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1312x2000, 318 KB) Summary Image of a downtown fire in New Orleans the morning of September 2, 2005. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... For other uses, see Crime (disambiguation). ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... French Quarter: upper Chartres street looking down towards Jackson Square and the spires of St. ...

Incapacitated by the breakdown of transportation and communication, as well as overwhelmed in terms of numbers, police officers could do little to stop crime, and shopkeepers who remained behind were left to defend their property alone.^[19] Looters included gangs of armed gunmen, and gunfire was heard in parts of the city. Along with violent, armed robbery of non-essential valuable goods, many incidents were of residents simply gathering food, water and other essential commodities from unstaffed grocery stores. There were also reports of looting by some police officers.^[20] There was also significant looting reported continually in areas of the city with few, if any permanent residents, such as the Lakeview, Gentilly, and the Midcity regions.^[21]

"Sniper fire" was also reported throughout the city, targeted at rescue helicopters, relief workers, and police officers. One of the possibilities of the sniper fire was resistance to relocation or evacuation.^[22] An alternative explanation is that relief valves on pressurized tanks were opening to release pressure. The sound of a popping relief valve sounds very similar to gunfire. For other uses, see Sniper (disambiguation). ...

One report of violence involved police shooting six people on the Danziger Bridge, which carries the Chef Menteur Highway across the industrial canal, who were reportedly attacking contractors of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers involved in the 17th Street Canal repair.^[23] United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ... Woman walks dog along the levee beside the floodwall on the Metarie side of the Canal, 11 November, 2005. ...

Looting and violence was also hampering efforts to evacuate the Tulane University medical center, as well. Looters in boats with guns had attempted to break into the hospital but were repelled by hospital staff. "If we do not have the federal presence in New Orleans tonight at dark, it will no longer be safe to be there, hospital or no hospital", Acadian Ambulance Services C.E.O. Richard Zuschlag told CNN. Several news sources reported instances of fighting, theft, rape, and even murder in the Superdome and other refuge centers.^[24] Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Acadian Ambulance is an ambulance service that covers most of the state of Louisiana. ...

A significant number of initial reports of mass chaos, particularly in stories about the Superdome, were later found to be exaggerated or rumor.^[25] In the Superdome for example, the New Orleans sex crimes unit investigated every report of rape or atrocity and found only two verifiable incidents, both of sexual assault. The department head told reporters, ""I think it was urban myth. Any time you put 25,000 people under one roof, with no running water, no electricity and no information, stories get told." In a case of reported sniper fire, the "sniper" turned out to be the relief valve of a gas tank popping every few minutes.

Most of the city's 750 nuns had remained in the city during the storm. They refused to leave, even after Governor Blanco had ordered everyone left after the storm evacuated, because it would have been the only time in over 200 years that the clergy had left the city in a time of suffering. Many government officials were very concerned about their safety.

Additional acts of unrest occurred following the storm, particularly with the New Orleans Police Department. In the aftermath, a tourist asked a police officer for assistance, and got the response, "Go to hell, it's every man for himself."^[26] Also, many New Orleans police officers deserted the city in the days before the storm, many of them escaping in their department-owned patrol cars. This added to the chaos by stretching law enforcement thin [6]. Additionally, there were confirmed cases of police officers stealing vehicles from the Sewell Cadillac car dealership, further adding to the confusion. Several NOPD officers were arrested weeks after Katrina for suspicion of vehicle theft.^[27] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Lincoln Town Car is a rear wheel drive full-size luxury sedan and serves as the flagship of Fords Lincoln luxury car division. ... The New Orleans Police Department or NOPD has primary responsibility for law enforcement in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... For other uses, see Cadillac (disambiguation). ...

Gretna controversy

The City of Gretna on the West Bank received considerable press coverage when, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina (late August 2005), displaced and dehydrated survivors who attempted to escape from New Orleans by walking over the Crescent City Connection bridge over the Mississippi River were turned back at gunpoint by City of Gretna Police, along with Crescent City Connection Police and Jefferson Parish Sheriff's deputies, who set up a roadblock on the bridge in the days following the hurricane. According to eyewitnesses, some of these officers threatened to shoot New Orleans residents and tourists as they attempted to cross into Gretna on foot.[7] [8] [9] The city of Gretna is the parish seat of Jefferson Parish, in the US state of Louisiana. ... The city of Gretna is the parish seat of Jefferson Parish, in the US state of Louisiana. ... This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ... The Crescent City Connection, abbreviated as CCC, (formerly the Greater New Orleans Bridge) refers to twin cantilever bridges, that carry U.S. Route 90 Business over the Mississippi River in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... For other uses, see Roadblock (disambiguation). ...

Regaining control

On August 31, New Orleans's 1,500-member police force was ordered to abandon search and rescue missions and turn their attention toward controlling the widespread looting. The city also ordered a mandatory curfew. Mayor Nagin called for increased federal assistance in a, "desperate S.O.S.", following the city's inability to control looting and was often misquoted as declaring martial law in the city, despite there being no such term in Louisiana state law (a declaration of a state of emergency was instead made).^[28] On the same day, Governor Kathleen Blanco announced the arrival of a military presence, stating that they, "[knew] how to shoot and kill and [expected that] they [would]." Despite the increased law enforcement presence, crime continued to be problematic. Several armed attacks on relief helicopters, bus convoys, and police officers were reported^{[citation needed]}, and fires erupted around the city at stores and a chemical storage facility. By September 1, 6,500 National Guard troops had arrived in New Orleans, and on September 2, Blanco requested a total of 40,000 for assistance in evacuation and security efforts in Louisiana.^[29]^[30] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 508 pixel Image in higher resolution (4146 Ã— 2633 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 508 pixel Image in higher resolution (4146 Ã— 2633 pixel, file size: 1. ... The United States National Guard is a reserve forces component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air National Guard). ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see State of emergency (disambiguation). ... Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (born December 15, 1942) is a Democratic politician from and the current governor of Louisiana. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Some concern over the availability and readiness of the Louisiana National Guard to help stabilize the security situation was questioned. Guardsman Lieutenant Colonel Pete had commented that, "dozens of high water vehicles, humvees, refuelers, and generators were abroad."^[31] At the time of the hurricane, approximately 3,000 members of the Guard were serving a tour of duty in Iraq. With total personnel strength of 11,000, this meant that 27% of the Louisiana National Guard was away.^[32] However, both the White House and the Pentagon argued that the depletion of personnel and equipment did not impact the ability of the Guard to perform its mission — rather, impassable roads and flooded areas were the major factors impeding the Guardsmen from securing the situation in New Orleans. For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... This article is about the United States military building. ...

Before Hurricane Katrina, the murder rate in New Orleans was ten times higher than the U.S. average. After the situation in New Orleans was brought under control, criminal activity in New Orleans dropped significantly.^[33]

The Superdome

As one of the largest structures in the city, evacuees were brought to the Superdome to wait out the storm or to await further evacuation. Many others made their way to the Superdome on their own, hoping to find food, water, shelter, or transport out of town. On August 29, Katrina passed over New Orleans with such force that it ripped two holes in the Superdome roof. On the evening of August 30, Maj. Gen. Bennett C. Landreneau, of the Louisiana National Guard, said that the number of people taking shelter in the Superdome had risen to around 15,000 to 20,000 as search and rescue teams brought more people to the Superdome from areas hard-hit by the flooding.^[34] As conditions worsened and flood waters continued to rise, on August 31, Governor Blanco ordered that all of New Orleans, including the Superdome, be evacuated. The area outside the Superdome was flooded to a depth of three feet (1 m), with a possibility of seven feet (2.3 m) if the area equalized with Lake Pontchartrain. Governor Blanco had the state send in 68 school buses on Monday to begin evacuating people.^[35] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 1127 KB) New Orleans, LA. August 28, 2005 -- Residents are bringing their belongings and lining up to get into the Superdome which has been opened as a hurricane shelter in advance of hurricane Katrina. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 1127 KB) New Orleans, LA. August 28, 2005 -- Residents are bringing their belongings and lining up to get into the Superdome which has been opened as a hurricane shelter in advance of hurricane Katrina. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3008x2000, 3331 KB) Summary Photograph of the roof damage to the Louisiana Superdome following Hurricane Katrina. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3008x2000, 3331 KB) Summary Photograph of the roof damage to the Louisiana Superdome following Hurricane Katrina. ... The Louisiana Superdome, often informally referred to simply as the Superdome, The Dome or even the New Orleans Superdome is a large, multi-purpose sports and exhibition facility located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Despite increasingly squalid conditions, the population inside continued to grow. The situation inside the building was described as chaotic; reports of fights, rape, and filthy living conditions were widespread. At the time, as many as 100 were reported to have died in the Superdome, with most deaths resulting from heat exhaustion, but other reported incidents included an accused rapist who was beaten to death by a crowd and an apparent suicide.^[36] Despite these reports, though, the final official death toll was significantly less: six people inside (4 of natural causes, one overdose, and an apparent suicide) and a few more in the general area outside the stadium.^[17]

FEMA had announced that, in conjunction with Greyhound, the National Guard, and Houston Metro, the 25,000 people at the Superdome would be relocated across state lines to the Houston Astrodome. The Dallas Fort Worth area were originally planned to take in evacuees but later refused to take in any more people because of people blaming pre-Katrina evacuees for an extremely rapid increase in crime. Roughly 475 buses were promised by FEMA to ferry evacuees with the entire evacuation expected to take two days.^[37] By September 4, the Superdome had been completely evacuated. New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is an agency of the United States government dedicated to swift response in the event of disasters, both natural and man-made. ... Greyhound Lines is the largest inter-city common carrier of passengers by bus in North America , serving 2,200 destinations in the United States. ... A group of METRO buses parked at the Texas Medical Center Transit Center The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates bus, lift bus, and light rail service in Harris County, Texas, which includes Houston. ... Reliant Astrodome, also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome, is a domed sports stadium, the first of its kind, located in Houston, Texas. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Although the Superdome suffered damage by water and wind to the overall interior and exterior structures, as well as interior damage from human waste and trash, the facility was repaired at a cost of $140 Million and ready for games by the autumn of 2006.^[38] The Saints' first game in the Superdome after Hurricane Katrina was played on September 25, 2006 (the third Monday night of the regular season), resulting in a 23-3 Saints victory over the Atlanta Falcons. USD redirects here. ... City New Orleans, Louisiana Team colors Gold and black Head Coach Sean Payton Owner Tom Benson and Rita Benson LeBlanc General manager Mickey Loomis Mascot Gumbo the dog League/Conference affiliations National Football League (1967â€“present) Eastern Conference (1967-1969) Capitol Division (1967; 1969) Century Division (1968) National Football Conference... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... MNF redirects here. ... City Atlanta, Georgia Team colors Black, Red, and White Head Coach Bobby Petrino Owner Arthur Blank General manager Rich McKay Mascot Freddie Falcon League/Conference affiliations National Football League (1966â€“present) Eastern Conference (1966) Western Conference (1967-69) Coastal Division (1967-1969) National Football Conference (1970-present) NFC West (1970...

New Orleans Convention Center

Because of Hurricane Katrina, the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center suffered a loss of water pressure and electricity, and one of its convention halls had a large hole in its ceiling. The center was otherwise only lightly damaged.^[39] The Ernest N. Morial Convention Center is a collection of buildings in New Orleans, Louisiana. ...

On August 29, as people were being turned away at the Superdome and rescues continued, rescuers began dropping people off at the Convention Center, which, at 8 feet (2 m) above sea level, easily escaped the flood. Captain MA Pfeiffer of the NOPD was quoted as saying, "It was supposed to be a bus stop where they dropped people off for transportation. The problem was, the transportation never came."^[39] By the afternoon of the 29th, the crowd had grown to about 1,000 people. The convention center's president (who was there with a small group of convention center employees at this time) addressed the crowd near dark, informing them that there was no food, water, medical care, or other services. By late on the evening of the 29th, the convention center had been broken into, and evacuees began occupying the inside of the convention center.^[39] is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

A contingent of 250 National Guard engineering units occupied one part of the convention center beginning August 30 and remained there until September 1, at times barricaded in their location. The units were never given orders to control the crowd, and were not expected to be prepared for such a task, as engineering units.^[39] The number of people at the convention center continued to grow over the next three days by some estimates to as many as 20,000 people. Reasons for arriving included being sent to the convention center from the overwhelmed Superdome, being dropped off there by rescuers, or hearing about the convention center as a shelter via word of mouth. No checking for weapons was done among the crowd as was done at the Superdome, and a large store of alcohol kept at the Convention Center was broken into. Reports of robberies, murder, and rape began to surface, though were later questioned.^[40]^[41] In general, those who died, regardless of cause of death, did not have their bodies moved or removed. is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

By September 1, the facility, like the Superdome, was completely overwhelmed and declared unsafe and unsanitary. However, even though there were thousands of people who were evacuating at the center, along with network newscasters, pleading desperately for help on CNN, FOX, and other broadcast outlets, FEMA head Michael Brown and Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff both claimed to have no knowledge of the use of the Convention Center as a shelter until the afternoon of September 1.^[42] is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Michael Brownie Brown For other people of the same name, see Michael Brown (disambiguation). ... The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... [[Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2007]] Michael Chertoff (born November 28, 1953) is the current United States Secretary of Homeland Security. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

A sizable contingent of National Guard arrived on September 2 to establish order and provide essential provisions, and on September 3, buses began arriving at the convention center to pick up the refugees there.^[39] The Convention Center was completely evacuated by September 4. is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Evacuation efforts

On August 31, a public health emergency was declared for the entire Gulf Coast, and Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ordered a mandatory evacuation of all those remaining in New Orleans. Relief organizations scrambled to locate suitable areas for relocating evacuees on a large scale. Many of the survivors in the Superdome were bussed to the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. Houston agreed to shelter an additional 25,000 evacuees beyond those admitted to the Astrodome, including one "renegade bus" that was commandeered by private citizen Jabbar Gibson, who had been released on bond from the Orleans Parish Prison just days before the storm hit, and had a previous criminal conviction. By September 1, the Astrodome was declared full and could not accept any more evacuees. The George R. Brown Convention Center nearby was opened to house additional evacuees. San Antonio, Texas also agreed to house 25,000 "refugees", beginning relocation efforts in vacant office buildings on the grounds of KellyUSA, a former air force base, and the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas was mobilized to house incoming evacuees, and smaller shelters were established in towns across Texas and Oklahoma. Arkansas also opened various shelters and state parks throughout the state for evacuees. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1993x3000, 2618 KB) Summary Air National Guard members deliver water and food to stranded citizens here after the city was devastated by Hurricane Katrina. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1993x3000, 2618 KB) Summary Air National Guard members deliver water and food to stranded citizens here after the city was devastated by Hurricane Katrina. ... Jefferson Parish is a parish in Louisiana that includes most of the suburbs of New Orleans. ... , Metairie (local pronunciations , ) is a suburb of New Orleans. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (born December 15, 1942) is a Democratic politician from and the current governor of Louisiana. ... Reliant Astrodome, also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome, is a domed sports stadium, the first of its kind, located in Houston, Texas. ... Houston redirects here. ... Jabbar Gibson being interviewed by Texas television station, KRGV. Jabbar Gibson (reported also as Jabbor or Jabar) is an 20-year old man who on September 1, 2005, drove an abandoned New Orleans school bus from the flooded area after Hurricane Katrina to Houston, Texas, to rescue victims of the... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The George R. Brown Convention Center was opened on September 26, 1987 on the east side of downtown Houston. ... San Antonio redirects here. ... Kelly Air Force Base was a United States Air Force base located in San Antonio, Texas. ... Reunion Arena is an indoor arena in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). ... Dallas redirects here. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

Expected to last only two days, the evacuation of remaining evacuees proved more difficult than rescue organizations anticipated as transportation convoys struggled with damaged infrastructure and a growing number of evacuees. By the morning of September 1, Governor Blanco reported that the number of evacuees in the Superdome was down to 2,500. However, by evening, eleven hours after evacuation efforts began, the Superdome held 10,000 more people than it did at dawn. Evacuees from across the city swelled the crowd to about 30,000, believing the arena was the best place to get a ride out of town. is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Evacuation efforts were hastened on September 2 by the wider dispersal of evacuees among newly-opened shelters. Louis Armstrong International Airport was reopened to allow flights related to relief efforts, and began to load evacuees onto planes as well. is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (IATA: MSY, ICAO: KMSY), formerly Moisant Field, is located in Kenner, Louisiana and is the primary commercial airport for the New Orleans metropolitan area of southeast Louisiana and the second largest airport on the United States Gulf Coast. ...

On September 3, some 42,000 evacuees were evacuated from New Orleans, including those remaining in the Superdome and Convention Center. Efforts turned to the hundreds of people still trapped in area hotels, hospitals, schools and private homes.^[43] is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 6, Mayor Ray Nagin ordered a forced evacuation of everyone from the city who as not involved in clean up work, citing safety and health concerns.^[44] The order was given not only as an attempt to restore law and order, but also out of concern about the hazardous living conditions in the city. Eviction efforts escalated three days later, when door-to-door searches were conducted to advise remaining residents to leave the city. Despite this, a number of residents defied the eviction order. While initially lax in enforcing evictions, National Guard troops eventually began to remove residents by force.^[45] is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Health effects

There was a concern that the prolonged flooding would lead to an outbreak of health problems for those who remained in the city. In addition to dehydration and food poisoning, there was also potential for the spread of hepatitis A, cholera, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever, all related to the growing contamination of food and drinking water supplies in the city compounded by the city's characteristic heat and stifling humidity. Survivors could also face long-term health risks due to prolonged exposure to the petrochemical tainted flood waters and mosquito-borne diseases such as yellow fever, malaria and West Nile Virus. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1594x2400, 1055 KB) Summary Capt. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1594x2400, 1055 KB) Summary Capt. ... For the Lockheed aircraft with this designation, see C-17 Super Vega. ... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ... Foodborne illness or food poisoning is caused by consuming food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites. ... Species Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ... Cholera (or Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is an extreme diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... For a similar disease with a similar name, see typhus. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus of the family Flaviviridae; part of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. ...

On September 2, an emergency triage center was set up at the airport. A steady stream of helicopters and ambulances brought in the elderly, sick, and injured. Baggage equipment was used as gurneys to transport people from the flight line to the hospital, which was set up in the airport terminal. The scene could be described as, "organized chaos", but efficient. By September 3, the situation started to stabilize. Up to 5,000 people had been triaged and fewer than 200 remained at the medical unit. is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Typical triage tag used for emergency mass casualty decontamination. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Typical triage tag used for emergency mass casualty decontamination. ...

Hospital evacuations continued from other area hospitals that were flooded or damaged. Reports from the Methodist Hospital indicated that people were dying of dehydration and exhaustion while the staff worked unendingly in horrendous conditions. The first floor of the hospital flooded and the dead were stacked in a second floor operating room. Patients requiring ventilators were kept alive with hand-powered resuscitation bags. The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ...

Among the many hospitals shut down due to destruction related to the hurricane was the public hospital serving New Orleans, Charity Hospital, which was also the only trauma center serving that region. The destruction of the hospital's structure has forced the continued closure through 2007 as funding for a new building is sought out. Charity Hospital is one of two teaching hospitals which are part of the Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans (MCLNO). ...

On September 6, E. coli was detected in the water supply. According to the CDC, five people died from bacterial infections caused by the toxic waters. The deaths appear to have been caused by Vibrio vulnificus bacteria, of the Cholera family.^[46] is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... See also Entamoeba coli. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... Cholera (or Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is an extreme diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ...

See also

The criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of condemnations of mismanagement and lack of preparation in the relief effort in response to Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. ... Damage to Long Beach, Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina (click to enlarge) Hurricane Katrinas winds and storm surge reached the Mississippi coastline on the afternoon of August 28, 2005,[1][2] beginning a two-day path of destruction through central Mississippi; by 10 a. ... This article covers the Hurricane Katrina effects by region, within the United States and Canada. ... The film Hurricane on the Bayou is about the wetlands of Louisiana before and after Hurricane Katrina. ... New Orleans, Louisiana sits between (and below) the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. ... Sketch of New Orleans (shaded grey), indicating the locations of the principal breaches in the levees/floodwalls (dark blue arrows). ... The devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina has already begun to have significant political effects manifested in the failure of the US Army Corps flood protection that experts agree should have held against Katrinas storm surge as well as criticism of government response. ... The Posse Comitatus Act is a United States federal law () passed on June 16, 1878 after the end of Reconstruction. ... The effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans was catastrophic due to failure of the flood protection that experts agree worldwide should have protected the city. ... The logo for When the Levees Broke shows the title on a depiction of a damaged New Orleans street sign When the Levees Broke, subtitled A Requiem in Four Acts is a 2006 documentary film directed by Spike Lee, about the devastation of New Orleans, Louisiana due to the failure...

References

^ http://www.levees.org/research/sources/Newhouse%20A1.htm
^ http://www.asce.org/static/hurricane/whitehouse.cfm
^ John A. Kilpatrick and Sofia Dermisi, "The Aftermath of Katrina: Recommendations for Real Estate Research", Journal of Real Estate Literature, Spring, 2007.
^ "Urgent Weather Message." National Weather Service/New Orleans, Louisiana. August 28, 2005.
^ Whittell, Giles. "Warnings were loud and clear - but still city drowned." The Times. September 8, 2005.
^ Galle, Julie. "Special Report: Vulnerable Cities: New Orleans, LA." The Weather Channel. Accessed on April 30, 2006.
^ Hauser, Christine; Lueck, Thomas J. "Mandatory Evacuation Ordered for New Orleans as Storm Nears." New York Times. August 28, 2005.
^ Nolan, Bruce. "Katrina Takes Aim." Times-Picayune. August 28, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "New Orleans braces for monster hurricane." CNN. August 29, 2005
^ Elizabeth Fussell "Leaving New Orleans: Social Stratification, Networks, and Hurricane Evacuation."
^ Olsen, Lise. "City had evacuation plan but strayed from strategy." Houston Chronicle. September 8, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "New Orleans Airport To Reopen This Week." Airwise. September 11, 2005. Retrieved on November 24, 2006.
^ Transcript from, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. "Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast." PBS. August 29, 2005.
^ Rourke, Matt. "New Orleans outlook bleak; 100 dead in Miss." USA Today. August 30, 2005.
^ Murphy, Verity. "Fixing New Orleans' thin gray line." BBC News. October 4, 2005.
^ "Reports of Missing and Deceased." Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. April 18, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Thevenot, Brian; Russell, Gordon. "Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated." Seattle Times. September 26, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "Governor: Evac Superdome, Rescue Centers." Fox News. August 30, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "The looting is out of control." The Globe and Mail. August 31, 2005.
^ Fisher, David. "Kiwi cop one of six remaining in Katrina aftermath." New Zealand Herald. September 4, 2005.
^ Dwyer, Jim; Drew, Christopher. "Fear Exceeded Crime's Reality in New Orleans." New York Times. September 29, 2005.
^ Jonsson, Patrick. "In New Orleans, not everyone wants to be rescued." Christian Science Monitor. September 6, 2005.
^ Sabludowsky, Steve. "Death on New Orleans Bridge." Bayou Buzz. September 4, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "Britons describe hurricane ordeal." BBC News. September 6, 2005.
^ Dwyer, Jim; Drew, Christopher. "Fear Exceeded Crime's Reality in New Orleans." New York Times. September 29, 2005.
^ Parry, Ryan. "MISSISSIPPI BURNING: Pollution hell as fires, explosions and oil spills follow the hurricane." The Daily Mirror. September 3, 2005. Retrieved on September 20, 2006.
^ United States Congress (February 19, 2006). A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina (PDF), Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 241. Retrieved on 2006-05-15.
^ Borger, Justin. "Mayor issues SOS as chaos tightens its grip." The Guardian. September 2, 2005.
^ Breen, Allen G. "Explosions Fill New Orleans Sky With Smoke (this link no longer valid)." ABC News. September 2, 2005.
^ Barringer, Felicity; Longman, Jere. "Police and Owners Begin to Challenge Looters." New York Times. September 1, 2005.
^ Zunes, Stephen. "A Hurricane of Consequences." Alternet. September 4, 2005.
^ Berger, Julian; Campbell, Duncan. "Why did help take so long to arrive?" The Guardian. September 3, 2005.
^ Ripley, Amanda. "What Happened to the Gangs of New Orleans?" [[Time (magazine)|]] magazine. May 22, 2006.
^ Staff Writer. "Governor: Evac Superdome, Rescue Centers." Fox News/Associated Press. August 30, 2005.
^ Anderson, Ed. "School buses used to evacuate." Times-Picayune. September 1, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "Britons describe hurricane ordeal." BBC News. September 6, 2005.
^ Anderson, Ed; Moller, Jan. "Update on Superdome Evacuation." Times-Picayune. August 31, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "NFL, at Saints' urging, kicks in $20 million for dome repairs." KCEN-TV. January 31, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Haygood, Wil and Tyson, Ann Scott. "It Was as if All of Us Were Already Pronounced Dead". Washington Post. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on November 24, 2006.
^ Gifford, Alec. "40 Rapes Reported in Hurricane Katrina, Rita Aftermath." WDSU. December 23, 2005.
^ Burnett, John. "More Stories Emerge of Rapes in Post-Katrina Chaos." National Public Radio. December 21, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "The big disconnect on New Orleans." CNN. September 2, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "House-to-house rescues under way in New Orleans." CNN. September 5, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "New Orleans will force evacuations." CNN. September 7, 2005.
^ Dwyer, Timothy; Tyson, Ann Scott. "Troops Escalate Urgency of Evacuation." Washington Post. September 9, 2005.
^ Staff Writer. "The latest on Katrina's aftermath." CNN. September 7, 2005.

Dr. John A. Kilpatrick (born on January 7, 1954, Portsmouth, Virginia) is a business executive and author in the real estate field. ... The National Weather Service (NWS) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. ... NOLA redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Weather Channel (TWC) is a cable and satellite television network that broadcasts weather and weather-related news 24 hours a day. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Orleans Times-Picayune is the major daily newspaper serving New Orleans, Louisiana. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Houston Chronicle is a daily newspaper in Houston, Texas, United States. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer is an evening television news program broadcast weeknights on PBS in the United States. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The daily Seattle Times is the leading newspaper in Seattle, Washington, United States. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fox News Channels slogan is We Report, You Decide The Fox News Channel is a U.S. cable and satellite news channel. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English-language nationally distributed newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities across the country. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Zealand Herald is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is an international newspaper published daily, Monday through Friday. ... is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alternate newspaper: The Daily Mirror (Australia) The Daily Mirror is a British tabloid daily newspaper. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... The logotype of the United States Government Printing Office In the United States, the Government Printing Office (GPO) provides printed (and now electronic) copies of documents produced by and for all federal agencies, including the Supreme Court, the Congress, and all executive branch agencies like the FCC and EPA. Court... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ABC News logo ABC News Special Report ident, circa 2006 ABC News is a division of American television and radio network ABC, owned by The Walt Disney Company. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... AlterNet, a project of the non-profit Independent Media Institute, is a progressive news website that was launched in 1998 and receives over 2 million visitors per month. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fox News Channels slogan is We Report, You Decide The Fox News Channel is a U.S. cable and satellite news channel. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Orleans Times-Picayune is the major daily newspaper serving New Orleans, Louisiana. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Orleans Times-Picayune is the major daily newspaper serving New Orleans, Louisiana. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... WDSU NBC 6 is the NBC affiliate for the New Orleans, Louisiana television market. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... NPR redirects here. ... is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Background

Pre-Katrina preparations

Evacuation order

Effects

Communications failures

Damage to buildings and roads

Levee failures

Loss of life

Aftermath

Civil disturbances

Gretna controversy

Regaining control

The Superdome

New Orleans Convention Center

Evacuation efforts

Health effects

See also

References

External links

Contents

Background GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Pre-Katrina preparations

Evacuation order

Effects

Communications failures

Damage to buildings and roads

Levee failures

Loss of life

Aftermath

Civil disturbances

Gretna controversy

Regaining control

The Superdome

New Orleans Convention Center

Evacuation efforts

Health effects

See also

References

External links

Background