An effect system is a formal system which describes the computational effects of computer programs, such as side effects. An effect system can be used to provide a compile-time checking of the possible effects of the program. In logic, mathematics, and computer science, a formal system is a formal grammar used for modelling purposes. ... In computer science, a side-effect is a property of a programming language function that it modifies some state other than its return value. ...
An effect system is typically an extension of a type system. The term "type and effect system" is sometimes used in this case. On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ...
References
C. Hankin, F Nielson, H.R. Nielson. Principles of Program Analysis. ISBN 3540654100
In computing, the Second-system effect or sometimes, more euphoniously, second-system syndrome is when one is designing the successor to a relatively small, elegant, and successful system, there is a tendency to become grandiose in one's success and design an elephantine feature-laden monstrosity.
Building directly on this interpretation of this experience, the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems let programs interact only through files, and these operating systems generally have been reported to be both robust and flexible.
Although highly subjective, sequels to successful movies are generally less sucessful than their predecessors because of a general statement of the second systemeffect: When some large undertaking is successful, its creators tend to become arrogant and throw resources at a successor, to disastrous effect.
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