The ancient civil Egyptian Calendar, known as the Annus Vagus or "Wandering Year", had a year that was 365 days long, consisting of 12 months of 30 days each, plus 5 extra days at the end of the year. The months were divided into 3 "weeks" of ten days each.

This calendar was in use by 2400 BCE, and possibly before that. It was used throughout antiquity. It was used by astronomers in the Middle Ages because of its mathematical regularity. A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72. ... The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

The Egyptian calendar was simple, but it is neither a lunar nor a solar calendar. Months do not correspond to lunar months, and years do not correspond to solar years. The Egyptians were aware of this, and calculated their seasonal year by the stars, to be the time between successive heliacal risings of the star Sirius (which the Egyptians called Sopdet and the Greeks called Sothis). The heliacal rising of Sothis returned to the same point in the calendar every 1460 years (a period called the Sothic cycle). The difference between a seasonal year and a civil year was therefore 365 days in 1460 years, or 1 day in 4 years. Similarly, the Egyptians were aware that 309 lunations nearly equalled 9125 days, or 25 Egyptian years, which was likely used in the construction of a secondary lunar calendar. It has been suggested that lunar year be merged into this article or section. ... A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving on the celestial sphere). ... The heliacal rising of a star (or other body such as the moon or a planet) occurs when it first becomes visible above the eastern horizon at dawn, after a period where it was hidden below the horizon or when it was just above the horizon but hidden by the... Sirios (α CMa / α Canis Majoris / Alpha Canis Majoris) is the brightest star in the night-time sky, with a visual apparent magnitude of −1. ... The Sothic cycle or Canicular period is a period of 1461 ancient Egyptian years (of 365 days) or 1460 Julian years (averaging 365. ...

According to the Roman writer Censorinus, the Egyptian New Year's Day fell on July 20 on the Julian Calendar in 139 CE, which was a heliacal rising of Sirius in Egypt. From this it is possible to calculate that the previous occasion on which this occurred was 1322 BCE, and the one before that was 2782 BCE. This latter date has been postulated as the time when the calendar was invented, though earlier historians tended to push it back another whole cycle, to 4242 BCE. This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Censorinus, Roman grammarian and miscellaneous writer, flourished during the 3rd century AD. He was the author of a lost work De Accentibus and of an extant treatise De Die Natali, written in 238, and dedicated to his patron Quintus Caerellius as a birthday gift. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... Events Births Deaths Zhang Heng, Chinese mathematician Categories: 139 ... (Redirected from 1322 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC - 1320s BC - 1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC Events and Trends Egypt: End of Eighteenth Dynasty, start of Nineteenth Dynasty (1320... The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. ... // Events 4860 BC - Mount Mazama in Oregon collapses, forming a caldera that later fills with water and becomes Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. ...

In 238 BCE, the Ptolemaic rulers decreed that every 4th year should be 366 days long rather than 365. That practice was not followed, however, until the introduction of the "Alexandrian Calendar" in 22 BCE by Augustus. Calendars in use today (the Coptic Calendar and the Ethiopian calendar) are similar, as was the French Revolutionary calendar. Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC - 238 BC - 237 BC 236 BC... cleopatra ruled seneca for 10 years before she ruled Egypt. ... The Decree of Canopus (Stone of Canopus) is the memorial Stone inscribed by the Pharaoh, Ptolemy III, Euergetes, in 239 B.C.E. This is the beginning of the discussion of the Rosetta Stone Series stones, with the 2nd stone being the Decree of Memphis (Ptolemy IV), for Ptolemy IV... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22 BC 21 BC 20 BC 19 BC 18 BC 17... Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC–August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (English Octavian; Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important of... The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. ... The Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር yeĪtyōṗṗyā zemen āḳoá¹­aá¹­er) or Ethiopic calendar is the principal calendar used in Ethiopia, as well as in Eritrea before it became independent. ... The French Revolutionary Calendar or French Republican Calendar is a calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and in use by the French government for 13 years from 1793. ...

British orrery maker John Gleave represented the Egyptian calendar in a reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism. A small orrery showing earth and the inner planets An orrery is a mechanical device that illustrates the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons in the solar system in heliocentric model. ... The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment) The Antikythera mechanism (Greek: O μηχανισμός των Αντικυθήρων transliterated as O mēchanismós tōn Antikythērōn) is an ancient mechanical analog computer (as opposed to digital computer) designed to calculate astronomical positions. ...

For most of Egyptian history, the months were not given individual names but rather were numbered within the three seasons of Akhet (Inundation), Proyet (Emergence), and Shomu (Harvest). During the New Kingdom, however, each month was given its own name. These eventually evolved into the Hellenistic names that were used among others for chronology by Ptolemy in his Almagest, and are still used today by the Coptic Church. The convention amongst modern Egyptologists is to number the months consecutively using Roman numerals. The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance... Pictoral chronology of intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency Chronology is the science of locating events in time. ... A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; c. ... Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i. ... Christ - Coptic Art Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately AD 60). ... Egyptology is the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and Egyptian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. ... The system of Roman numerals is a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. ...

The Egyptian calendar is still observed in Egypt today, especially by the fellahin who rely on it to calculate the agricultural seasons. It is also associated with many local festivals throughout the country. Fellah (plural Fellahin) is an peasant or agricultural laborer in an Arab country, such as Syria or Egypt. ...

Coptic is the most recent phase of ancient Egyptian. ... Egyptian Arabic (Marī, مصري) is part of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, descended mainly from a medieval dialect of Arabic. ... Thout also known as Tout is the first month of the Coptic calendar. ... Paopi also known as Baba is the second month of the Coptic calendar. ... Hathor also known as Hatour is the third month of the Coptic calendar. ... Koiak also known as Kiahk is the fourth month of the Coptic calendar. ... Tobi also known as Touba is the fifth month of the Coptic calendar. ... Meshir also known as Amshir is the sixth month of the Coptic calendar. ... Paremhat also known as Baramhat is the seventh month of the Coptic calendar. ... Paremoude also known as Barmouda is the eighth month of the Coptic calendar. ... Pashons also known as Bashans is the ninth month of the Coptic calendar. ... Paoni also known as Baona is the tenth month of the Coptic calendar. ... Epip also known as Abib is the eleventh month of the Coptic calendar. ... Mesori also known as Mesra is the twelfth month of the Coptic calendar. ...

External links

• Date Converter for Ancient Egypt
• Calendrica Includes the Egyptian civil calendar with years in Ptolemy's Nabonassar Era (year 1 = 747 BC).
• CIVIL4.0 On this page CIVIL4.0 may be found, a tiny DOS program (Zipped, 25kB) to convert Egyptian Civil dates into Julian and Gregorian dates, B.C. and A.D.
• Detailed information about the Egyptian calendars, including lunar cycles