 Stained glass window showing Eilmer, installed in Malmesbury Abbey in 1920 in memory of Rev. Canon C. D. H. McMillan, Vicar of Malmesbury from 1907 to 1919. SHELBY STEPHENSMedia:Example.oggMedia:Example.oggMedia:Example.oggMedia:Example.oggInsertformulahereInsertformulahereInsertformulahereInsertformulahereInsertformulahereInsert non-formatted text here--216.11.184.10 13:07, 10 April 2006 (UTC) Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (681x1509, 394 KB) Stained glass window showing Eilmer, installed in Malmesbury Abbey in 1920 in memory of Rev. ...
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(also known as Oliver due to a scribal miscopying, or Elmer), an 11th century English Benedictine monk. He is best known for an early attempt at flight using mechanical wings during his youth in the early 11th century. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ...
The longest lasting of the western Catholic monastic orders, the Benedictine Order traces its origins to the adoption of the monastic life by St. ...
pre-10th century aviation c. ...
Eilmer Eilmer was a monk of Malmesbury Abbey who studied mathematics and astrology. All that we know of him is told by a fellow-monk William of Malmesbury, writing around 1125 in his De Gestis Regum Anglorum (Deeds of the English Kings). There is little reason to doubt the accuracy of William's story as it was probably derived directly from Eilmer himself when an old man. Malmesbury Abbey, at Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, was founded as a Benedictine monastery in c. ...
William of Malmesbury (c. ...
Events May 23 - Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V. War ends between Toulouse and Provence. ...
As to Eilmer's age, later historians have guessed at it based on a quotation in William's "Deeds", in regard to Halley's comet which appeared in 1066: You've come, have you? … You've come, you source of tears to many mothers. It is long since I saw you; but as I see you now you are much more terrible, for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country (Malmesbury, Ch. 225). From this quotation, later historians wrote that Eilmer may have seen Halley's comet 76 years earlier as a youth, putting his birth date as early as 985, making him about 5 years old the first time (old enough to remember). However the periodicity of comets was likely unknown to Eilmer's age and thus his remark "It is long since I saw you" could have been about a different comet. We know for certain that he was an "old man" in 1066, and made the flight "in his youth", placing it some time in the early 11th century. In any case, William recorded the quote by Eilmer not to establish his age, but to show that his prophecy was fulfilled later that year when William the Conqueror invaded England. Comet Halley as taken with the Halley Multicolor Camera on the ESA Giotto mission. ...
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William I ( 1027 – September 9, 1087), was King of England from 1066 to 1087. ...
Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman Conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ...
The Flight William records that, in Eilmer's youth, he had read and believed the Greek fable of Daedalus. Thus, "mistaking fable for truth, he might fly like Daedalus", Eilmer fixed wings to his hands and feet and took to flight from a tower of Malmesbury Abbey: Ę Greek mythology consists of a large collection of narratives that explain the origins of the world and detail the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines. ...
Daedalus and Icarus, by Charles Paul Landon, 1799 (Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Dentelle, Alençon) In Greek mythology, Daedalus (Latin, also Hellenized Latin Daedalos, Greek Daidalos and Etruscan Taitle) was a most skillful artificer and was even said to have first invented images. ...
 | "He was a man learned for those times, of ripe old age, and in his early youth had hazarded a deed of remarkable boldness. He had by some means, I scarcely know what, fastened wings to his hands and feet so that, mistaking fable for truth, he might fly like Daedalus, and, collecting the breeze upon the summit of a tower, flew for more than a furlong [201 m]. But agitated by the violence of the wind and the swirling of air, as well as by the awareness of his rash attempt, he fell, broke both his legs and was lame ever after." (Malmesbury, Ch. 225). |
 | Crippled for life but undaunted, Eilmer believed that he could make a more controllable landing if his glider were equipped with a tail, and he was preparing for a second flight when the abbot of Malmesbury Abbey forbade him from risking his life in any further experiments. Image File history File links Quotation marks File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
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Given the geography of the Abbey, his landing site, and the account of his flight, he must have remained airborne about 15 seconds. At low altitude he apparently attempted to flap the wings, which threw him out of control. His post-flight assessment qualifies him as the first "test pilot," for he sought to understand, in technological terms, what happened on the flight and why he crashed.1
Flight analysis To perform the manoeuvre of gliding downward against the breeze, utilizing both gravity and the wind, Eilmer employed an apparatus somewhat resembling a gliding bird. However being unable to balance himself forward and backwards, as does a bird by slight movements of his wings, head and legs, he would have needed a large tail to maintain equilibrium. Eilmer would have failed of true soaring flight in any event, but he might have glided down in safety if he had a tail.
William of Malmesbury says that Eilmer's flight was inspired by the Greek legend of Daedalus and Icarus "..so that, mistaking fable for truth, he might fly like Daedalus". Williams source for this, direct from Eilmer himself or colorful speculation, is unknown, however we know that William probably spoke directly with Eilmer as an old man, and is thus a primary source of which we have no reason to disbelieve. Icarus and Daedalus In Greek mythology, Icarus (Latin, Greek Ãkaros, Etruscan Vicare, German Ikarus) was the son of Daedalus (DaÃdalos). ...
Another source of Eilmer's inspiration is discussed by American historian Lynn White who speculates that "a successful glider flight was made in the year 875 by a Moorish inventor named Abbas Ibn Firnas living in Cordoba, Spain. It's entirely possible that word of Ibn Firnas' flight was brought to Eilmer of Malmesbury .. by returning Crusaders." (Lynn White, Medieval religion and technology (1978)). Events December 29 - Charles the Bald, king of west Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge. ...
The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. A usual misconception is to relate them to the inhabitants of modern day Mauritania to which they are only related by...
Abbas Ibn Firnas, or Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas (Unknown- 887 A.D.) was a Spanish-Arab humanitarian, technologist, and chemist. ...
See Córdoba for other places with the same name. ...
Eilmer typified the inquisitive spirit of medieval enthusiasts who developed small drawstring toy helicopters, windmills, and sophisticated sails for boats. As well, church artists increasingly showed angels with ever-more-accurate depictions of bird-like wings, detailing the wing's camber (curvature) that would prove crucial to generating the lifting forces enabling a bird -- or an airplane -- to fly. This climate of thought led to general acceptance that air was something that could be "worked." Flying was thus not magical, but could be attained by physical effort and human reasoning.1
Historical traditions Other than William's account of the flight, nothing has survived of Eilmer's lifetime work as a monk.
The story of Eilmer's flight has been retold many times by medieval scholars, later encyclopaedists, and by early modern proponents of man-powered flight. Lynn White, the first modern scholar to research Eilmer's efforts in depth, mentions a few who have written about Eilmer over the years: Helinand of Froidmont, Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Vincent of Beauvais, Roger Bacon, Ranulf Higden (who was the first to misname him "Oliver") and the English translators of his work, Henry Knighton, John Nauclerus of Tübingen (c.1500), John Wilkins (1648), John Milton (1670), and John Wise (1850). More recently Maxwell Woosnam examined in more detail the technical aspects such as materials and glider angles and wind effects in his book first published in 1986 (see References). The Dominican friar Vincent of Beauvais (ca 1190 - 1264?) wrote the main encyclopedia that was used in the middle ages. ...
Statue of Roger Bacon in the Oxford University Museum Roger Bacon (c. ...
Ranulf Higdon (or Higden) (c. ...
Henry Knighton or Knyghton (died England circa 1396) was a Augustinian canon at the abbey of St. ...
John Wilkins. ...
John Milton, English poet John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674) was an English poet, best-known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. ...
John Wise is the name of several notable people: John Wise (1652-1725) - Massachusetts divine who protested taxation John Sergeant Wise (1846-1913) U.S. Congressman from Virginia John Wise (born 1935) former Canadian Minister of Agriculture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that...
One example of a retelling of the story is that of the French historian Bescherelle who in his 1850s Histoire des Ballons (History of Ballooning) described the experiment based on Williams account: A Bescherelle is a French language reference book providing verb conjugations. ...
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| "Having manufactured some wings, modeled after the description that Ovid has given of those of Daedalus and having fastened them to his hands, he sprang from the top of a tower against the wind. He succeeded in sailing a distance of 125 paces; but either through the impetuosity or whirling of the wind, or through nervousness resulting from his audacious enterprise, he fell to the earth and broke his legs. Henceforth he dragged a miserable, languishing existence, attributing his misfortune to his having failed to attach a tail to his feet." |
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Engraved frontispiece of George Sandyss 1632 London edition of Publius Ovidius Naso (Sulmona, March 20, 43 BC – Tomis, now Constanta AD 17) Roman poet known to the English-speaking world as Ovid, wrote on topics of love, abandoned women, and mythological transformations. ...
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External links - Eilmer of Malmesbury, from the Malmesbury Abbey website.
- Richard P. Hallion, "Pioneers of Flight: Eilmer of Malmesbury", from the USAF Centennial of Flight office.
Seal of the Air Force. ...
References - William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum / The history of the English kings, ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols., Oxford Medieval Texts (1998–9)
- Lynn White, "Eilmer of Malmesbury: An Eleventh Century Aviator", Technology and Culture, II, n. 2 Spring 1961.
- Lynn White, "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an eleventh-century aviator: a case study of technological innovation, its context and tradition", Medieval religion and technology (1978), pp. 59–73
- Maxwell Woosnam. Eilmer, The Flight and The Comet, Malmesbury, UK: Friends of Malmesbury Abbey, 1986. ISBN 0951397801
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