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Ein deutsches Requiem

Ein deutsches Requiem, Op. 45 (English: A German Requiem) is a large-scale work for chorus, orchestra, and soloists, composed by Johannes Brahms between 1865 and 1868. Ein deutsches Requiem is sacred but non-liturgical. It comprises seven movements, which together last 70-80 minutes, making Ein deutsches Requiem Brahms's longest composition. Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986), was an Argentine writer who is considered one of the foremost literary figures of the 20th century. ... Ein deutsches Requiem is the title of a short story by noted Argentine author, Jorge Luis Borges. ... Opus, from the Latin word opus meaning work, is usually used in the sense of a work of art. In this sense the plural of opus, opera, is used to refer to the genre of music drama. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In music, a movement is a large division of a larger composition or musical form. ...

History

Brahms's mother died in February 1865, a loss that painfully grieved him and that may well have inspired Ein deutsches Requiem. Brahms's lingering feelings over Robert Schumann's death in July 1856 may also have been a motivation, though his reticence about such matters makes this uncertain.^[1] For others with the same name see Robert Schumann (disambiguation). ...

By the end of April 1865, Brahms had completed the first, second, and fourth movements. The second movement used some previously abandoned musical material written in 1854, the year of Schumann's mental collapse and attempted suicide, and of Brahms's move to Düsseldorf to assist Clara Schumann and her seven children. , ) Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Clara Schumann Clara Josephine Wieck Schumann (September 13, 1819 – May 20, 1896) was a German musician, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era, as well as a composer, and wife of composer Robert Schumann. ...

Brahms completed all but what is now the fifth movement by August 1866. Johannes Herbeck conducted the first three movements in Vienna on December 1, 1867. Though the partial premiere went poorly, all six movements then extant were premiered in the Bremen cathedral six months later on Good Friday 1868, with Brahms conducting and Julius Stockhausen as the baritone soloist. The performance was a great success and marked a turning point in his career.^[2] Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Bremen, see Bremen (disambiguation). ... Good Friday is the Friday before Easter or Pascha (which is on Sunday). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Julius Stockhausen (1826-1906) was a German singing master. ...

Brahms added the fifth movement in May 1868. It was first sung in Zurich on September 12, 1868 by Ida Suter-Weber, with Friedrich Hegar conducting the Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra. The final, seven-movement version of Ein deutsches Requiem was premiered in Leipzig on February 18, 1869 with Carl Reinecke conducting the Gewandhaus Orchestra and Chorus, and soloists Emilie Bellingrath-Wagner and Franz Krükl. Location within Switzerland   Zürich[?] (German pronunciation IPA: ; usually spelled Zurich in English) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. ... September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Tonhalle Orchester Zurich (Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich or Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich, as it is widely known in English and on its many recordings), is named after one of the major concert halls of the world, the Zurich Tonhalle. ...   [] (Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk) is the largest city in the federal state of Saxony in Germany with a population of over 504,000. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Carl Heinrich Carsten Reinecke (born June 23, 1824 in Hamburg, Germany; died March 10, 1910 in Leipzig, Germany), musician. ... The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra is a German orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany. ...

Text

Brahms assembled the libretto to Ein deutsches Requiem himself. In contrast to the traditional Roman Catholic requiem mass, which employs a standardized text in Latin, Ein deutsches Requiem derives its text from Martin Luther's German Protestant Bible. The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Requiem (from the Latin requiés, rest) or Requiem Mass, also known formally (in Latin) as the Missa pro defunctis or Missa defunctorum, is a liturgical service of the Roman Catholic Church as well as the Anglican High Church and certain Lutheran Churches in the United States. ... The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the fixed portions of the Eucharistic liturgy (principally that of the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Church, generally known in the US as the Episcopal Church, and also the Lutheran Church) to music. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ...

Brahms's first known use of the title A German Requiem was in an 1865 letter to Clara Schumann in which he wrote that he intended for the piece to be "a sort of German Requiem". Brahms was quite moved when he found out years later that Robert Schumann had planned a work of the same name.^[3] German refers primarily to the language rather than the intended audience. Brahms told Karl Reinthaler, director of music at the Bremen cathedral, that he would have gladly called the work A Human Requiem.^[4]

Although the Requiem Mass in the Catholic liturgy begins with prayers for the dead ("Grant them eternal rest, O Lord"), Ein deutsches Requiem emphasizes comforting the living, beginning with the text "Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted." A comparable sacred, humanist worldview persists through the work.^[5]

Movements

1. "Selig sind, die da Leid tragen" (help· info) (Blessed are they that mourn)
2. "Denn alles Fleisch, es ist wie Gras" (help· info) (For all flesh is as grass)
3. "Herr, lehre doch mich (help· info)" (Lord, make me to know mine end)
4. "Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen (help· info)" (How lovely is thy dwelling place)
5. "Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit (help· info)" (And ye now therefore have sorrow)
6. "Denn wir haben hie keine bleibende Statt (help· info)" (For here have we no lasting home)
7. "Selig sind die Toten (help· info)" (Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord)

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Orchestration

Ein deutsches Requiem is scored for:

• Soprano and baritone soloists
• Mixed chorus
• 2 flutes and piccolo
• 2 oboes
• 2 clarinets
• 2 bassoons and contrabassoon
• 4 horns
• 3 trumpets
• 3 trombones
• tuba
• harp (one part, preferably doubled)
• timpani
• organ (ad libitum)
• strings

Notable orchestrational devices include the first movement's lack of violins, as well as piccolo, clarinets, one pair of horns, trumpets, tuba, and timpani; and the use of harps at the close of both the first and seventh movements, most striking in the latter because at that point they have not played since the middle of the second movement. Look up soprano in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Baritone (French: baryton; Deutsch: Bariton; Italian: baritono) is most commonly the type of male voice that lies between bass and tenor. ... The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... The piccolo is a small flute. ... The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that plays in the tenor range and below. ... This is a contrabassoon. ... The horn is a brass instrument consisting of tubing wrapped into a coiled form. ... The trumpet is the highest brass instrument in register, above the horn, trombone, euphonium and tuba. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... The tuba is one of the largest of low-brass instruments and is one of the most recent additions to the modern symphony orchestra, first appearing in the mid-19th century, when it largely replaced the ophicleide. ... The harp is a stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. ... A timpanist in the United States Air Forces in Europe Band. ... Organ in Katharinenkirche, Frankfurt am Main, Germany The organ is a keyboard instrument played using one or more manuals and a pedalboard. ... A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. ... Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble) or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. ...

Unifying motif

Ein deutsches Requiem is unified compositionally by a three note motif of a leap of a third, followed by a step in the same direction. The first exposed choral entry presents the motif in the soprano voice (F-A-B♭). This motif pervades every movement and much of the thematic material in the piece.^[6] In music, a motif is a perceivable or salient reoccurring fragment or succession of notes that may used to construct the entirety or parts of complete melodies, themes. ... In music theory, the term interval describes the difference in pitch between two notes. ... In music theory, the term interval describes the difference in pitch between two notes. ... In music, a theme is the initial or primary melody. ...

Notable recordings

Listed alphabetically by conductor

• Claudio Abbado conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (Germany). Recorded live in 1992 and released in 1993 by Deutsche Grammophon.
• Gerd Albrecht conducting the Danish National Orchestra (Denmark). Released in 2003 by Chandos.
• Sergiu Celibidache conducting the Münchner Philharmoniker.Recorded live in 1981 and released in 1999 by EMI.
• Sir John Eliot Gardiner conducting the Orchestre Revolutionaire et Romantique. Recorded in 1990 and released by Philips in 1991.
• Philippe Herreweghe conducting the Orchestre des Champs-Elysées (France). Recorded live in 1996 and released in 1996 by Harmonia Mundi.
• Craig Jessop conducting the Utah Symphony Orchestra (U.S.A) & Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Recorded February 1999 and released in October 1999 by Telarc. Recorded in English.
• Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berliner Philharmoniker and Wiener Singverein (Germany). Recorded in 1964 and released in 2002 by Deutsche Grammophon.
• Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berliner Philharmoniker.Recorded in 1976 and released in 2003 by EMI.
• Otto Klemperer conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra (England). Recorded in 1961 and released in 1999 by EMI Classics.
• Rafael Kubelík conducting the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Recorded live in 1978 and released in 2002 by Audite.
• Kurt Masur conducting the New York Philharmonic (U.S.). Recorded live in 1995 and released in 1995 by Teldec.
• Andre Previn conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (England). Recorded in 1986 and released in 2002 by Apex.
• Wolfgang Sawallisch conducting the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (Germany). Released in 1995 by Orfeo.
• Carl Schuricht conducting the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra (Germany). Recorded in 1959 and released in 2004 by Hanssler Classic.
• Robert Shaw conducting the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus (U.S.A). Recorded in 1990 and released in 1992 by Telarc.
• Bruno Walter conducting the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and Westminster Choir. Recorded live in Carnegie Hall in 1954.

Claudio Abbado (born June 26, 1933) is a noted Italian conductor. ... The Berlin Philharmonic rehearsing in the Berliner Philharmonie. ... Gerd Albrecht (born July 19, 1935) is a German conductor. ... Sergiu Celibidache (June 28, 1912, Roman, Romania - August 14, 1996, Paris) was a Romanian conductor. ... The Munich Philharmonic Orchestra is one of three great orchestras in the city of Munich, along with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and the Bavarian State Opera orchestra. ... Gardiner conducting Sir John Eliot Gardiner CBE (born April 20, 1943, Fontmell, Dorset, England) is an English conductor. ... Philips HQ in Amsterdam Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics N.V.), usually known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. ... Born: May 2, 1947 - Ghent, Belgium Philippe Herreweghe studied piano with Marvel Gazelle at the Ghent Conservatory. ... Mormon Tabernacle Choir director from 1999-present Served as the Mormon Tabernacles Choirs associate director from 1995 to 1999, and currently the director of Mormon Tabernacle Choir. ... The Utah Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. ... The Mormon Tabernacle Choir is a large choir of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons). ... Herbert von Karajan (Salzburg April 5, 1908 Anif near Salzburg – July 16, 1989) was an Austrian conductor. ... Entrance to the concert hall The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (a. ... Herbert von Karajan (Salzburg April 5, 1908 Anif near Salzburg – July 16, 1989) was an Austrian conductor. ... Entrance to the concert hall The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (a. ... Photographic portrait taken ca. ... The Philharmonia is an orchestra based in London. ... Rafael Jeroným Kubelík (Býchory, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, today Czech Republic, June 29, 1914 – August 11, 1996 in Kastanienbaum, Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland) was a Czech conductor and composer. ... The Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in Munich was founded in 1949 by Eugen Jochum, he was also principal conductor until 1960. ... Kurt Masur Conducting Mendelssohns Scottish Symphony Kurt Masur (born July 18, 1927) is a German conductor. ... The New York Philharmonic is the oldest active symphony orchestra in the United States. ... Andr Previn (born April 6, 1929) is a prominent pianist, orchestral conductor, and composer. ... The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO) is an English orchestra based in London. ... Wolfgang Sawallisch (born August 26, 1923) is a German conductor and pianist. ... The Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in Munich was founded in 1949 by Eugen Jochum, he was also principal conductor until 1960. ... Carl Adolph Schuricht (July 3, 1880 - January 7, 1967) was an orchestra conductor born in Danzig (now Gdansk). ... The Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra based in Stuttgart in Germany. ... Robert Shaw (April 30, 1916 – January 25, 1999) was an American conductor most famous for his work with his namesake Chorale, with the Cleveland Orchestra and Chorus, and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. ... The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (ASO) is an American orchestra based in Atlanta, Georgia. ... Bruno Walter (September 15, 1876 – February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor and composer. ... The New York Philharmonic is an American orchestra based in New York City. ... Westminster Choir College is a residential college of music located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. ... Carnegie Hall Carnegie Hall is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east stretch of Seventh Avenue between West 56th Street and West 57th Street. ...

References

• Steinberg, Michael. "Johannes Brahms: A German Requiem on Words from Holy Scripture, op. 45." Choral Masterworks: A Listener's Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, 68-74.

External links

• Full German text and English translation of Ein Deutsches Requiem
• Free scores of this work in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)