Shtokavian or Štokavian (Serbo-Croatian: štokavski/штокавски) is the primary dialect of the Central South Slavic languages system: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian language. Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian (also Croatian or Serbian, Serbian or Croatian) (srpskohrvatski or cрпскохрватски or hrvatskosrpski or hrvatski ili srpski or srpski ili hrvatski), earlier also Serbo-Croat, was an official language of Yugoslavia (along with Slovenian, Macedonian). ... Serbo-Croatian (srpskohrvatski or hrvatskosrpski) is a name for a language of the Western group of the South Slavic languages. ... The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Å tokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by Serbs everywhere. ...

The Štokavian dialect is spoken in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and the greater part of Croatia. The Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian standard languages are all based on the Neo-Štokavian dialect. Its name comes from the form for the interrogatory pronoun "what", which is "što" in the Štokavian dialect. Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area    - Total 14,026 km² (159th)   5,414... Bosnia and Herzegovina (also variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. ...

The primary subdivisions of Štokavian are based on 2 principles: one is whether the subdialect is Old-Štokavian or Neo-Štokavian, and the different ways the old Slavic phoneme jat has been changed. Generally, modern dialectology recognizes 7 Štokavian subdialects (there are opinions that one or two subdialects more exist, but this is not universally accepted). Yat or Jat (, ) is the 32nd letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and name of the sound represented by it. ...

Early history of Štokavian

The Proto-Štokavian idiom had appeared in the 12th century. In the following century or two, Štokavian was divided into two zones: western, which covered the major part of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slavonia in Croatia, and eastern, dominant in the easternmost Bosnia and Herzegovina and greater parts of Montenegro and Serbia. The western Štokavian was characterized by 3-accents speech, while eastern štokavian was marked by 2-accents. According to the research of historical linguistics, the old-štokavian was well established by the mid-1400s. In this period it had been still mixed with Church Slavonic in various degrees, as well as with Chakavian dialect in Croatia and many parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Coat of arms Slavonia is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area    - Total 14,026 km² (159th)   5,414... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Events and Trends Categories: 1400s ... Chakavian (Čakavian, čakavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of Croatian language. ...

Štokavian subdialects

The Štokavian dialect is divided into Old-Shtokavian and Neo-Shtokavian subdialects.

Old-Shtokavian

Timok-Prizren (Torlakian)

Main article: Torlakian

The oldest dialects stretch southeast from Timok near the Bulgarian border to Prizren. There is disagreement among linguists whether these dialects belong to Štokavian area, as there are many other morphological characteristics apart from rendering of što which would place them into a "transitional" group between Štokavian and Eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian and Macedonian). These dialects split from the rest of the group at the onset of the Turkish conquest in the fourteenth century. The Timok-Prizren group falls to the Balkan linguistic union: declension has all but disappeared, the infinitive has yielded to subjunctives da-constructions, and adjectives are compared exclusively with suffixes. The accent in the dialect group is a stress accent, and it falls on any syllable in the word. The old semi-vowel has been retained throughout. The vocalic l has been retained (vlk = vuk), and some dialects don't distinguish ć/č and đ/dž by preferring the latter, postalveolar variants. Some subdialects preserve l at the end of words (where otherwise it has developed into a short o) – došl, znal, etc. (cf. Kajkavian and Bulgarian); in others, this l has become the syllable ja. Torlakian is the name used for the Slavic dialects spoken in Southern and Eastern Serbia, Northwest Republic of Macedonia (Kratovo-Kumanovo) and Northwest Bulgaria (Vidin-Bregovo). ... A map of the region of Timok Timok (Cyrillic: Тимок) is a river in Serbia. ... View of Prizren Prizren (Albanian Prizren/Prizreni, Serbian: Призрен/Prizren) is a historical city located in a United Nations-administered territory of Kosovo, but factually under the Provisional Self-Government) at 42. ... Balkan linguistic union or Balkansprachbund is a name given to the similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology found in the languages of the Balkans, which belong to various Indo-European branches, such as Albanian, Greek, Romance and Slavic. ... In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. ... // Introduction The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity and statements that are contrary to fact. ... Kajkavian (kajkavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of Croatian language. ...

Slavonian

Also called the Šokački or Archaic Šćakavian dialect, it is spoken by Šokci that live in some parts of Slavonia, Bačka, Baranja, Srem/Srijem, in Croatia and Vojvodina, as well as in northern Bosnia. The Slavonian dialect has mixed ikavian and ekavian pronunciation. Ikavian is predominant in the Posavina, Baranja, Bačka, and in the Slavonian sub-dialect enclave of Derventa, while ekavian is predominant in Podravina. There are also enclaves of one of both variants in the main territory of other and vice-versa, as well as mixed ekavian-ikavian and jekavian-ikavian areas. In some villages in Hungary the original yat is preserved. Local variants can widely differ in the degree of neo-shtokavian accent influneces. In two villages in Posavina, Siče and Magića Male the l, as in the verb nosil, has been retained in place of the modern nosio. In some villages in the Podravina čr instead of the usual cr is preserved, for example in črn instead of crn. Both forms are usual in Kajkavian but very rare in Shtokavian. Å okci (Croatian & Serbian Latin: Å okci, singular Å okac, Serbian Cyrillic: Шокци, singular Шокац, pronounced as Shoktzi and Shokatz, also in Hungarian: Sokácok) are a South Slavic ethnic group living in various settlements along the Danube and Sava rivers in the historic regions of Slavonia, Baranja, Syrmia and western Bačka. ... Coat of arms Slavonia is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ... Bačka (Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ... Baranya (Hungarian, in Croatian and Serbian: Baranja) is the name of an administrative county (comitatus or megye) in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary. ... Srem District in Vojvodina Vukovar-Srijem county within Croatia The region of Srem or Срем (in Serbian) or Srijem (in Croatian) is a fertile region of the Pannonian plain in Europe, between the Danube and Sava rivers. ... Derventa (Serbian Cyrillic: Дервента) is a town and municipality in the northern part of Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), located just northwest of Doboj, in the Posavina region. ... Podravina is the name for the Drava river basin in Croatia. ... Posavina is the name for the Sava river basin in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro. ...

East-Bosnian

Also called jekavian šćakavian, it has jekavian prounanciation in the vast majority of local forms and it is spoken by the majority of Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) living in area that include bigger Bosnian cities Sarajevo, Tuzla and Zenica, and by most of Croats and Serbs that live in that area. Together with basic jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations exist in Tešanj and Maglaj dete-djeteta (ekavian-jekavian) and around Žepča and Jablanica djete-diteta (jekavian-ikavian). In the central area of the subdialect, the diphthong uo exists in some words instead of the archaic l and more common u like vuok or stuop, instead of the standard modern vuk and stup. Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: Country Bosnia and Herzegovina Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton Sarajevo Canton Mayor Semiha Borovac Area    - City 142 km²  (54. ... Tuzla (Serbian Cyrillic: Тузла) is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Zenica (Cyrillic: Зеница) is an industrial city (the fourth largest, after Sarajevo, Banja Luka and Tuzla) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the capital of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. ... TeÅ¡anj is a town in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located near Teslić, Doboj and Zavidovići. ... Maglaj is a town in Bosnia-Herzegovina. ... In phonetics, a diphthong (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a vowel combination in a single syllable involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...

Zeta-South Sandzak

Also known as Old Ijekavian. It is spoken in eastern Montenegro, in Podgorica and Cetinje, around the city of Novi Pazar in eastern Sandžak in Serbia, and in the village of Peroj in Istria. Together with the dominant jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations like djete-deteta (jekavian-ekavian) around Novi Pazar and Bijelo Polje, dite-đeteta (ikavian-jekavian) around Podgorica and dete-đeteta (ekavian-jekavian) in the village of Mrkovići in southern Montenegro. Mrkovići are also characterised by remainings of čr instead of cr as in the previously mentioned villages in Podravina. Mayor Dr. Miomir MugoÅ¡a Area  - city  - municipality km² 1,399 km² Population  - city  - municipality 136,473 169,132 Time zone Summer Time CET (UTC +1) CEST (UTC +2) Founded 14th Century Latitude Longitude 42°47 N 19°28 E Area code +381 81 Car plates PG Official Website Podgorica... Mayor Municipality area {{{municipalaty}}} km² Population  - city  - municipality 14,700 18,749 Time zone Summer Time CET (UTC +1) CEST (UTC +2) Founded Latitude Longitude Area code +381 86 Car plates CT Official website:[1] Cetinje (Цетиње) is a small city (population 14,700 in 2003) located in Serbia and Montenegro. ... Novi Pazar (Нови Пазар) is a city and municipality located in the RaÅ¡ka District of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro, at 43. ... Map of Sandžak within Serbia and Montenegro Sandžak (Санџак) is a geographical region in central Balkans. ... Coat of arms Istria (Istra, pronounced in Croatian and Slovenian; Istria, pronounced in Italian, Istrien, pronounced in German) is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Coordinates Mayor Tarzan MiloÅ¡ević Municipality area 924 km² Population  - city  - municipality 15,883 50,284 Time zone  - Standard  - Summer (DST) CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) Founded Area code +382 84 Car plates BP Official Website http://www. ...

Some vernaculars have a special reflex of ь/ъ in some cases (between a and e) which is very rare in stokavian and chakavian vernaculars (sän and dän instead of san and dan). Other special phonetic features inlude sounds like ʝ in iʝesti instead of izjesti, ç as in śjekira instead of sjekira. However these sounds are known also to many East-Herzegowina like those in Konavle^[1], and are not "Montenegrin" specificum. The loss of distinction between /lj/ and /l/ in some vernaculars is based on Albanian adstrate. Word pļesma is a hypercorrection (insted of pjesma) since many vernaculars know lj>j. Konavle is a small region in the southernmost part of Croatia, a field located between the Sniježnica mountain and the Adriatic Sea, southeast of Dubrovnik on the way to Boka Kotorska in Montenegro. ...

All verbs in infinitive finish with "t" (example: pjevat). These future have also most respective vernaculars of East-Herzegowinian, and actually almost all Serbian and Croatian vernaculars. The group a + o gave a ("ka" instead "kao", reka for rekao), like in other Serbian and Croatian seaside vernaculars. Otherwise, more common is ao>o.

Currently there is an attempt by Montenegrin nationalists to create a separate Montenegrin language standard based on the Zeta subdialect. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Kosovo-Resava

Also called Older Ijekavian, spoken mostly in western and norteastern Kosovo and northeastern Serbia. Substitution of jat is dominatly ekavian even on the end of datives (žene instead of ženi), in pronouns (teh instead of tih), in comparatives (dobrej instead of dobriji) and in the negative of biti (nesam instead of nisam) and in Smederevo-Vršac speeches ikavian forms can be found. However those are considered to be part of a separate dialect. Location in Serbia-Montenegro [[Image:|150px|center|Map of Serbia-Montenegro highlighting the settlement location]] General Information Mayor SaÅ¡a Radosavljević Land area  ? Population (2002 census) 77,808 (109,809 municipality) Population density (2002)  ? Coordinates [1] Area code +381 26 Subdivisions 27 settlements in the municipality License plate code SD... Location in Serbia-Montenegro [[Image:|150px|center|Map of Serbia-Montenegro highlighting the City of {{{common_name}}}]] General Information Mayor Jovica Zarkula Land area  ? Population (2002 census) 36,623 (54,369 municipality) Population density (2002)  ? Coordinates 45. ...

Neo-Shtokavian

Western Ikavian

Also called Bosnian-Dalmatian, Younger Ikavian is spoken mostly by Croats that live in Lika, Kvarner, Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Bačka and by Bosniaks in western Bosnia mostly around city of Bihać and in central Bosnia (Travnik, Jajce, Bugojno,..). Exclusively ikavian, Bosnian and Herzegovinian forms use o in verb participle, while those in Dalmatia and Lika use -ija like in vidija. Local form of Bačka was proposed as base of new Bunjevac language proposed standard by some Bunjevci in Vojvodina. Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... Lika is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the PljeÅ¡evica mountain from the northeast. ... The Kvarner bay (Croatian kvarnerski zaljev, Italian Golfo del Quarnero/Quarnaro/Carnaro; sometimes also Kvarner gulf) is a bay in northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istria peninsula and the northern Croatian seacoast. ... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Herzegovina (natively Hercegovina/Херцеговина) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Bačka (Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ... The Bosniaks (Bosnian: BoÅ¡njaci, IPA: [bɔʃɲaːtÍ¡si]) are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sandžak region of Serbia and Montenegro, with a smaller autochthonous population also present in Kosovo. ... Coat of Arms Location of Bihać municipality Bihać (Cyrillic: Бихаћ) is a town on the Una river in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, center of the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Mayor Besim Halilović Area  - Total 35 km² (21. ... Jajce (Cyrillic: Јајце) is a town in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation. ... Bugojno (Serbian: Бугојно) is a town in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Bačka (Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ... Bunjevac language or Bunjevac dialect (Bunjevački jezik or Bunjevački dijalekat) is a language/dialect spoken by Bunjevac ethnic group in Vojvodina province of Serbia and Montenegro. ... Bunjevci (Serbian and Croatian: Bunjevci/Буњевци, singular Bunjevac/Буњевац, pronounced as Bunyevtzi and Bunyevatz, also in Hungarian: Bunjevácok) are a South Slav ethnic group originally from the Dinaric Alps region, now mostly living in the Bačka region (northern Serbia or Vojvodina) and southern Hungary (particularly in the Baja...

Šumadija-Vojvodina

Also called Younger Ekavian, is spoken across most of Vojvodina, north-west Serbia, in Belgrade and in eastern Croatia around the town of Vukovar. It is dominately ekavian (ikavian forms are of morphophonological origin). In some parts of Vojvodina old declination is preserved. Most Vojvodina dialects and some dialects in Sumadija have an opened e and o. However the vernaculars of western Serbia, and in past to them connected vernaculars of (old) Belgrade and southwestern Banat (Borča, Pančevo, Bavanište) are close to standard as a vernacular can be. The dialect presents a base for the Serbian Ekavian standard. Position of Vukovar within Croatia Vukovar (Hungarian: Vukovár, German: Wukowar) is a city in eastern Croatia, and the biggest river port in Croatia located at the confluence of the Vuka river into the Danube. ... Location in Serbia General Information Mayor or municipality president SrÄ‘an Miković Land area 230 km² Population (2002 census) 76,110 (126,069 municipality) Population density (2002) 216/km² Coordinates [1] Area code +381 13 Subdivisions 10 settlements in the municipality License plate code PA Time zone UTC+1 Website...

East Herzegovinian

Also called East Herzegovina-Krajina and Younger Ijekavian. It is the biggest Shtokavian and Serbo-Croatian dialect. It is spoken by most Bosnian Serbs, Croatian Serbs as well in western Serbia, western Montenegro and by Croats in Slavonia, Banija, Kordun and Dalmatia east of Neretva around city of Dubrovnik and is the basis of the Serbian standard, while Croatian standard is based on the Ragusan variety of neoštokavian-jekavian, which some dialectologists consider to be a subdialect of the Eastern-Herzegovinian, while the others a neoštokavian dialect of its own. Its south-eastern form is characterised by the total lack of /x/ sound that is sometimes not only left out or replaced by more common /j/ or /v/ but is replaced as well by less common /k/ and /g/ (bijak, bijaku imperfect of verb biti). Local forms in the Žumberak enclave and around Dubrovnik have some special features, influenced from Chakavian and the western subdialect. Bosanska Krajina Region Bosanska Krajina (lit Bosnian Frontier) is a geographical region of Bosnia and Herzegovina enclosed by three rivers - Sava, Una and Vrbas. ... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Famous Serbs who emerged from historic Croatian territory, from left to right: Baltazar BogiÅ¡ić, Svetozar Boroević, Milutin Milanković, Nikola Tesla, Patriarch Pavle, Rade Å erbedžija. ... Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... Coat of arms Slavonia is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ... Banovina can refer to: a region in central Croatia: Banovina (region) an internal division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929-1941 any territory ruled by a ban (also, Banate or Banat) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The Kordun region is a part of central Croatia at the bottom of the Petrova gora mountain range, which extends along the river Korana and forms part of the border region to Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... River Neretva in Mostar, 2004 Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. ... County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Å uica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: Dùbrōvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdÇ”.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former... County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Å uica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: Dùbrōvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdÇ”.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former... Žumberak (in Croatian) or Gorjanci (in Slovenian) is a mountain situated between Croatia and Slovenia. ... Chakavian (Čakavian, čakavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of Croatian language. ...

The yat reflexes

The Proto-Slavic vowel jat has changed over time and is now being rendered in three different ways or reflexes: Yat or Jat (, ) is the 32nd letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and name of the sound represented by it. ... Yat or Jat (, ) is the 32nd letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and name of the sound represented by it. ...

• In Ekavian (ekavski), jat has morphed into the vowel e
• in Ikavian (ikavski), the vowel i
• in Ijekavian or Jekavian (ijekavski or jekavski), the diphthong ije or je depending on whether the vowel was long or short.

Historically, the yat reflexes had been inscribed in Church Slavic texts before the significant development of štokavian dialect, reflecting the beginnings of the formative period of the vernacular. In early documents it is still either almost exclusively or predominantly Church Slavic of Serbian or Croatian variant (technical term is recension). First undoubtedly ekavian "yat reflex" had been inscribed in a document in Serbia ("beše"/it was), dated 1289, ikavian in Bosnia in 1331 ("svidoci"/witnesses), and first ijekavian in Croatia in 1399 ("želijemo"/we wish, a "hyperijekavism"). Partial inscriptions can be found in earlier texts (for instance, ikavian form is written in a few Bosnian documents in the latter half of the 13th century), but philologists generally accept the aforementioned data for yat reflexes. In second half of 20th century, many vernaculars with unsubstituted jat are found.^[2] The intrusion of the vernacular into Church Slavic grew in time, to be finally replaced by the vernacular idiom. This process has taken place for Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks independently and without mutual interference until the mid-19th century. Historical linguistics, textual analysis and dialectology have dispelled myths about allegedly "unspoilt" vernacular speech of rural areas: for instance, it is established that Bosniaks have retained phoneme "h" in numerous words (unlike Serbs and Croats), due to elementary religious education based on the Koran, where this phoneme is the carrier of specific semantic value. For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... Events September 8 - Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia Start of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Births Coluccio Salutati, Florentine political leader (died 1406) Deaths January 14 - Odoric, Italian explorer October 27 - Abulfeda, Arab historian and geographer (born 1273) Categories: 1331... Events September 30 - Accession of Henry IV of England October 13 - Coronation of Henry IV of England November 1 - Accession of John VI, Duke of Brittany Births William Canynge, English merchant (approximate date; died 1474) Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (died 1468) Deaths January 4 - Nicolau Aymerich, Catalan theologian and... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Bosniaks (natively: Bošnjaci) are South Slavs descended from those who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period (15th-19th century). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Ekavian, sometimes called eastern, is spoken primarily in Serbia, and very limited area in eastern Croatia. Ikavian, sometimes called western, is spoken in western and central Bosnia, western Herzegovina, in Slavonia and the major part of Dalmatia in Croatia. Ijekavian, sometimes called southern, is spoken in many parts of Croatia including southern Dalmatia, most of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro. The following are some generic examples:

Long ije is diphthongal among the majority of Ijekavian speakers; some Croatian authors recognize it as 31st phoneme of Croatian ^{[citation needed]}. In Zeta dialect and most of East Herzegovina dialect, it represents two syllables though. Serbian phonologists do not recognize it as separate phoneme (possibly as a heritage that East Herzegoviniana was the native dialect of Vuk Karadžić, the reformer of Serbian language). The distinction can be clearly heard in first verses of national anthems of Croatia and Montenegro—they're sung as "Lije-pa na-ša do-mo-vi-no" and "Oj svi-je-tla maj-ska zo-ro" respectively. In phonetics, a diphthong (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a vowel combination in a single syllable involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... In human language, a phoneme is a set of phones (speech sounds or sign elements) that are cognitively equivalent. ... A syllable (Ancient Greek: ) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. ... Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Вук Стефановић Караџић) (November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864) was a Serb linguist and major reformer of the Serbian language. ... Lijepa naÅ¡a domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland) is the national anthem of Croatia. ... Oj, svijetla majska zoro (Oh, bright dawn of May) is the official state anthem of Montenegro. ...

Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of štokavian dialect

During the 1st half of the 19th century, protagonists of nascent Slavic philology were, as far as South Slavic dialects were concerned, embroiled in frequently bitter polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of native speakers of various dialects. This, from contemporary point of view, rather bizarre obsession was motivated primarily by political and national interests that prompted philologists-turned-ideologues to express their views on the subject. The most prominent contenders in the squabble, with conflicting agenda, were Czech philologist Josef Dobrovsky, Slovak Pavel Šafarik, Slovene Jernej Kopitar and Franc Miklošič, Serb Vuk Karadžić and Croatian Bogoslav Šulek and Vatroslav Jagić. Josef Dobrovsky (1753-1829) was a philologist, born in Gyarmet, in Hungary. ... Pavel Jozef Šafárik (Safáry / Schaffáry/ Schafary/ Saf(f)arik / Šafarík/ Szafarzik, Czech Pavel Josef Šafařík, modern Slovak Pavol Jozef Šafárik, German Paul Joseph Schaffarik, Latin Paulus Josephus Schaffarik, Hungarian Pál József Saf(f)arik) (13 May 1795... Jernej Kopitar (born 21 August 1780 in Repnje, died 11 August 1844 in Vienna) was a Slovenian linguist. ... Franc MikloÅ¡ič Franc MikloÅ¡ič (de: Franz von Miklosich), (November 29, 1813 – March 7, 1891) was a Slovenian philologist, born at Ljutomer (German Luttenberg), Styria, Slovenia, then a part of Austria. ... Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Вук Стефановић Караџић) (November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864) was a Serb linguist and major reformer of the Serbian language. ... Bogoslav Å ulek (Bohuslav; SubotiÅ¡te, Slovakia, 1816. ... Vatroslav Jagić (July 6, 1838 - August 5, 1923), was a Croatian language researcher and a famous expert in the area of Slavic languages (Slavistics) in the second half of the 19th century. ...

Essentially, the dispute was about who can, philologically, be labelled as "Slovene", "Croat" and "Serb". with the very mundane aim of expanding one's national territory and influence. Born in the climate of romanticism and national awakening, these polemical "battles" only succeeded in poisoning relations between the aforementioned nations, especially because the štokavian dialect cannot be split along ethnic lines. Like many other dialects (for instance, Plattdeutsch), it is "multiethnic" by its very nature. Low German (also called Plattdeutsch, Plattdüütsch or Low Saxon, Old Saxon) is a name for the regional language varieties of the Low Germanic languages spoken mainly in northern Germany, and eastern Netherlands. ...

However, contemporary native speakers, after process of national crystallization and identification had been completed, can be roughly identified as predominant speakers of various štokavian subdialects. Since standard languages propagated through media have strongly influenced and altered the situation in the 19th century, the following attribution must be treated with necessary caution.

The distribution of old-štokavian speakers along ethnic lines in present times is as follows:

• Kosovo-Resava (Ekavian) dialect: vastly Serbian
• Zeta-Sanjak dialect (Ijekavian): Montenegrin, Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) and Serbian.
• Slavonian dialect (fluctuating "yat": mainly Ikavian, also Ijekavian and Ekavian): vastly Croatian
• Eastern-Bosnian dialect(Ijekavian): vastly Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) and Croatian

Generally, the neo-štokavian dialect is divided as follows with regard to the ethnicity of its native speakers:

• Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect (Ekavian): vastly Serbian
• Dalmatian-Bosnian dialect (Ikavian): vastly Croatian and Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak)
• Eastern-Herzegovinian (Ijekavian): Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian and Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak).

Earliest texts of štokavian dialect

Proto-štokavian, or Church Slavic with ingredients of nascent štokavian, were recorded in legal documents like the charter of ban Kulin, regulating the commerce between Bosnia and Dubrovnik in Croatia, dated 1189, and in liturgical texts like Gršković’s and Mihanović’s fragments, ca. 1150, in southern Bosnia or Herzegovina. Experts's opinions are divided with regard to the extent these texts, especially the Kulin ban parchment, contain contemporary štokavian vernacular. Mainly štokavian, with ingredients of Church Slavic, are numerous legal and commercial documents from pre-Ottoman Bosnia, Hum, Serbia, Zeta, and southern Dalmatia, especially Dubrovnik. First comprehensive vernacular štokavian text is the Vatican Croatian Prayer Book, written a decade or two before 1400 in Dubrovnik. In next two centuries štokavian vernacular texts had been written mainly in Dubrovnik, other Adria cities and islands influenced by Dubrovnik, as well as in Bosnia, by Bosnian Franciscans and Bosniak Muslim vernacular alhamiado literature — the first example being "Chirwat turkisi" or "Croatian song", dated 1589. First written document attributed to Kulin, 1189. ... Events Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges City of Airdrie, Scotland founded King Sverker I of Sweden is deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden. ... Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna/Босна) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... A hum is a sound with a particular timbre (or sound quality), usually a monotone or with slightly varying tones, often produced by machinery in operation or by insects in flight. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Zeta or ZETA can refer to: Zeta (letter), of the Greek alphabet Science: Zeta functions, in mathematics Riemann zeta function Tropical Storm Zeta (2005), formed in December 2005 and lasted through January 2006 Z-pinch, in fusion power Geography: Zeta (Mexico), a magazine from Tijuana, Mexico Zeta (state), a medieval... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Å uica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: Dùbrōvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdÇ”.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former... Vatican Croatian Prayer Book is the oldest Croatian vernacular prayer book and the finest example of early štokavian vernacular literary idiom. ... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Å uica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: Dùbrōvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdÇ”.bro̞ːʋ.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former... A text in a Romance language is said to be aljamiado if it is written using the Arabic or the Hebrew alphabets, as texts written in the Mozarabic or Judeo-Spanish languages are. ...

Standard languages

Standard languages Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are all based on neo-štokavian dialect. The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Å tokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by Serbs everywhere. ...

However, it must be stressed that standard languages, irrespectively of their mutual differences, have been stylised in such manners that parts of the neo-štokavian dialect have been retained—for instance, declension —but other features were purposely omitted or altered—for instance, the phoneme "h" was re-instated in standard languages.

The Croatian language has had a long tradition of štokavian vernacular literacy and literature. It took almost four and half centuries for štokavian to prevail as the dialectal basis for Croatian standard. In other periods, čakavian and kajkavian dialects, as well as hybrid čakavian–kajkavian–štokavian interdialect "contended" for the Croatian national koine — but eventually lost, mainly due to historical and political reasons. By 1650s it was fairly obvious that štokavian would become the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard, but this process was finally completed in 1850s, when neo-štokavian Ijekavian, based mainly on Ragusan (Dubrovnik-an), Dalmatian, Bosnian and Slavonian literary heritage became national standard language.^{[citation needed]} Significant Events and Trends World Leaders King Frederick III of Denmark (1648 - 1670). ... // Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution...

Serbian language was much faster in standardisation. Although vernacular literature was present in the 18th century, it was Vuk Karadžić who, between 1818 and 1851, made a radical break with the past and established Serbian neo-štokavian folklore idiom as the basis of standard Serbian (until then, educated Serbs had been using Serbian Slavic, Russian Slavic and hybrid Russian-Serbian language). Although he wrote in Serbian Ijekavian, the majority of Serbs have adopted Ekavian, which is dominant in Serbia. Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia, as well as Montenegrins, use Ijekavian variant of standard Serbian language. Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular - the speech of the common people. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Bosnian language is only currently beginning to take shape. Bosniaks idiom can be seen as a transition between Serbian Ijekavian and Croatian languages, with some specific traits. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Bosniaks affirmed their wish to stylise their own standard language, based on neo-štokavian dialect, but reflecting their characteristics—from phonetics to semantics.

Also, contemporary situation is unstable with regard to the accentuation, since phoneticians have observed that 4-accents speech has, in all likelihood, shown to be increasingly unstable, which resulted in proposals that 3-accents norm be prescribed. This is particularly true for Croatian, where the influence of čakavian and kajkavian dialects on standard language is, contrary to all expectations, waxing, not waning in the past 50–70 years. Chakavian (Čakavian, čakavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of Croatian language. ... Kajkavian (kajkavski) dialect is one of the three dialects of Croatian language. ...

Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian standard languages, although all based on neo-štokavian dialect (or, more precisely, various subdialects) and mutually intelligible, are recognizably different in their prescribed forms as standard or literary languages. Their structures are almost identical in basic grammar, but have differences in other fields—from phonetics, phonology and morphology to syntax, semantics and pragmatics. For other traits, see Differences in official languages in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia. The official languages in Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro differ in various aspects as outlined below. ...

Example: Što jest, jest; tako je uv(ij)ek bilo, što će biti, ( biće / bit će ), a nekako već će biti!
(The first option in the middle of the sentence is a difference between Ekavian and Ijekavian. The second option in the middle is difference between Serbian and Croatian norms, respectively.)

Another "classic" example is:

English: Cooking salt is a compound of sodium chloride.

Croatian: Kuhinjska sol je spoj natrija i klora.

Serbian: Kuhinjska so je jedinjenje natrijuma i hlora.

Bosnian: Kuhinjska so je spoj natrija i hlora.

The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Å tokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by Serbs everywhere. ...

External links

• Map of Serbo-Croatian dialects according to Brabec, Kraste, and Živković
• Map of štokavian dialects according to Dalibor Brozović
• Map according to Pavle Ivić