Elagabalus (c. 203 – March 11, 222), also known as Heliogabalus or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, was a Roman Emperor of the Severan dynasty who reigned from 218 to 222. Born Varius Avitus Bassianus, he was a Syrian by birth, the son of Julia Soaemias and Sextus Varius Marcellus, and in his early youth he served as a priest of the god El-Gabal at his hometown, Emesa. Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Michelangelos design for Capitoline Hill, now home to the Capitoline Museums. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 222. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. ... Faustina is the name of several prominent women in history. ... Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. ... Hierocles (late 1st century - 222) was a favorite of the Roman emperor Elagabalus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Sextus Varius Marcellus, with Julia Soaemias, was the supposed father of Varius Avitus Bassianus, later Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Heliogabalus. ... Julia Soaemias Bassiana (180-March 11, 222) was the daughter of Julia Maesa, a powerful Roman woman of Syrian origin, and Julius Avitus. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 222. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ... The Severan dynasty is a lineage of Roman Emperors, reigning several decades from the late 2nd century to the early 3rd century. ... Julia Soaemias Bassiana (180-March 11, 222) was the daughter of Julia Maesa, a powerful Roman woman of Syrian origin, and Julius Avitus. ... Sextus Varius Marcellus, with Julia Soaemias, was the supposed father of Varius Avitus Bassianus, later Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Heliogabalus. ... The Emesa temple to the sun god El Gabal, with the holy stone, on the reverse of this bronze coin by Roman usurper Uranius Antoninus. ... Emesa was an ancient city on the Orontes River in Syria. ...
In 217, the emperor Caracalla was murdered and replaced by his Praetorian prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. Caracalla's maternal aunt, Julia Maesa, successfully instigated a revolt among the Third Legion to have her eldest grandson, Elagabalus, declared as emperor in his place. Macrinus was defeated on June 8, 218, at the Battle of Antioch, upon which Elagabalus, barely fourteen years old, ascended to the imperial power and began a reign that was marred by controversies. Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Julia Maesa (about 170- about 226) was daughter of Julius Bassianus, priest of the sun god Heliogabalus, the patron god of Emesa in the Roman province of Syria. ... Legio III Gallica was a Roman legion levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... May 16 - Elagabalus is declared Roman Emperor. ... The Battle of Antioch on June 8, 218AD took place between two roman armies of roman emperor Macrinus and one contender Elagabalus (whose troops were commanded by General Gannys). ...
Amidst growing opposition, Elagabalus was assassinated and replaced by his cousin Severus Alexander on March 11, 222, in a plot formed by his grandmother, Julia Maesa, and members of the Praetorian Guard. Elagabalus developed a reputation among his contemporaries for eccentricity, decadence, and zealotry which was likely exaggerated by his successors and political rivals.[1] This propaganda was passed on and, as a result, he was one of the most reviled Roman emperors to early historians. Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from AD 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 222. ... The Praetorian Guard of Augustus - 1st century. ...
Elagabalus was born in 203[2] as Varius Avitus Bassianus to the family of Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias Bassiana. His father was initially a member of the equestrian class, but was later elevated to the rank of senator. His grandmother Julia Maesa was the widow of the Consul Julius Avitus, the sister of Julia Domna, and the sister-in-law of emperor Septimius Severus.[3] Julia Soaemias was a cousin of Roman emperor Caracalla. Other relatives included his aunt Julia Avita Mamaea and uncle Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus and their son Alexander Severus. Elagabalus's family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god El-Gabal, of whom Elagabalus was the high priest at Emesa (modern Homs) in Syria.[2] This is a family tree of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. ... The Severan dynasty is a lineage of Roman Emperors, reigning several decades from the late 2nd century to the early 3rd century. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ... Publius Septimius Geta (March 7, 189–December 211), was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus and his older brother Caracalla from 209 to his death. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ... Publius Septimius Geta (March 7, 189–December 211), was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus and his older brother Caracalla from 209 to his death. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Publius Septimius Geta (March 7, 189–December 211), was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus and his older brother Caracalla from 209 to his death. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Sextus Varius Marcellus, with Julia Soaemias, was the supposed father of Varius Avitus Bassianus, later Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Heliogabalus. ... Julia Soaemias Bassiana (180-March 11, 222) was the daughter of Julia Maesa, a powerful Roman woman of Syrian origin, and Julius Avitus. ... An equestrian (Latin eques, plural equites - also known as a vir egregius, lit. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... Julia Maesa (about 170- about 226) was daughter of Julius Bassianus, priest of the sun god Heliogabalus, the patron god of Emesa in the Roman province of Syria. ... This article is about the Roman rank. ... Julia Domna (170-217) was member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Julia Avita Mamaea (180- 235) was the daughter of Julia Maesa, a powerful Roman woman of Syrian origin, and Julius Avitus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... The Emesa temple to the sun god El Gabal, with the holy stone, on the reverse of this bronze coin by Roman usurper Uranius Antoninus. ... The term High Priest may refer to particular individuals who hold the office of ruler-priest in local regional or ethnic contexts. ... Homs (Arabic: , transliteration: ) is a western city in Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. ...
Roman denarius depicting Elagabalus. The reverse reads Fides Exercitus, or The loyalty of the army, depicting the Roman goddess Fides between two Roman armystandards. Many coins issued during Elagabalus' reign bear the inscriptions Fides Exercitus or Fides Militum, emphasising the loyalty of the army as the basis for imperial power.
When the emperor Macrinus came to power he suppressed the threat against his reign by the family of his assassinated predecessor, Caracalla, by exiling them—Julia Maesa, her two daughters, and her eldest grandson Elagabalus—to their estate at Emesa in Syria.[2] Almost upon arrival in Syria she began a plot, with her eunuch advisor and Elagabalus' tutor Gannys, to overthrow Macrinus and elevate the fourteen-year-old Elagabalus as emperor.[2] Elagabalus and his mother readily complied and announced, falsely, that he was the illegitimate son of Caracalla, therefore due the loyalties of Roman soldiers and senators who had sworn allegiance to Caracalla.[2] After Julia Maesa displayed her wealth to the Third Legion at Raphana they swore allegiance to Elagabalus. At sunrise on May 16, 218, Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus, commander of the legion, declared him emperor.[8] To strengthen his legitimacy through further propaganda, Elagabalus assumed Caracalla's names, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.[9] First row : c. ... The Roman army was a set of land-based military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military. ... Denarius minted by Mark Antony to pay his legions. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ... Legio III Gallica was a Roman legion levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey. ... Raphana, in Syria, was a city of the Decapolis. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... May 16 - Elagabalus is declared Roman Emperor. ...
In response Macrinus dispatched his Praetorian prefect Ulpius Julianus to the region with a contingent of troops he considered strong enough the crush the rebellion. However this force soon joined the faction of Elagabalus when, during the battle, they turned on their own commanders. The officers were killed and Julianus' head was sent back to the emperor.[10] Macrinus now sent letters to the Senate denouncing Elagabalus as the False Antoninus and claiming he was insane.[11] Both consuls and other high ranking members of Rome's leadership condemned him, and the Senate subsequently declared war on both Elagabalus and Julia Maesa.[12] Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature. ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... This article is about the Roman rank. ...
Macrinus and his son, weakened by the desertion of the Second Legion due to bribes and promises circulated by Julia Maesa, were defeated on June 8, 218 at the Battle of Antioch by troops commanded by Gannys.[10] Macrinus fled toward Italy, disguised as a courier, but was later intercepted near Chalcedon and executed in Cappadocia.[10] His son Diadumenianus, sent for safety to the Parthian court, was captured at Zeugma and also put to death.[10] Legio II Parthica was a Roman legion levied by Emperor Septimius Severus in 197, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... May 16 - Elagabalus is declared Roman Emperor. ... The Battle of Antioch on June 8, 218AD took place between two roman armies of roman emperor Macrinus and one contender Elagabalus (whose troops were commanded by General Gannys). ... Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). ... For other uses, see Cappadocia (disambiguation). ... Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus or Diadumenian , Roman Caesar (junior emperor), died 218 A.D. was the son of Emperor Macrinus who served his father briefly as Caesar (junior emperor) from May, 217 to 218 A.D. and as Augustus in 218. ... Parthia at its greatest extent under Mithridates II (123–88 BC) Capital Ctesiphon, Ecbatana Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Parthia, 247 BC]] History - Established 247 BC - Disestablished 220 AD Parthian votive relief. ... Zeugma – also Seleucia, Seleuceia, Seleukheia, Seleukeia, Seleukeia Euphrates, and Selevkaya Euphrates – is an ancient city of Commagene; currently located in the Gaziantep Province of Turkey It is a historical settlement which is considered among the four most important settlement areas under the reign of the kingdom of Commagene. ...
Elagabalus declared the date of the victory at Antioch to be the beginning of his reign and assumed the imperial titles without prior Senatorial approval,[13] which violated tradition but was a common practice among third-century emperors nonetheless. Letters of reconciliation were dispatched to Rome extending amnesty to the Senate and recognizing the laws, while also condemning the administration of Macrinus and his son.[14] The Senators responded by acknowledging Elagabalus as emperor and accepting his claim to be the son of Caracalla.[15] Caracalla and Julia Domna were both deified by the Senate, both Julia Maesa and Julia Soaemias were elevated to the rank of Augustae,[16] and the memory of Macrinus and Diadumenianus was condemned and vilified by the Senate.[13] The former commander of the Third Legion, Comazon, was appointed to be commander of the Praetorian Guard.[17] For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Imperial cult in Ancient Rome was the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god. ... For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ...
Emperor
First year
A denarius commissioned by Elagabalus, bearing his likeness
Elagabalus and his entourage spent the winter of 218 in Bithynia at Nicomedia,[15] where the emperor's religious beliefs first manifested themselves as a problem. The contemporary historian Cassius Dio suggests that Gannys was in fact killed by the new emperor because he was forcing Elagabalus to live "temperately and prudently."[18] To help Romans adjust to the idea of having an oriental priest as emperor, Julia Maesa had a painting of Elagabalus in priestly robes sent to Rome and hung over a statue of the goddess Victoria in the Senate House.[15] This placed Senators in the awkward position of having to make offerings to Elagabalus whenever they made offerings to Victoria. First row : c. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... Nicomedia (modern Ä°zmit, also known as Iznik) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus (which opens on the Propontis) in 264 BC. The city has ever since been one of the chief towns in this part of Asia Minor. ... Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... Victoria on the reverse of this coin by Constantine II. In Roman mythology, Victoria was the personification/Goddess of victory. ... The reconstructed Curia is the large building on the right of this panorama The Curia Hostilia (Latin, Hostilian Court) was the favourite meeting place of the Roman Senate in the Forum Romanum at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, near the well of the Comitia. ...
The legions were dismayed at his behaviour and quickly came to regret their decision to have him supported as emperor.[19] While Elagabalus was still on his way to Rome, brief revolts broke out by the Fourth Legion, at the instigation of Gellius Maximus, and the Third Legion, which itself had been responsible for the accession of Elagabalus as emperor, under command of senator Verus.[20] The rebellion was quickly struck down, and the Third Legion disbanded.[21] Legio IV Scythica was a Roman legion levied by Marcus Antonius around 42 BC, for his campaign against the Parthian empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. ... Gellius Maximus (d. ... Verus is a disambiguation page listing more than one person of that name. ...
When the entourage reached Rome in the autumn of 219, Comazon and other allies of Julia Maesa and Elagabalus were given powerful and lucrative positions, much to the outrage of many senators who did not consider them to be respectable.[22] After his tenure as Praetorian prefect, Comazon would serve as the city prefect of Rome three times, and as consul twice.[17] Elagabalus tried to have his presumed lover Hierocles declared Caesar,[23] while another alleged lover, Zoticus, was appointed to the non-administrative but influential position of Cubicularius.[24] His offer of amnesty for the Roman leadership was largely honored, though the juristUlpian was exiled.[25] Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature. ... This article is about the highest office of the Roman Republic. ... Hierocles (late 1st century - 222) was a favorite of the Roman emperor Elagabalus. ... Caesar (plural Caesars), Latin: Cæsar (plural Cæsares), is a title of imperial character. ... Zoticus 3rd century neoplatonic philosopher and student of Plotinus. ... A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ... Domitius Ulpianus, Anglicized as Ulpian, (died 228) was a Roman jurist of Tyrian ancestry. ...
The relationships between Julia Maesa, Julia Soaemias, and Elagabalus were strong, at first. His mother and grandmother became the first women to be allowed into the Senate,[26] and both received Senatorial titles: Soaemias the established title of Clarissima and Maesa the more unorthodox Mater Castrorum et Senatus.[16] While Julia Maesa tried to position herself as the power behind the throne and subsequently the most powerful woman in the world, Elagabalus would prove to be highly independent, set in his ways, and impossible to control.
Religious controversy
Roman aureus depicting Elagabalus. The reverse reads Sanct Deo Soli Elagabal (To the Holy Sun God Elagabal), and depicts a four-horse, gold chariot carrying the holy stone of the Emesa temple.
A lavish temple called the Elagabalium was built on the east face of the Palatine Hill to house El-Gabal, who was represented by a black conical meteorite from Emesa.[15]Herodian wrote "this stone is worshipped as though it were sent from heaven; on it there are some small projecting pieces and markings that are pointed out, which the people would like to believe are a rough picture of the sun, because this is how they see them".[2] In order to become the high priest of his new religion, Elagabalus had himself circumcised.[28] He forced senators to watch while he danced around the altar of Deus Sol Invictus to the sound of drums and cymbals,[15] and each summer solstice he held a festival dedicated to the god, which became popular with the masses because of its widely distributed food.[29] During this festival, Elagabalus placed the Emesa stone on a chariot adorned with gold and jewels, which he paraded through the city: 17th century aviaries on the hill, built by Rainaldi for Odoardo Cardinal Farnese: once wirework cages surmounted them. ... Baetylus or Bethel is a semitic word denoting a sacred stone, which was supposed to be endowed with life. ... Herodian or Herodianus of Syria (ca. ... “Summer solstice†redirects here. ... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ...
A six horse chariot carried the divinity, the horses huge and flawlessly white, with expensive gold fittings and rich ornaments. No one held the reins, and no one rode in the chariot; the vehicle was escorted as if the god himself were the charioteer. Elagabalus ran backward in front of the chariot, facing the god and holding the horses reins. He made the whole journey in this reverse fashion, looking up into the face of his god.[29]
The most sacred relics from the Roman religion were transferred from their respective shrines to the Elagabalium, including the Great Mother, the fire of Vesta, the Shields of the Salii and the Palladium, so that no other God except El-Gabal would be worshipped.[32] A fountain in Madrid depicting Cybele in her chariot drawn by lions, in the Plaza de Cibeles Originally a Phrygian goddess, Cybele (Greek: ΚυβÎλη) was a deification of the Earth Mother who was worshipped in Anatolia from Neolithic times. ... Vesta may refer to: The goddess Vesta in Roman mythology equivalent to Greek Hestia The asteroid 4 Vesta, named for the Roman deity. ... The Ancile, in ancient Rome, is the legendary buckler shield of the god Mars, said to have fallen from heaven, upon Numa Pompilius. ... The Salii were Roman priests of Mars. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Palladion. ...
Sex/gender controversy
Roman denarius depicting Aquilia Severa, the second wife of Elagabalus. The marriage caused a public outrage because Aquilia was a Vestal Virgin, sworn by Roman law to celibacy for 30 years.
Elagabalus' sexual orientation and gender identity are the source of much controversy and debate. Elagabalus married and divorced five women,[30] three of whom are known. His first wife was Julia Cornelia Paula;[29] the second was the Vestal Virgin Julia Aquilia Severa,[29] but within a year, he abandoned her and married Annia Faustina,[29] a descendant of Marcus Aurelius and the widow of a man recently executed by Elagabalus. He had returned to Severa by the end of the year,[30] but according to Cassius Dio, his most stable relationship seems to have been with his chariot driver, a blond slave from Caria named Hierocles, whom he referred to as his husband.[23] The Augustan History claims that he also married a man named Zoticus, an athlete from Smyrna, in a public ceremony at Rome.[26] Cassius Dio reported Elagabalus would paint his eyes, epilate his hair and wear wigs before prostituting himself in taverns and brothels,[33] and even the imperial palace: Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. ... Image of a Roman Vestal Virgin In Ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins (sacerdos Vestalis), were the virgin holy priestesses of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. ... Celibacy refers either to being unmarried or to sexual abstinence. ... Sexual orientation refers to an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction toward others,[1] usually conceived of as classifiable according to the sex or gender of the persons whom the individual finds sexually attractive. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Image of a Roman Vestal Virgin In Ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins (sacerdos Vestalis), were the virgin holy priestesses of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. ... Aquilia Severa was the second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. ... Faustina is the name of several prominent women in history. ... Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (called the Wise) (April 26, 121[2] – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... A quadriga (from the Latin language quadri-, four, and jungere, to yoke) is a four-horse chariot, raced in the Olympic Games and other sacred games, and represented in profile as the usual chariot of gods and heroes on Greek vases and bas-reliefs. ... Location of Caria Photo of a 15th century map showing Caria. ... Hierocles (late 1st century - 222) was a favorite of the Roman emperor Elagabalus. ... Plucking, in the sense relating to glaciers, is when a glacier erodes away chunks of bedrock to be later deposited as erratics. ... Whore redirects here. ...
Finally, he set aside a room in the palace and there committed his indecencies, always standing nude at the door of the room, as the harlots do, and shaking the curtain which hung from gold rings, while in a soft and melting voice he solicited the passers-by.[34]
Herodian commented that Elagabalus pampered his natural good looks by wearing too much make-up.[29] He was described as having been "delighted to be called the mistress, the wife, the Queen of Hierocles" and was said to have offered vast sums of money to the physician who could equip him with female genitalia.[24] Subsequently, Elagabalus has often been characterized by modern writers as transgender, most likely transsexual.[35][36] A transwoman with XY written on her hand, at a protest in Paris, October 1, 2005. ... A transsexual (sometimes transexual) person establishes a permanent identity with the opposite gender to their assigned (usually at birth) sex. ...
Fall from power
By 221 Elagabalus' eccentricities, particularly his relationship with Hierocles,[23] increasingly infuriated the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard.[22] When Julia Maesa perceived that popular support for the emperor was quickly wavering, she decided that he and his mother, who had encouraged his religious practices, had to be replaced.[22] As alternatives, she turned to her other daughter Julia Avita Mamaea and her son, the thirteen-year-old Severus Alexander. Convincing Elagabalus to appoint his cousin as his heir, Alexander was bestowed with the title of Caesar and shared the consulship with the emperor that year.[22] However, Elagabalus reconsidered this arrangement when he began to suspect that the Praetorian Guard favored his cousin over himself.[37] Following the failure of various attempts at Alexander's life, Elagabalus stripped his cousin of his titles, revoked his consulship, and circulated the news that Alexander was near death to see how the Praetorians would react.[37] A riot ensued, and the guard demanded to see Elagabalus and Alexander in the Praetorian camp.[37] The emperor complied and on March 11, 222 he presented his cousin, along with his mother Julia Soaemias. Upon arrival the soldiers started cheering Alexander, while ignoring Elagabalus, who ordered the summary arrest and execution of anyone who had taken part in this revolt.[37] In response, the Praetorians attacked Elagabalus and his mother: The Praetorian Guard of Augustus - 1st century. ... Julia Avita Mamaea (180- 235) was the daughter of Julia Maesa, a powerful Roman woman of Syrian origin, and Julius Avitus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from AD 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Castra Praetoria are the ancient barracks (castra) of the Praetorian Guard of Imperial Rome. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 222. ...
So he made an attempt to flee, and would have got away somewhere by being placed in a chest, had he not been discovered and slain, at the age of 18. His mother, who embraced him and clung tightly to him, perished with him; their heads were cut off and their bodies, after being stripped naked, were first dragged all over the city, and then the mother's body was cast aside somewhere or other, while his was thrown into the river.[38]
Following his demise, many associates of Elagabalus were killed or deposed, including Hierocles and Comazon.[38] His religious edicts were reversed and El-Gabal was returned to Emesa.[39] Women were barred from ever attending meetings of the Senate,[26][40] and damnatio memoriae—erasing a person from all public records—was decreed upon him.[41] Emesa was an ancient city on the Orontes River in Syria. ... Tondo of the Severan family, with portraits of Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. ...
Legacy
Historiography
The Roses of Heliogabalus, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1888
A propaganda campaign against Elagabalus, traditionally attributed to Julia Avitus Mamaea, was instituted after his death.[42] Many denigrating and false stories were circulated about him, and his eccentricities may have been exaggerated.[42] The most famous among these, immortalized in the 19th-century painting The Roses of Heliogabalus, is that he smothered guests at a dinner to death with a mass of "violets and other flowers" dropped from above.[43] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 525 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1049 pixel, file size: 792 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) 1888 Lawrence Alma-Tadema - en:The Roses of Heliogabalus +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 525 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1049 pixel, file size: 792 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) 1888 Lawrence Alma-Tadema - en:The Roses of Heliogabalus +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, OM, RA (January 8, 1836, Dronrijp, the Netherlands. ... 1967 Chinese propaganda poster from the Cultural Revolution. ... The roses of Heliogabalus by Alma-Tadema (1888), oil on canvas. ...
Augustan History
The source of many of these stories of Elagabalus's debauchery is the Augustan History (Historia Augusta), which scholarly consensus now feels to be unreliable in its details.[44] The Historia Augusta was most likely written near the end of the 4th century during the reign of emperor Theodosius,[45] drawing as much upon the invention of its author as actual historical sources. The life of Elagabalus as described in the Augustan History is believed to be largely a work of historical fiction.[46] Only the sections 13 to 17, relating to the fall of Elagabalus, are considered to hold any historical value.[47] The Augustan History (Lat. ... Theodosius (from greek friend of God) is a common name to three emperors of ancient Rome and Byzantium: Theodosius I (379-395) Theodosius II (408-450) Theodosius III (715-717) Categories: Disambiguation | Late Antiquity ...
Cassius Dio
Sources more credible than the Augustan History include the contemporary historians Cassius Dio and Herodian. Cassius Dio lived from the second half of the 2nd century until sometime after 229. Born into a patrician family, he spent the greater part of his life in public service. He was a senator under emperor Commodus and governor of Smyrna after the death of Septimius Severus. Afterwards he served as suffect consul around 205, and as proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Alexander Severus held him in the highest esteem and made him his consul again. His Roman History spans nearly a millennium, from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy until the year 229. As a contemporary of Elagabalus, Cassius Dio's account of his reign is generally considered more reliable than the Augustan History, although it should be noted that Dio spent the larger part of this period outside of Rome and had to rely on second-hand accounts when composing his Roman History. Furthermore, the political climate in the aftermath of Elagabalus' reign, as well as his own position within the government of Alexander likely imposed restrictions on the extent to which his writing on this period is truthful.[48] Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... This article is about the social and political class in ancient Rome. ... Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with Marcus Aurelius from 177 until 180). ... Smyrna (Greek: ΣμÏÏνη) is an ancient city (today Ä°zmir in Turkey) that was founded by ancient Greeks at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces ... For other uses, see Pannonia (disambiguation). ... A millennium (pl. ... Aeneas flees burning Troy, Federico Barocci, 1598. ...
Herodian
Another contemporary of Elagabalus was Herodian, who was a minor Roman civil servant who lived from c. 170 until 240. His work, History of the Roman Empire since Marcus Aurelius, commonly abbreviated as Roman History, is an eye-witness account of the reign of Commodus until the beginning of the reign of Gordian III. His work largely overlaps with Dio's own Roman History, but both texts seem to be independently consistent with each other.[49] Although Herodian is not deemed as reliable as Cassius Dio, his lack of literary and scholarly pretensions make him less biased than senatorial historians; he is less hostile than Dio and refrains from giving irrelevant descriptions of sexual practices.[49] Herodian is considered the most important source on the religious reforms which took place during the reign of Elagabalus, which have been confirmed by modern numismatical[50][51] and archaeological evidence.[52] Herodian or Herodianus of Syria (ca. ... Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with Marcus Aurelius from 177 until 180). ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius (January 20, 225 - February 11, 244), known in English as Gordian III, was Roman Emperor from 238 to 244. ... Numismatics is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. ... For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ...
Elagabalus in later art
Due to these stories, Elagabalus became something of a hero to the Decadent movement in the late 19th century.[36] He appears in many paintings and poems as the epitome of an amoral aesthete. His life and character has inspired or at least informed many famous artworks, including the following: In 19th century European and especially French literature, decadence was the name given, first by hostile critics, and then triumphantly adopted by some writers themselves, to a number of late nineteenth century fin de siècle writers who were associated with Symbolism or the Aesthetic movement and who relished artifice...
Heliogabale, an opera by French composer Déodat de Séverac which premiered in 1910
Heliogabale, a french rock band, a French rock band which has released five albums since 1995, among them "the full mind is alone the clear" recorded by Steve Albini in 1997
Heliogabalus, a song by Momus from his 2001 album Folktronic, in which the narrator defends Heliogabalus, saying he "wasn't to blame" for the "deaths he caused"
Dance
Héliogabale, a contemporary dance choreographed by Maurice Béjart
Film
Héliogabale, a 1909 silent film by the French director André Calmettes
Héliogabale, ou L'orgie romaine, a 1911 silent short by the French director Louis Feuillade
Plays
Mencken, H.L. and Nathan, George Jean. Heliogabalus A Buffoonery in Three Acts. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1920.
^ Halsberghe, Gaston H. (1972). The Cult of Sol Invictus. Leiden: Brill, p62.
^ Lenormant, Francois (1881). "Sol Elagabalus". Revue de l'Histoire des Religions3: p310.
^ Devlaminck, Pieter (2004). De Cultus van Sol Invictus: Een vergelijkende studie tussen keizer Elagabalus (218-222) en keizer Aurelianus (270-275) (Dutch). University of Ghent. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
^ ab Benario, Herbert W. (1959). "The Titulature of Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea: Two Notes". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association90: 9–14. Retrieved on 2007-08-04.
^ Benjamin, Harry (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon, Appendix C: Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultiral Aspects.. New York: The Julian Press, inc. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
^ ab Godbout, Louis (2004). "Elagabalus". GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Chicago: glbtq, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
^heliogábalo in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Elagabalus
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Elagabalus
Primary sources
Cassius Dio, Roman History Books 79, and 80, English translation.
Herodian, Roman History, Book 5, English translation.
Historia Augusta, The Life of Elagabalus Parts 1 and 2, Latin text with English translation.
Secondary material
Benjamin, Harry (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. New York: The Julian Press, inc. Retrieved on 2005-04-27.
Birley, Anthony (1976). Lives of the Later Caesars. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN ISBN 0-14-044308-8.
Fielden, Jerry (2000). Antoninus Elagabalus and his relationship with the Senate. Retrieved on 2005-03-26.
Grant, Michael (1997). The Roman Emperors. Barnes & Noble, 126–130. ISBN 0-7607-0091-5.
Gualerzi, Saverio (2005). Ne Uomo, Ne Donna, Ne Dio, Ne Dea: Ruolo Sessuale E Ruolo Religioso Dell'imperatore Elagabalo. Bologna: Patron. ISBN ISBN 88-555-2842-4.
Halsberghe, Gaston H. (1972). The Cult of Sol Invictus. Leiden: Brill, p36.
Biographical sketches
Meckler, Michael J. (August 26, 1997). "Elagabalus". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
Wildwinds coin archive: Elagabalus. Large archive of ancient Roman and provincial coins bearing the image of Elagabalus. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
Coinarchives coin archive: Elagabalus. Large archive of ancient Roman and provincial coins issued under Elagabalus, including coins of family members. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
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Maximinus I Thrax·Gordian I·Gordian II·Pupienus·Balbinus·Gordian III·Philip the Arab·Decius·Herennius Etruscus·Trebonianus Gallus·Hostilian·Volusianus·Aemilianus·Valerian·Gallienus·Claudius II·Quintillus·Aurelian·Tacitus·Florianus·Probus·Carus·Carinus·Numerian Emperor Maximinus Thrax, ruled 235-238, was the first of the emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus (c. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (c. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (c. ... Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus, born about 178, was an example of ascension in the Roman hierarchical system due to military success. ... Pupienus Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus and Decius Caelius Calvinus Balbinus (both died on July 29, 238) were elected co_emperors by the Roman senate on April 22, 238 after the failure of Gordian I and Gordian II to defeat the usurper Maximinus Thrax. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius (January 20, 225 - February 11, 244), known in English as Gordian III, was Roman Emperor from 238 to 244. ... Marcus Julius Philippus (c. ... “Decius†redirects here. ... Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius (c. ... Trebonianus Gallus on a coin celebrating Aeternitas. ... Hostilian celebrating Securitas, the security of the Roman Empire. ... Volusianus protrait on a tetradrachm. ... Aemilianus celebrating peace-maker Mars god of war. ... Publius Licinius Valerianus[1] (c. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... Quintillus picture on a coin. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus[1] (September 9, 214–September 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... Emperor Tacitus on a coin. ... Hercules crowning Florianus. ... This antoninianus minted under Probus (c. ... Marcus Aurelius Carus (c. ... Marcus Aurelius Carinus, Roman emperor, 283 - July, 285, was the elder son of the emperor Carus, on whose accession he was appointed governor of the western portion of the empire. ... Numerian, on a coin as caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus (d. ...
Diocletian·Maximian·Constantius I·Galerius·Severus II·Maxentius·Maximinus II Daia·Licinius·Valerius Valens·Martinianus·Constantine I·Constantine II·Constans I·Constantius II·Magnentius·Vetranio·Julian·Jovian·Valentinian I·Valens·Gratian·Valentinian II·Magnus Maximus·Eugenius·Theodosius I The Dominate was the despotic last of the two phases of government in the ancient Roman Empire between its establishment in 27 BC and the formal date of the collapse of the Western Empire in AD 476. ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... Galerius Maximianus (c. ... Flavius Valerius Severus as caesar. ... Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius ( 278-28 October 312) was Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 312. ... This article deals with 4th century Roman Emperor. ... Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius (on the obverse). ... Aurelius Valerius Valens (? - 317) was Roman emperor from December 316 to March 1, 317. ... Follis of Martinianus. ... Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[2] (27 February c. ... Flavius Claudius Constantinus, known in English as Constantine II, (316 – 340) was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340. ... Flavius Julius Constans (320 - 350), was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Magnentius (303–August 11, 353) was a Roman usurper (January 18, 350 – August 11, 353). ... Vetranio (d. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331–June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361–363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... For other meanings see Jovian (disambiguation). ... Flavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364-375). ... Solidus minted by Valens in 376. ... A coin of Gratian. ... A marble statue of Emperor Valentinian II, Aphrodisias Geyre (Aydin, Anatolia), 387–390. ... Magnus Maximus. ... Eugenius wearing imperial insigna, on a coin celebrateing the VIRTVS ROMANORVM, the (military) value of the Romans. Flavius Eugenius (d. ... An engraving depicting what Theodosius may have looked like, ca. ...
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Honorius·Constantius III·Joannes·Valentinian III·Petronius Maximus·Avitus·Majorian·Libius Severus·Anthemius·Olybrius·Glycerius·Julius Nepos·Romulus Augustus This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... Flavius Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Roman Emperor (393- 395) and then Western Roman Emperor from 395 until his death. ... Costantius on a solidus. ... Joannes, Roman Emperor (423 - 425) On the death of the Emperor Honorius (August 27, 423), Theodosius II, the remaining ruler of the House of Theodosius hesitated for some time in announcing his uncles death and in the interregum Honorius patrician at the time of his death, Castinus, elevated Joannes... Solidus minted in Thessalonica to celebrate the marriage of Valentinian III to Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. On the reverse, the three of them in wedding dresses. ... Petronius Maximus on a coin. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Majorian on an bronze coin. ... Libius Severus was a Western Roman Emperor. ... Procopius Anthemius (c. ... Anicius Olybrius, Western Roman Emperor (July 11 - October 23, 472), was a member of a noble family and a native of Rome. ... Glycerius (c. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ...
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This follis by Leo VI bears the Byzantine Emperors official title, BASILEVS ROMEON, Emperor of the Romans; translation of text: Leo, by the grace of God, King of Romans Leo VI the Wise or the Philosopher (Greek: ΛÎων ΣΤ΄, LeÅn VI, Armenian: [1]), (September 19, 866 – May 11, 912) was Byzantine... A Byzantine Mosaic portrait of Emperor Alexander (870 - 913) which was completed in the Emperors short reign. ... Constantine and his mother Zoë. Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, the Purple-born (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ζ΄ ΠοÏφυÏογÎννητος, KÅnstantinos VII PorphyrogennÄ“tos), (Constantinople, September 905 – November 9, 959 in Constantinople) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. ... Contemporary coin of Romanus I. Romanos I Lekapenos or Romanus I Lecapenus (Greek: Ρωμανός Α΄ Λακαπήνος, RÅmanos I LakapÄ“nos) (c. ... 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Diptych of Romanus and Eudocia Macrembolitissa, crowned by Christ (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Romanos IV Diogenes or Romanus IV Diogenes (Greek: Ρωμανός Δ΄ ΔιογÎνης, RÅmanos IV DiogenÄ“s) was Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071. ... Nicephorus Botaniates. ... Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus Alexius I (1048–August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the third son of John Comnenus, the nephew of Isaac I Comnenus (emperor 1057–1059). ... “John Komnenus†redirects here. ... For the eldest son of Andronikos I Komnenos and father of Alexios I of Trebizond, see Manuel Komnenos (born 1145). ... Alexios II Komnenos or Alexius II Comnenus (Greek: ΑλÎχιος Β’ Κομνηνός, Alexios II KomnÄ“nos) (14 September 1169 – October 1183, Constantinople), Byzantine emperor (1180-1183), was the son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch. ... Billon trachy (a cup-shaped coin) of Andronikos I Komnenos (1183-1185) Andronikos I Komnenos or Andronicus I Comnenus (Greek: ΑνδÏόνικος Α’ Κομνηνός, Andronikos I KomnÄ“nos) (c. ... Isaac II Angelos or Angelus (Greek: Ισαάκιος Β’ Άγγελος, Isaakios II Angelos) (September 1156 – January 1204) was Byzantine emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204. ... Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine emperor, was the second son of Andronicus Angelus, nephew of Alexius I. In 1195, while his brother Isaac II was away hunting in Thrace, he was proclaimed emperor by the troops; he captured Isaac at Stagira in Macedonia, put out his eyes, and kept him henceforth... Alexius IV Angelus (c. ...
Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261
Constantine Laskaris·Theodore I·John III·Theodore II·John IV This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. ... Constantine Laskaris (Greek Κωνσταντίνος ΛάσκαÏης) was Byzantine emperor for a few months in 1204. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... John III Doukas Vatatzes or Ducas Vatatzes (Greek: Ιωάννης Γ΄ ΔοÏκας Βατάτζης, IÅannÄ“s III Doukas BatatzÄ“s) (c. ... Theodore II Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris (Greek: ΘεόδωÏος Β΄ ΔοÏκας ΛάσκαÏις, TheodÅros II Doukas Laskaris) (1221/1222–August 18, 1258) was emperor of Nicaea, 1254–1258. ... John IV Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris (Greek: Ιωάννης Δ΄ ΔοÏκας ΛάσκαÏις, IÅannÄ“s IV Doukas Laskaris), December 25, 1250 - c. ...
Michael VIII·Andronikos II·Andronikos III·John V·John VI·Matthew·Andronikos IV·John VII·Andronikos V·Manuel II·John VIII·Constantine XI This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. ... The Byzantine Empire in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος, MikhaÄ“l VIII Palaiologos) (1224/1225 – December 11, 1282) reigned as Byzantine emperor 1259–1282. ... Andronikos II Palaiologos or Andronicus II Palaeologus (Greek: ) (1259/1260 – February 13, 1332), reigned as Byzantine emperor 1282–1328. ... Andronikos III Palaiologos or Andronicus III Palaeologus (Greek: ΑνδÏόνικος Γ Παλαιολόγος) (March 25, 1297 - June 15, 1341) reigned as Byzantine emperor 1328–1341, after being rival emperor since 1321. ... John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: , IÅannÄ“s V Palaiologos), (1332 – February 16, 1391) was the son of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and Anna of Savoy. ... John VI Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzene (Greek: Ιωάννης ΣΤ΄ Καντακουζηνός, IÅannÄ“s VI KantakouzÄ“nos) (c. ... Matthew Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzenus (Greek: Ματθαίος Ασάνης Καντακουζηνός, Matthaios AsanÄ“s KantakouzÄ“nos) (c. ... Andronikos IV Palaiologos or Andronicus IV Palaeologus (Greek: ΑνδÏόνικος Δ Παλαιολόγος) (April 2, 1348–June 28, 1385), was Byzantine emperor from 1376 to 1379. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Andronikos V Palaiologos or Andronicus V Palaeologus (Greek: ΑνδÏόνικος Ε Παλαιολόγος) (c. ... Emperor Manuel II Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μανουήλ Β΄ Παλαιολόγος, ManouÄ“l II Palaiologos) (June 27, 1350 – July 21, 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. ... John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek Ιωάννης Η Παλαιολόγος, IÅannÄ“s VIII Palaiologos) (December 18 1392 – October 31, 1448), was Byzantine Emperor from 1425 to 1448. ... Constantine XI: The last Byzantine emperor is considered a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...
Persondata
NAME
Elagabalus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Heliogabalus; Bassianus, Varius Avitus; Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius
Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 222. ...
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