iElapidae
Egyptian cobra, Naja haje
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Boie, 1827

The Elapidae, or elapids, are a family of highly venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. They are characterized by possessing a set of hollow, fixed fangs through which they inject venom, and come in a wide range of sizes, from only 18 cm (Drysdalia) up to 6 m in length (Ophiophagus). This group is currently comprised of two subfamilies. Egyptian Cobra, from images of Africa, free use File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... (Naja haje) (asp) is a type of venomous snake native to North Africa and the Middle East. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Phyla Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... {{{subdivision_ranks}}} See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Classes and Clades See below Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ... Orders Procolophonia (extinct) Testudines Araeoscelidia (extinct) Avicephala (extinct) Younginiformes (extinct) Sauropterygia Ichthyosauria (extinct) Placodontia (extinct) Nothosauria (extinct) Plesiosauria (extinct) Sphenodontia Squamata Prolacertiformes (extinct) Archosauria Crurotarsi Order Aetosauria Order Phytosauria Order Rauisuchia Order Crocodilia Ornithodira Pterosauria (extinct) Marasuchus (extinct) Dinosauria (extinct) Order Saurischia Order Ornithischia Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals... Suborders Lacertilia- Lizards Serpentes - Snakes Amphisbaenia - Worm lizards This article is about the Squamata order of reptiles. ... For other uses, see Snake (disambiguation). ... Friedrich Boie (1789-1870) was a German scientist and brother of Heinrich Boie. ... A family of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 1997 A family consists of a domestic group of people (or a number of domestic groups), typically affiliated by birth or marriage, or by analogous or comparable relationships — including domestic partnership, cohabitation, adoption, surname and (in some cases) ownership (as occurred in the... It has been suggested that Snake poison be merged into this article or section. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... Species Crowned Snake, (Drysdalia coronata) Schlegel, 1837 White-lipped Snake, (Drysdalia coronodies) Günther, 1858 Masters Snake, (Drysdalia masterii) Krefft, 1866 Drysdalia rhodogaster Jan & Sordelli, 1873 The Crowned Snakes are a group of snakes belonging to the genus Drysdalia native to parts of southern and eastern Australia. ... Binomial name Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836 The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the longest of the venomous land snakes, growing up to 18. ...

Description

Outwardly, terrestrial elapids look similar to the colubridae: almost all have long and slender bodies with smooth scales, a head that is covered with large shields and not always distinct from the neck, and eyes with round pupils. In addition, their behavior is usually quite active and most are oviparous. Animal environments are classified as either aquatic (water), terrestrial (land), or amphibious (water and land). ... Genera According to ITIS: Adelophis Adelphicos Alsophis Amastridium Arizona Arrhyton Atractus Bogertophis Boiga Carphophis Cemophora Cerberus Chersodromus Chilomeniscus Chionactis Clelia Clonophis Coluber Coniophanes Conophis Conopsis Contia Cryophis Dendrelaphis Dendrophidion Diadophis Dipsas Dryadophis Drymarchon Drymobius Elaphe Enulius Eridiphas Erythrolamprus Farancia Ficimia Geagras Geophis Gyalopion Heterodon Hypsiglena Imantodes Lampropeltis Leptodeira Leptophis Liochlorophis...

Sea snakes, which are also elapids, have adapted to a marine way of life in different ways and to various degrees. Characteristics can include laterally compressed bodies, rudder-like tails for swimming, the ability to excrete salt and give birth to live young (ovoviviparous). Some genera, including Hydrophis, have ventral scales that are much reduced in size. Others, like the olive sea snakes (Aipysurus sp.) can absorb oxygen from the surrounding water directly through their skin and may obtain 10-22% in this manner. The sea kraits (Laticauda sp.), seem to be the least well-adapted to an aquatic life, having wide ventral scales, a poorly developed tail fin and needing to return to land in order to mate and lay eggs (oviparous). Ovoviviparous animals develop within eggs that remain within the mothers body up until they hatch or are about to. ... Species Hydrophis belcheri Hydrophis bituberculatus Hydrophis brooki Hydrophis caerulescens Hydrophis cyanocinctus Hydrophis fasciatus Hydrophis inornatus Hydrophis klossi Hydrophis lapemoides Hydrophis mamilaris Hydrophis melanocephalus Hydrophis obscurus Hydrophis ornatus Hydrophis spiralis Hydrophis stricticollis . ...

All elapids have a pair of proteroglyphous (hollow) fangs that are used to inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws. Each of the two fangs is located at the front of the mouth on a largely immovable and short maxillary bone. When the mouth is closed, the fangs fit into grooved slots in the buccal floor. Due to this construction, elapids must actually bite in order to envenomate. This action is therefore not as quick as with the viperids, that can envenomate with only a quick, stabbing motion. Elapids use their venom both to immobilize their prey and in self-defense. Proteroglypha, from the Greek words vaugly meaning front grooved. The term generally refers to a group of venomous snakes which have front of the jaw positioned, fixed fangs that are specially grooved for venom delivery. ... Wasp stinger, with droplet of venom Venom or zootoxin (literally, animal poison) is any of a variety of poisons used by several groups of animal species, for the purpose of defense and hunting prey. ... The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus. ... Look up Cheek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Cheeks (Latin: malar) are the fleshy area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws. ... Subfamilies Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Viperinae (Vipers) The Viperidae family is made up of two subfamilies: Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Viperinae (Vipers) Categories: Stub | Snakes ...

Venom

All elapids are venomous and many are potentially deadly. The venoms are mostly neurotoxic and are considered more dangerous than the mainly proteolytic viper venoms. Members include the Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), a species many regard as the world's most dangerous snake, the Fierce Snake (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), the most venomous land snake, but not Hydrophis belcheri, a sea snake and the most venomous snake of all, which is a member of the Hydrophiidae. It has been suggested that Neurotoxicity be merged into this article or section. ... Proteolysis is the directed degradation (digestion) of proteins by cellular enzymes called proteases or by intramolecular digestion. ... Subfamilies Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Viperinae (Vipers) The Viperidae family is made up of two subfamilies: Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Viperinae (Vipers) Categories: Stub | Snakes ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dendroaspis polylepsis. ... Binomial name Oxyuranus microlepidotus Range of Fierce Snake (in red) The Fierce Snake, also known as the Small Scaled Snake and Inland Taipan is a highly venomous snake that lives in Australia, notorious for having the most potent venom of any land species of snake in the world. ... Binomial name Hydrophis belcheri (Gray, 1849) The Faint-banded Seasnake (Hydrophis belcheri, also known as the hooked-nose sea snake and belchers sea snake) is a species of sea snake. ... Sea snakes of several different species belong to a group related to the cobras but aquatic rather than land dwelling. ...

Taxonomy

The table below lists all of the elapid genera and no subfamilies. In the past, many subfamilies were recognized, or have been suggested for the Elapidae, including the Elapinae, Hydrophiinae (sea snakes), Micrurinae (coral snakes), Acanthophiinae (Australian elapids) and the Laticaudinae (sea kraits). Currently, none are universally recognized. It seems certain that the elapids will be broken up eventually, but there are still a number of unresolved issues as to how this should be done. One involves the former Hydrophiidae, a group for which Rasmussen (2002) provided evidence suggesting that its members are phylogenetically more related to other elapids than they are to each other. The Elapidae, or elapids, are a family of highly venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. ... The Elapidae, or elapids, are a family of highly venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. ... Sea snakes of several different species belong to a group related to the cobras but aquatic rather than land dwelling. ...

The type genus for the Elapidae was originally Elaps, but that group was moved to another family. In contrast to what usually happens in botany, the Elapidae family was not renamed. In the meantime, Elaps was renamed Homoroselaps and moved back to the Elapidae. However, Nagy et al. 2005 regard it as a sister taxon to Atractaspis which should therefore have been assigned to the Atractaspididae. Type specimens When a new species is discovered, more important than creating a new and unique name for the species is developing a reasonably detailed description. ... Pinguicula grandiflora Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ... Genera 11 genera, see article. ... A small, unusual group of advanced snakes, often called mole vipers or stilleto snakes. ...

Genera

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form). George Boulenger. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Gulf of Thailand is a gulf located in the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean), surrounded by the countries Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. ... North China (北方 Hanyu pinyin: Běifāng) and South China (南方 Hanyu pinyin: Nánfāng) are two approximate regions within China. ... China, and should not be confused with the former Kwantung Leased Territory in north-eastern China. ... Categories: China geography stubs ... Emblems: Sturts Desert Rose (floral) Motto: None Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Const. ... Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ... Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Motto: none Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Const. ... Species Acanthophis antarcticus Acanthophis praelongus Acanthophis pyrrhus Acanthophis hawkei Acanthophis wellsei The death adders are a group of three or five species of snakes native to the Australian continent. ... François Marie Daudin (March 25, 1774 - 1804) was a French zoologist. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Seram (formerly Ceram, also called Seran or Serang) is an island in the Maluku province of Indonesia. ... The Tanimbar Islands, also called Timor Laut, are a group of about 30 islands in the Maluku province of Indonesia. ... See also the disambiguation page Lacépède (disambiguation) de La Cépède Bernard Germain Étienne comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède (December 26, 1756 – October 6, 1825) was a French naturalist. ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Timor Sea (Indonesian: Laut Timor; Portugeuse: Mar Timor) is an arm of the Indian Ocean situated between the island of Timor, now split between the states of Indonesia and East Timor, and the Northern Territory of Australia. ... The Loyalty Islands. ... Categories: Stub | Elapids ... Leopold Fitzinger. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Under the Union of South Africa and after that under the Republic of South Africa, the old Cape Colony became the Cape of Good Hope Province (though it was commonly known as the Cape Province). ... Flag of Transvaal For the Russian theme park, see Transvaal Park. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Species An Australian copperhead is any of three closely related species of snake in the genus Austrelaps. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Emblems: Flora - Tasmanian Blue Gum; Mineral - Crocoite Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Slogan or Nickname: The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Const. ... Boulengerina is a genus of elapid snakes known commonly as water cobras. ... Louis Antoine Marie Joseph Dollo (1857-1931) was a French-born Belgian palaeontologist, known for formulating Dollos law. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... Species Ref: Kingsnake 2004-07-02 A krait is a very deadly snake. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer or more simplified. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... This is the current Indonesian Collaboration of the week. ... Sulawesi (formerly Celebes ) is a large island in Indonesia. ... Map of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (or Semenanjung Malaysia in the Malay language) is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula, and shares a land border with Thailand in the north. ... Species Northern Dwarf-crowned Snake, (Cacophis churchilli) Wells and Wellington, 1985 White-crowned Snake, (Cacophis harriettae) Krefft, 1869 Dwarf-crowned Snake, (Cacophis krefftii) Günther, 1863 Golden-crowned Snake, (Cacophis squamulosus) Dumerill, Bibron & Dumerill, 1854 The dwarf-crowned snakes are a group of snakes in the genus Cacophis distributed along... Albrecht Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Calliophis is a genus of venomous elapid snakes known commonly as oriental coral snakes or Asian coral snakes. ... John Edward Gray. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Mambas (family: Elapidae, genus: Dendroaspis) are tree dwelling, extremely rapidly moving snakes of Africa (Dendroaspis is literally tree snake). They are highly venomous, their venom containing neurotoxins, which can be fatal to humans without access to proper first aid and subsequent antivenom treatment. ... Hermann Schlegel. ... 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gerard Krefft. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Species Disteira major Disteira nigrocincta Disteira walli . ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Species Crowned Snake, (Drysdalia coronata) Schlegel, 1837 White-lipped Snake, (Drysdalia coronodies) Günther, 1858 Masters Snake, (Drysdalia masterii) Krefft, 1866 Drysdalia rhodogaster Jan & Sordelli, 1873 The Crowned Snakes are a group of snakes belonging to the genus Drysdalia native to parts of southern and eastern Australia. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Elapsoidea is a genus of venomous elapid snake commonly known as venomous garter snakes or African garter snakes. ... José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823, Funchal, Madeira - 1907, Lisbon, Portugal) was a Portuguese zoologist and politician. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... In Roman mythology, the goddess Furina was the patroness of thieves. ... Constant Duméril. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... John Fleming (January 10, 1785 - November 18, 1857) was a Scottish zoologist and geologist. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Hemibungarus is a genus of venomous elapid snakes known commonly as Asian coral snakes or oriental coral snakes. ... Wilhelm Karl Hartwich Peters (April 22, 1815 - April 20, 1883) was a German naturalist and explorer. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Johann Georg Wagler (1800 - 1832) was a German herpetologist. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Species Hydrophis belcheri Hydrophis bituberculatus Hydrophis brooki Hydrophis caerulescens Hydrophis cyanocinctus Hydrophis fasciatus Hydrophis inornatus Hydrophis klossi Hydrophis lapemoides Hydrophis mamilaris Hydrophis melanocephalus Hydrophis obscurus Hydrophis ornatus Hydrophis spiralis Hydrophis stricticollis . ... Pierre André Latreille. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti (December 4, 1735 - February 17, 1805) was an Austrian naturalist. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Karl Patterson Schmidt (born June 19, 1890 in Lake Forest, Illinois, died September 26, 1957 in Chicago) was a notable American herpetologist. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Species Over 65, see article. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The coral snakes (Micrurus) are a genus of about 65 snake species, found in tropical South America and southern USA. They are venomous and related to Old World cobras. ... Naja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Notechis is a genus of highly venomous elapid snakes found in Australia. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Binomial name Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836 The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the longest of the venomous land snakes, growing up to 18. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Binomial name Paranaja multifasciata Werner, 1902 Synonyms Naja multifasciata Paranaja multifasciata is a species of venomous elapid snake commonly known as the Many-banded Snake or Burrowing Cobra. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Compiled by I. Palmer The Pelamis Wave Engergy Converter is an emerging technology that will use the motion of ocean waves to create electricity. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The king brown snakes is the common name for the family Pseudechis. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Pseudonaja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes known commonly as brown snakes. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Georg (also Giorgio or Georges) Jan (1791-1866) was an Italian taxonomist, and director of the Museum Natural History in Milan, Italy. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... George Boulenger. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Binomial name Walterinnesia aegyptia Lataste, 1887 Synonyms Atractaspis wilsoni Naja morgani Walterinnesia aegyptia is a species of venomous elapid snake, also known as the Desert Black Snake or Desert Cobra. ... Fernand Lataste (1847-1934) was a French zoologist who for example named the fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi) in 1880. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...

External links

• EMBL Reptile Database - Family Elapidae
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System - Elapidae