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Encyclopedia > Elbow

Elbow-joint
Elbow
Left elbow-joint, showing anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments.
Latin articulatio cubiti
Gray's subject #84 321
MeSH Elbow+joint
Dorlands/Elsevier a_64/12161185

The elbow-joint is a ginglymus or hinge joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm.[1] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Elbow may refer to one of the following. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 530 pixel Image in higher resolution (2256 × 1496 pixel, file size: 1. ... Download high resolution version (313x650, 50 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Elbow-joint Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 7 Categories: Public domain images ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Elseviers logo. ... A joint is the location at which two bones make contact. ... The humerus is a long bone in the arm or fore-legs (animals) that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. ... The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the outside of your limb to your phlangx (lateral) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ...


The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint.[2]


The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna. ...

Contents

Movements

Two main movements are possible at the elbow:

  • The hinge-like bending and straightening of the elbow (flexion and extension) happens at the articulation ("joint") between the humerus and the ulna.
  • The complex action of turning the forearm over (pronation or supination) happens at the articulation between the radius and the ulna (this movement also occurs at the wrist joint).

In the anatomical position (with the forearm supine), the radius and ulna lie parallel to each other. During pronation, the ulna remains fixed, and the radius rolls around it at both the wrist and the elbow joints. In the prone position, the radius and ulna appear crossed. It has been suggested that Kinesiology#Motions be merged into this article or section. ... In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ...


Most of the force through the elbow joint is transferred between the humerus and the ulna. Very little force is transmitted between the humerus and the radius. (By contrast, at the wrist joint, most of the force is transferred between the radius and the carpus, with the ulna taking very little part in the wrist joint). In human anatomy, the wrist is the flexible and narrower connection between the forearm and the hand. ... This article is about Carpal bones. ...


Muscles, arteries, and nerves

The muscles in relation with the joint are: For other uses of Muscles, see Muscles (disambiguation). ...

The arteries supplying the joint are derived from the anastomosis between the profunda and the superior and inferior ulnar collateral branches of the brachial, with the anterior, posterior, and interosseous recurrent branches of the ulnar, and the recurrent branch of the radial. These vessels form a complete anastomotic network around the joint. Brachialis is a flexor muscle in the upper arm. ... Triceps brachii The triceps brachii muscle is a large three-headed skeletal muscle found in humans. ... The anconeus muscle is a small muscle on the posterior surface of the elbow. ... The Supinator muscle is a muscle of the human body. ... In anatomy, flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand. ... Section of an artery An artery or arterial is also a class of highway. ... The arteria profunda brachii is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. ... The inferior ulnar collateral artery (anastomotica magna artery) arises about 5 cm. ... Right upper limb, anterior view, brachial artery and elbow. ... The ulnar nerve is a nerve that in humans runs down the arm and forearm, and into the hand. ... The radial recurrent artery arises immediately below the elbow. ... An anastomosis (plural anastomoses) is a connection between two structures, organs or spaces. ...


The nerves of the joint are a twig from the ulnar, as it passes between the medial condyle and the olecranon; a filament from the musculocutaneous, and two from the median. A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ... The ulnar nerve is a nerve that in humans runs down the arm and forearm, and into the hand. ... ... The major end branch of the lateral cord, courses inferiorly within the anterior arm, supplying motor fibers to the arm muscles that flex the forearm (the biceps brachii and brachialis). ... The median nerve is a nerve that runs down the arm and forearm. ...


Portions of joint

The elbow-joint comprises three different portions. All these articular surfaces are enveloped by a common synovial membrane, and the movements of the whole joint should be studied together.

Joint From To Description
humeroulnar joint trochlear notch of the ulna trochlea of humerus Is a simple hinge-joint, and allows of movements of flexion and extension only.
humeroradial joint head of the radius capitulum of the humerus Is an arthrodial joint.
proximal radioulnar joint head of the radius radial notch of the ulna In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes pronation and supination.

The combination of the movements of flexion and extension of the forearm with those of pronation and supination of the hand, which is ensured by the two being performed at the same joint, is essential to the accuracy of the various minute movements of the hand. The humeroulnar joint, the portion of the joint between the ulna and humerus, is a simple hinge-joint, and allows of movements of flexion and extension only. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ... The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. ... In the hinge joint (ginglymus), the articular surfaces are moulded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane, forward and backward, the extent of motion at the same time being considerable. ... The humeroradial joint, the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is an arthrodial joint. ... The upper extremity of the radius (or proximal extremity) presents a head, neck, and tuberosity. ... The lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus; it articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. ... A gliding joint (arthrodial joint, plane articulation) is a joint which admits of only gliding movement. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The upper extremity of the radius (or proximal extremity) presents a head, neck, and tuberosity. ... The radial notch of the ulna (lesser sigmoid cavity) is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ... In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ...


The hand is only directly articulated to the distal surface of the radius, and the ulnar notch on the lower end of the radius travels around the lower end of the ulna. The ulna is excluded from the wrist-joint by the articular disk. Diagrammatic section of a diarthrodial joint, with an articular disk. ...


Thus, rotation of the head of the radius around an axis passing through the center of the radial head of the humerus imparts circular movement to the hand through a very considerable arc.


Ligaments

The trochlea of the humerus is received into the semilunar notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the fovea on the head of the radius. The articular surfaces are connected together by a capsule, which is thickened medially and laterally, and, to a less extent, in front and behind. These thickened portions are usually described as distinct ligaments. Trochlea (Latin for pulley) can refer to: Trochlea of humerus Trochlea of superior oblique (see also superior oblique muscle). ... The humerus is a long bone in the arm or fore-legs (animals) that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ... The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the outside of your limb to your phlangx (lateral) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. ...


The major ligaments are the ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, and annular ligament. The ulnar collateral ligament (internal lateral ligament) is a thick triangular band consisting of two portions, an anterior and posterior united by a thinner intermediate portion. ... The radial collateral ligament (external lateral ligament) is a short and narrow fibrous band, less distinct than the ulnar collateral, attached, above, to a depression below the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; below, to the annular ligament, some of its most posterior fibers passing over that ligament, to be inserted... The Annular Ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna. ...


Synovial membrane

The synovial membrane is very extensive. It extends from the margin of the articular surface of the humerus, and lines the coronoid, radial and olecranon fossæ on that bone; it is reflected over the deep surface of the capsule and forms a pouch between the radial notch, the deep surface of the annular ligament, and the circumference of the head of the radius. Projecting between the radius and ulna into the cavity is a crescentic fold of synovial membrane, suggesting the division of the joint into two; one the humeroradial, the other the humeroulnar. The synovium or synovial membrane is a thin, weak layer of tissue which lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within the joint space, sealing it from the surrounding tissue. ...


Between the capsule and the synovial membrane are three masses of fat:

  • the largest, over the olecranon fossa, is pressed into the fossa by the Triceps brachii during the flexion;
  • the second, over the coronoid fossa,
  • and the third, over the radial fossa, are pressed by the Brachialis into their respective fossæ during extension.

Terminology: "Elbow" and "Ell"

The now obsolete length unit ell relates closely to the elbow. This becomes especially visible when considering the Germanic origins of both words, Elle (ell, defined as the length of an arm from shoulder to fingertips) and Ellbogen (elbow). An ell, when used as a unit of length, is usually 45 inches, i. ...


It is unknown when or why the second "l" was dropped from English usage of the word, but a more precise suggested spelling would be "ellbow" for the joint and "ellbone" for the ulna, the etymological originator of both unit and joint.


Carrying angle

Normal radiograph; right picture of the straightened arm shows the carrying angle of the elbow
Normal radiograph; right picture of the straightened arm shows the carrying angle of the elbow

When the arm is extended, with the palm facing forward or up, the bones of the humerus and forearm are not perfectly aligned. The deviation from a straight line (generally on the order of 5-10°-men, 10-25°-women) occurs in the direction of the thumb, and is referred to as the carrying angle (visible in the right half of the picture, right). In females the carrying angle is greater than in males.[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The leg extension is an isolation exercise. ... The humerus is a long bone in the arm or fore-legs (animals) that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. ... // The Human Forearm The forearm is the structure on the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist. ...


Carrying angle is typically larger in women than in men, due to the wider pelvic girdle exhibited in women.


The carrying angle can influence how objects are held by individuals - those with a more extreme carrying angle may be more likely to supinate the forearm when holding objects in the hand to keep the elbow closer to the body. In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ...


Elbow arthritis

Elbow arthritis is usually seen in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. When the damage to the joint is severe, elbow replacement may be considered.[4]


Additional images

References

  1. ^ eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!
  2. ^ eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!
  3. ^ Steel, F; Tomlinson J (1958). "The carrying angle in man.". Journal of Anatomy 92 (2): 315-7. PMID 13525245. 
  4. ^ Summary - Total elbow joint replacement for elbow arthritis: Surgery with a dependable, time-tested prosthesis can lessen pain and improve function in elbows, especially those with rheumatoid arthritis
Look up Elbow in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant. Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... An illustration from the 1918 edition Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body (or Grays Anatomy as it has more commonly become known) is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ...

The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. ...

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