Kiribati was separated from Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu) in 1975 based on a postal vote in 1974 in which most of the Ellice people sought separation from the Gilbert Islands.
Kiribati's independence also provided for the inclusion of Banaba, a former phosphate-mining center, as a part of the new nation despite the contrary wishes of its native residents.
In traditional I-Kiribati culture, the Maneaba, found at the center of the village, was the cultural and social center of village life.
Kiribati established diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Union in 1979 and with the People's Republic of China in 1980.
The 2002 presidential election process began with a general election for parliament on 29 November, but several rounds of voting took place before the election of a president on 25 February 2003.
During the 29 November election, Harry Tong, a member of the opposition, won his seat in parliament and the right to stand as candidate for the presidency.