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Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. This article is intended to describe common features of electrical wiring that should apply worldwide. In science and engineering, conductors are materials that contain movable charges of electricity. ...
Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...
Wiring safety codes
The intention of wiring safety codes is to protect people and buildings from electrical shock and fire hazards. Regulations may be set by local city, provincial/state or national legislation, perhaps by amendments to a model code produced by a technical standards-setting organization, or by a national standard electrical code.
Electrical codes arose in the 1880s with the early commercial introduction of electrical power. Many conflicting standards existed for the selection of wire sizes and other design rules for electrical installations.
The first electrical codes in the United States originated in New York in 1881 to regulate installations of electric lighting. Since 1897 the U.S. National Fire Protection Association, a private nonprofit association formed by insurance companies, publishes the National Electrical Code (NEC). States, counties or cities often include the NEC in their local building codes by reference along with local differences. The NEC is modified every three years. It is a consensus code considering suggestions from interested parties. The proposals are studied by Committees of engineers, tradesmen, manufacturer representatives, fire fighters, and other invitees. This article is about the state. ...
The National Fire Protection Association (established 1896) is an independent, voluntary-membership, nonprofit (tax-exempt) organization. ...
The National Electric Code Handbook, 2005 edition The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70, is a standard for the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment. ...
Since 1927, the Canadian Standards Association has produced the Canadian Safety Standard for Electrical Installations, which is the basis for provincial electrical codes. CSA Logo with C and US Established in 1919, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) is a world leader in safety standards testings. ...
Although these two national standards deal with the same physical phenomena and broadly similar objectives, they differ occasionally in technical detail. As part of the NAFTA program, US and Canadian standards are slowly converging towards each other, in a process known as harmonization. Nafta or NAFTA may refer to: an acronym for the North American Free Trade Agreement an acronym for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement the town/Tokyo of Nafta, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
In European countries, an attempt has been made to harmonize national wiring standards in an IEC standard, IEC 60364 Electrical Installations for Buildings. However, this standard is not written in such language that it can readily be adapted as a national wiring code. Neither is it designed for field use by electrical tradesmen and inspectors for acceptance of compliance to national wiring standards. National codes, such as the NEC or CSA C22.2, exemplify the common objectives of IEC 60364, and provide rules in a form that allows for guidance of persons installing and inspecting electrical systems. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic and related technologies. ...
The 2006 edition of the Canadian electrical code references IEC 60364 and states that the code addresses the fundamental principles of electrical protection in Section 131. The Canadian code reprints Chapter 13 of IEC 60364 and it is interesting to note that there are no numerical criteria listed in that chapter whereby the adequacy of any electrical installation can be assessed.
DKE - German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE - is the German organisation responsible for the elaboration of electrical standards and safety specifications. The crest of ΔΚΕ ΔΚΕ (Delta Kappa Epsilon) (also pronounced D K E or Deke) is the oldest secret college mens fraternity of New England origin. ...
Look up din in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
VDE stands for Virtual Directory Engine, and is synonymous to Virtual Directory. ...
In the United Kingdom wiring installations are regulated by the IET Requirements for Electrical Installations: IET Wiring Regulations, BS 7671: 2001 which is now in its 16th edition. The first edition was published in 1882. IET logo The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) is the professional institution for engineering and technology in the United Kingdom. ...
AS/NZS 3000 is an Australian/New Zealand standard, commonly known as the "wiring rules", that specifies the requirements for the selection and installation of electrical equipment and the design and testing of such installations. The standard is a mandatory standard in both New Zealand and Australia; therefore, all electrical work covered by the standard must comply.
Wiring methods Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on: - Intended use and amount of power needed of the circuit
- Type of occupancy and size of the building
- National and local regulations
- Environment in which the wiring must operate.
Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex, for example, are simple, with relatively low power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and layout, usually with dry, moderate temperature, and noncorrosive environmental conditions. In a light commercial environment, more frequent wiring changes can be expected, large apparatus may be installed, and special conditions of heat or moisture may apply. Heavy industries have more demanding wiring requirements, such as very large currents and higher voltages, frequent changes of equipment layout, corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres.
Early wiring methods The very first interior power wiring systems used conductors that were bare or covered with cloth, which were secured by staples to the framing of the building or on running boards. Where conductors went through walls, they were protected with cloth tape. Splices were done similarly to telegraph connections, and soldered for security. Underground conductors were insulated with wrappings of cloth tape soaked in pitch, and laid in wooden troughs which were then buried. Such wiring systems were unsatisfactory due to the danger of electrocution and fire, and due to the high labor cost for such installations. Splice has several meanings: In outdoor recreation (such as sailing or camping) rope splicing involves joining two pieces of rope or wire by weaving the strands of each into the other. ...
Knob and tube -
The earliest standardized method of wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s, was knob and tube (K&T) wiring: single conductors ran through cavities between the structural members in walls and ceilings, with ceramic tubes forming protective channels through joists and ceramic knobs attached to the structural members to provide air between the wire and the lumber, and to support the wires. Since air was free to circulate over the wires, smaller conductors could be used than required in cables. By arranging wires on opposite sides of building structural members, some protection was afforded against short-circuits by driving a nail into both conductors. By the 1940s, the labor cost of installing two conductors rather than one cable resulted in a decline in new knob-and-tube installations. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Metal-sheathed wires In the United Kingdom, an early form of insulated cable [1] introduced in 1896 consisted of two impregnated-paper-insulated conductors in an overall lead sheath. Joints were soldered, and special fittings were used for lamp holders and switches. These cables were similar to underground telegraph and telephone cables of the time. Paper-insulated cables proved unsuitable for interior wiring installations because very careful workmanship was required on the lead sheaths to ensure moisture did not affect the insulation.
A later system invented in 1908 in the U.K. employed vulcanized-rubber insulated wire enclosed in a strip metal sheath. The metal sheath was bonded to each metal wiring device to ensure continuity.
Other historical wiring methods Other methods of securing wiring that are now obsolete include: - Re-use of existing gas pipes for electric lighting. Insulated conductors were pulled into the pipes feeding gas lamps.
- Wood moldings with grooves cut for single conductor wires. These were eventually prohibited in North American electrical codes by the 1930s, but may still be permitted in other regions.
An elevated section of the Alaska Pipeline. ...
Cables The first polymer-insulated cables for building wiring were introduced in 1922. These were two or more solid copper wires, with rubber insulation, woven cotton cloth over each conductor for protection of the insulation, with an overall woven jacket, usually impregnated with tar as a protection from moisture. Waxed paper was used as fillers and separators. A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. ...
Rubber-insulated cables become brittle over time due to exposure to oxygen, so they must be handled with care, and should be replaced during renovations. When switches, outlets or light fixtures are replaced, the simple act of tightening connections may cause insulation to flake off the conductors. Rubber was hard to separate from bare copper, so copper was tinned which caused slightly more resistance.
From the late 1950s, PVC insulation and jackets were introduced, especially for residential wiring. About the same time, single conductors with a thinner pvc insulation and a thin nylon jacket became common. PVC may refer to the following: Polyvinyl chloride, a plastic Premature ventricular contraction, irregular heartbeat Permanent virtual circuit, a term used in telecommunications and computer networks Param Vir Chakra, Indias highest military honor. ...
Aluminium wire was common in North American residential wiring from the late 1960s to mid 1970s, due to the rising cost of copper. Due to its greater resistivity, aluminium wiring will use larger conductors than with copper - instead of 14 awg (American wire gauge) for most lighting circuits, aluminium wiring would typically be 12awg on a typical 15 amp circuit, though local building codes may vary. Aluminium wire is a type of wiring used in houses and power grids. ...
Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. ...
American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, is used in the United States and other countries as a standard method of denoting wire diameter, especially for nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. ...
Aluminium conductors were originally used with wiring devices intended for copper wires. This can cause defective connections unless all devices (from breakers, switches and receptacles to splice connectors, eg: wire nuts) were designed to address problems with junctions between dissimilar metals, oxidization on metal surfaces and mechanical effects as differing metals expand with temperature. Due to improper design and installation, some junctions to wiring devices overheated under heavy current load and caused fires. Revised standards for wiring devices (such as the CO/ALR "copper-aluminum-revised" designation) were developed to reduce these problems. A wire nut is a connector used to fasten two or more electrical conductors together. ...
Aluminium conductors are still used for power distribution and large feeder circuits because they cost less than copper wiring, especially in large sizes needed for heavy current loads. Aluminum conductors must be installed with compatible connectors.
The simplest form of cable is two insulated conductors twisted together to form a unit; such unjacketed cables with two or three conductors are used for low-voltage signal and control applications such as doorbell wiring. In North American practice, an overhead cable from a transformer on a power pole to a residential electrical service consists of three twisted (triplexed) wires, often with one being a bare neutral and the other two being insulated for the line voltage.
Modern wiring materials Modern nonmetallic sheathed cables (NMC), like (US and Canadian) Type NM, consist of two to four thermoplastic insulated wires and a bare wire for grounding (bonding) surrounded by a flexible plastic jacket. Many call this "Romex (tm)" cable since it was the first of its type, by Rome Cable. (The trade name is owned by Southwire as of 2006.)
Rubber-like synthetic polymer insulation is used in industrial cables and power cables installed underground because of its superior moisture resistance.
Insulated cables are rated by their allowable operating voltage and their maximum operating temperature at the conductor surface. A cable may carry multiple usage ratings for applications, for example, one rating for dry installations and another when exposed to moisture or oil.
Generally single conductor building wire in small sizes is solid wire, since the wiring is not required to be very flexible. Building wire conductors larger than #10 AWG (or about 6 mm²) are stranded for flexibility during installation. American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, is used in the United States and other countries as a standard method of denoting wire diameter, especially for nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. ...
Industrial cables for power and control may contain many insulated conductors in an overall jacket, with helical tape steel or aluminum armor, or steel wire armor, and perhaps as well an overall PVC or lead jacket for protection from moisture and physical damage. Cables intended for very flexible service or in marine applications may be protected by woven bronze wires. Power or communications cables (e.g., computer networking) that are routed in or through air-handling spaces (plenums) of office buildings are required ny model code requiremetns be either encased in metal conduit, or be rated for low flame and smoke production.
For some industrial uses in steel mills and similar hot environments, no organic material gives satisfactory service. Cables insulated with compressed mica flakes are sometimes used. Another form of high-temperature cable is a mineral insulated cable, with individual conductors placed within a copper tube, and the space filled with magnesium oxide powder. The whole assembly is drawn down to smaller sizes, which compresses the powder. Such cables are have a certified fire resistance rating, and are more costly than non-fire rated cable, and have less flexibility. PVC-sheathed MICC cable. ...
A Certification listing is a document against which a field installation is compared to make sure that it complies with a regulation, such as a building code. ...
Mineral insulated cables at a panel board Because conductors in a cable cannot dissipate heat as easily as single insulated conductors, those circuits are always rated at a lower "ampacity". Tables in electrical safety codes give the maximum allowable current for a particular size of conductor, for the voltage and temperature rating at the surface of the conductor for a given physical environment, including the insulation type and thickness. The allowable current will be different for wet or dry, for hot (attic) or cool (underground) locations. In a run of cable through several areas, most severe will determine the proper rating of the overall run. Image File history File links MICables. ...
Image File history File links MICables. ...
Ampacity, sometimes specified by manufacturers as a current rating, is the RMS electric current which a device can carry within specified temperature limitations in a specified environment dependent upon: a) temperature rating, b) power loss, c) heat dissipation. ...
Cables usually are secured by special fittings where they enter electrical apparatus; this may be a simple screw clamp for jacketed cables in a dry location, or a polymer-gasketed cable connector that mechanically engages the armor of an armored cable and provides a water-resistant connection. Special cable fittings may be applied to prevent explosive gases from flowing in the interior of jacketed cables, where the cable passes through areas where flammable gases are present. To prevent loosening of the connections of individual conductors of a cable, cables must be supported near their entrance to devices and at regular intervale through their length. In tall buildings special designs are required to support the conductors of vertical runs of cable. Usually, only one cable per fitting is allowed unless the fitting is otherwise rated.
Special cable constructions and termination techniques are required for cables installed in ocean-going vessels; in addition to electrical safety and fire safety, such cables may also be required to be pressure-resistant where they penetrate bulkheads of a ship.
Raceways Insulated wires may be run in one of several forms of a raceway between electrical devices. This may be a pipe, called a conduit, or in one of several varieties of metal (rigid steel or aluminum) or non-metallic (PVC) tubing. Wires run underground, for example, may be run in plastic tubing encased in concrete, but metal elbows may be used in severe pulls. Wiring in exposed areas, for example factory floors, may be run in cable trays or rectrangular raceways having lids. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3443x2339, 600 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Electrical wiring ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3443x2339, 600 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Electrical wiring ...
Electrical Conduit risers, seen inside fire-resistance rated shaft, as seen entering bottom of a firestop. ...
International time/temperature curves used to run commercial furnaces for testing the Fire-resistance rating of passive fire protection systems, such as firestops, fire doors, wall and floor assemblies, etc. ...
Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ...
Firestop mortar, starts as a powder, is mixed with water, forms cement stone, dries hard, is often leavened with lightweight aggregates, such as perlite or vermiculite and pigmented to distinguish it from generic materials in an effort to prevent unlawful substitution and to enable verification of bounding. ...
For other uses, see Cable (disambiguation). ...
Electrical Conduit risers, seen inside fire-resistance rated shaft, as seen entering bottom of a firestop. ...
Where wiring, or raceways that hold the wiring traverse fire-resistance rated walls and floors, the openings are required by local building codes to be firestopped. In cases where the wiring has to be kept operational during an accidental fire, fireproofing must be applied to maintain circuit integrity in a manner to comply with product's certification listing. The nature and thickness of any passive fire protection materials used in conjunction with wiring and raceways has a quantifiable impact upon the ampacity derating. International time/temperature curves used to run commercial furnaces for testing the Fire-resistance rating of passive fire protection systems, such as firestops, fire doors, wall and floor assemblies, etc. ...
A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. ...
Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ...
Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, subject to bounding, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ...
Method 1: fire-resistant cables: PVC-sheathed MICC cable. ...
A Certification listing is a document against which a field installation is compared to make sure that it complies with a regulation, such as a building code. ...
Fire-resistance rated wall assembly with fire door, cable tray penetration and intumescent [1] cable coating. ...
Cable trays are used in industrial areas where many insulated cables are run together. Individual cables can exit the tray at any point, simplifying the wiring installation and reducing the labour cost for installing new cables. Power cables may have fittings in the tray to maintain clearance between the conductors, but small control wiring is often installed without any intentional spacing between cables. Firestopped cable tray penetration. ...
Since wires run in conduits or underground cannot dissipate heat as easily as in open air, and adjacent circuits contribute induced currents, wiring regulations give rules to establish the current capacity (ampacity).
Special fittings are used for wiring in potentially explosive atmospheres.
Bus bars, bus duct, Cable Bus -
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bus Duct
 Topside of firestop with penetrants consisting of electrical conduit on the left and a bus duct on the right. The firestop consists of firestop mortar on top and rockwool on the bottom, for a 2 hour fire-resistance rating. For very heavy currents in electrical apparatus, and for heavy currents distributed through a building, bus bars can be used. Each live conductor of such a system is a rigid piece of copper or aluminum, usually in flat bars (but sometimes as tubing or other shapes). Open bus bars are never used in publicly- accessed areas, but are used in manufacturing plants and power company switch yards to gain the benefit of air cooling. A variation is to use heavy cables, especially where it is desirable to transpose or "roll" phases. 1500 amp busbars within a power distribution rack for a large building A busbar (often pronounced buzz bar) refers in electrical power distribution to thick strips of Copper or other material that conduct electricity around a switchboard, distribution board or other electrical apparatus. ...
Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3456x1799, 582 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Electrical wiring ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3456x1799, 582 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Electrical wiring ...
Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ...
A penetrant is the cause for a service penetration firestop. ...
Firestop mortar, starts as a powder, is mixed with water, forms cement stone, dries hard, is often leavened with lightweight aggregates, such as perlite or vermiculite and pigmented to distinguish it from generic materials in an effort to prevent unlawful substitution and to enable verification of bounding. ...
International time/temperature curves used to run commercial furnaces for testing the Fire-resistance rating of passive fire protection systems, such as firestops, fire doors, wall and floor assemblies, etc. ...
In industrial applications, conductor bars are assembled with insulators in grounded enclosures. This assembly, known as bus duct, can be used for connections to large switchgear or for bringing the main power feed into a building. A form of bus duct known as plug-in bus is used to distribute power down the length of a building; it is constructed to allow tap-off switches or motor controllers to be installed at definite places along the bus. The big advantage of this scheme is the ability to remove or add a branch circuit without removing voltage from the whole duct.
Bus duct may have all phase conductors in the same enclosure (non-isolated bus), or may have each conductor separated by a grounded barrier from the adjacent phases (segregated bus). For conducting large currents between devices, cable bus is used. For very large currents in generating stations or substations, where it is difficult to provide circuit protection, isolated-phase bus is used. Each phase of the circuit is run in a separate grounded metal enclosure. The only fault possible is a phase to ground fault, since the enclosures are separated. This type of bus can be rated up to 50,000 amperes and up to hundreds of kilovolts (during normal service, not just for faults), but is not used for building wiring in the conventional sense. In electrical engineering, isolated-phase bus is a method of construction for circuits carrying very large currents, typically between a generator and its step-up transformer in a steam or large hydroelectric power plant. ...
Electrical panels
 Electrical panels, cables and firestops in an electrical service room at St. Mary's Pulp and Paper, a paper mill in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Electrical panels are easily accessible junction boxes used to reroute and switch electrical services. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 346 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,176 × 3,768 pixels, file size: 719 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 346 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,176 × 3,768 pixels, file size: 719 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
For other uses, see Cable (disambiguation). ...
Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ...
Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area...
A junction box, at least in electrical terms, is a container for electrical junctions, usually intended to conceal them from sight, and to some extent tampering. ...
Wiring tools - Lineman's pliers are heavy-duty pliers for general use in cutting, bending, crimping and pulling wire; electricians commonly use the tool as a hammer, as well.
- Needle-nose pliers feature a namesake long, tapered gripping nose and are of more various size, with or without side cutters, generally smaller and for finer work (including very small tools used in electronics wiring).
- wire strippers come in many sizes and designs, but those intended for electric power wiring feature special blades to cut wire insulation on American Wire Gauge (AWG) #16 to #10 while leaving the conductor wire intact and without nicks. Some wire strippers include cable strippers among their multiple functions, for removing the outer jacket of NM cable (also known as Romex).
- cable cutters are highly-leveraged pliers for cutting cable larger than #10/3.
- rotosplit is a brand-name tool designed to assist in breaking the spiral jacket of metallic-jacketed cable (MC cable).
- multimeter is a small, battery-powered instrument for basic electrical testing and troubleshooting; features voltage-, resistance-, and current [under 10 amps] -reading settings, maybe other measurements.
- portable ammeters may have a split torroid coil which may be opened then closed around a single conductor.
- step-bit is a metal-cutting drill bit with stepped-diameter cutting edges, generally at 1/8-inch intervals, for conveniently drilling holes to specification in stamped/rolled metal up to about 1/16" thick; for example, to create custom knock-outs in a breaker panel or junction box. [Keep bit perpendicular to metal!]
- Wires are "fished" into closed cavities using includes cord or rope, fish-tape. Small chain is useful in vertical cavities. The fishing tool is pushed, dropped, or shot into the installed racway or stud-bay or joist-bay of a finished wall or in a floor or ceiling. Then the wire or cable is attached and pulled back.
- Other, general-use tools with applications in electric power wiring include screwdrivers, crimpers, hammers, reciprocating saws, drywall saws, metal punches, flashlights, chisels, adjustable slip-joint pliers (for example, Channel-Lock (R) pliers), drills.
- Crimping tools are used to apply terminals or splices. These may be hand or hydraulic powered. The better hand tools have ratchets to insure proper pressure. Hydraulic units achieve cold welding, even for aluminum "locomotive" [many fine strands] cable.
Linemans pliers are a specialized type of side-cutting pliers used by Electricians and other tradespersons to cut and bend wire and cable, and to hammer other small tools, such as a chisel or screwdriver, and to hammer various types of hardware, especially staples and small nails. ...
TVA electricians, Tennessee, 1942. ...
Needle-nose pliers are both cutting and gripping pliers used by electricians and other tradespersons to bend, re-position and cut wire. ...
This article is about the engineering discipline. ...
Needle nose pliers Pliers are hand tools primarily for gripping that use leverage There are numerous different jaw configurations to grip, turn, pull, or crimp a variety of things. ...
American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, is used in the United States and other countries as a standard method of denoting wire diameter, especially for nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. ...
Needle nose pliers Pliers are hand tools primarily for gripping that use leverage There are numerous different jaw configurations to grip, turn, pull, or crimp a variety of things. ...
Power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, often held together with an overall sheath. ...
Needle nose pliers Pliers are hand tools primarily for gripping that use leverage There are numerous different jaw configurations to grip, turn, pull, or crimp a variety of things. ...
Rotosplits are a highly-specialized, brand-name tool used in stripping the casing from metallic-clad electrical power cable (MC Cable). ...
Power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, often held together with an overall sheath. ...
A digital multimeter A low cost digital multimeter An analog benchtop multimeter A multimeter or a multitester is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. ...
International safety symbol Caution, risk of electric shock (ISO 3864), colloquially known as high voltage symbol. ...
Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the passage of current. ...
Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. ...
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. ...
An electrical enclosure is a cabinet for electrical equipment to protect the contents from the environment, mount switches, knobs and displays and to prevent electrical shock. ...
Inside a typical American breaker panel, located in a front living room. ...
A junction box, at least in electrical terms, is a container for electrical junctions, usually intended to conceal them from sight, and to some extent tampering. ...
Platform framing is a light-frame construction system and the most common method of constructing the frame for houses and small apartment buildings as well as some small commercial buildings in Canada and the United States. ...
Platform framing is a light-frame construction system and the most common method of constructing the frame for houses and small apartment buildings as well as some small commercial buildings in Canada and the United States. ...
Platform framing is a light-frame construction system and the most common method of constructing the frame for houses and small apartment buildings as well as some small commercial buildings in Canada and the United States. ...
A basic screwdriver made by Craftsman (slotted tip shown) A rechargeable battery-powered electric screwdriver from Black & Decker The screwdriver is a device specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove, screws. ...
Needle nose pliers Pliers are hand tools primarily for gripping that use leverage There are numerous different jaw configurations to grip, turn, pull, or crimp a variety of things. ...
A claw hammer For other uses, see Hammer (disambiguation). ...
Reciprocating saws are saws with a straight blade mounted at the end of a gun-like body. ...
Portable saw A saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material, consisting of a serrated blade (a blade with the cutting edge dentated or toothed) and worked either by hand or by steam, water, electric or other power. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
For the Parliament song, see Flash Light (song). ...
Steel woodworking chisel. ...
For other uses, see Drill (disambiguation). ...
See also Power line redirects here. ...
11kV/400V-230V transformer in an older suburb of Wellington, New Zealand Electricity distribution is the penultimate stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity to end users. ...
Electrical wiring in general refers to conductors used to carry electricity and their accessories. ...
The modern UK standards and regulations for electrical wiring no longer differ substantially from those in other European countries. ...
Main electrical distribution room in a large building. ...
// In most countries, household power is single-phase electric power, in which a single live conductor brings alternating current into a house, and a neutral returns it to the power supply. ...
-1...
This page covers those mains plugs and sockets which are not in common domestic use but do not count as industrial or multiphase either. ...
Firestopped cable tray penetration. ...
A neutral wire is a conductor within an alternating current (AC) electrical distribution system which is intended to carry current and is also intended to be connected to earth (UK and EU) or ground (USA). ...
A portable cord, which is also known as portable cordage or flexible cord, is a cable with multiple conductors used for functions requiring flexibility. ...
Three-phase power transformer which is the sole transfer point for electricity to a suburban shopping mall in Canada. ...
In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. ...
The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (ROHS) became European Law in February 2003. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
THWN is an alphabetism or initialism which stands for Thermoplastic High Water-resistant Nylon-coated. ...
XHHW is an alphabetism or initialism which stands for XLP (cross-linked polyethylene) High Heat-resistant Water-resistant. ...
References - Insuring a home with knob and tube insulation
- History of Residential Wiring Methods - U.S.
- NY home inspector Daniel Friedman on old-building electrical issues
- NEMA comparison of IEC 60364 with the US NEC
- ^ Robert M. Black, The History of Electric Wires and Cable, Peter Pergrinus Ltd.London, 1983 ISBN 0 86341 001 4, pgs. 155-158
Further reading - Electric Codes, (n.d.). Retrieved Nov. 14, 2005, from Electric Codes Web site: www.http://codecheck.com/eleccode.htm.
- Hirst, E. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov. 14, 2005, from Electric Utilities and Energy Efficiency Web site: http://ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev28_2/text/uti.htm.
- Bodman, G. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov. 14, 2005, from Electrical Systems for Agricultural Buildings (Recommended Practices) Web site: http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/farmbuildings/g845.htm
- Valcourt, Robert. Personal Interview. 3 October 2005
- National Electrical Code 2005. 2005 ed. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association, 2004.
- Sorge, Harry. Residential Wiring. 2002 ed. : Thomson Delmar Learning, 2002.
- Mullin, Ray. Residential Wiring. 2005 ed. : Thomson Delmar Learning, 2002.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Electrical wires - Electrical wiring FAQ, oriented to US/Canadian practice
- Several good guides for doing home wiring
- Residential troubleshooting strategy and tips
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